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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Janicijevic kaja. This article was submitted to Pharmaceutical Medicine and Outcomes Research, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology. Keywords: psychoactive substances, adolescent, socioeconomic factors, national health survey, Serbia. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Adolescence is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood, characterized by efforts to achieve the objectives related to the expectations of the culture, as well as the requirements of the physical, mental, emotional, and social development. It has its own characteristics in the biological, psychological, and social terms, with a process of identity formation, the development of social, and moral norms of behavior McCabe et al. Adolescence is a period of great settings in which experimentation with psychoactive substances is common and can, in some cases, lead to the development of long-term addictive behavior Jeannin et al. Psychoactive substances include licit, illicit, and prescribed psychoactive medications. Alcohol and cigarette are among the licit and controlled drugs, while marijuana, cocaine, heroin, lysergic diethylamide LSD , crack, and ecstasy are illicit drugs Kassa et al. The use of psychoactive substances in adolescents is often associated with a socioeconomic factors, such as gender, age, type, race, ethnicity, family, and social structures, socioeconomic status of the family Gebreslassie et al. Significant risk factors for psychoactive substances use among adolescents were poor parental involvement in the child's education, conflictual family relationships, and drug abuse by the parents, friends, and neighbors Kpozehouen et al. Also, parental alcoholism, parental divorce before age 18, and parental death before age 18 increased the odds of abuse psychoactive substances Vaughan et al. Socioeconomic environment in which young people were raised as children predicts their behavior in young adulthood. Understanding this relationship, is an important step in identifying persons at risk Tobler et al. In order to identify the risk factors and protective factors associated with psychoactive substances abuse among young people, it is very important to measure how socioeconomic factors influence the attitudes and behavior of young toward the use of psychoactive substances Carter et al. The study of health of population in Serbia conducted in was the source of used data. This was the third national population health survey conducted by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Serbia 1. Fieldwork was conducted in the period from 7 October to 30 December , which respected the legislation relating to the European Health Research—second cycle: the collection of data in the field should take at least 3 months of which at least 1 month should be in the period from September to December, or in the fall. In order to achieve a high level of quality of the collected data, to provide a high response rate of households and in order to protect the representativeness of the sample, the election, and training of interviewers had been organized prior to the commencement of field work, and also guidelines for the monitoring and control of field work were given to them. The study used the most complete population register that includes a sampling units defined within the target population—Census of Population, Households, and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia conducted in In accordance with the recommendations for the implementation of population health research EUROSTAT, the European Health Research—Second Wave—Methodological guide EHIS wave 2, Methodological manual the National representative probability sample was used: two-stage stratified sample with a known probability of selection of sample units at every stage sampling. The mechanisms that have been used to obtain a random sample of households and respondents represent a combination of the two sampling techniques: stratification and multi-stage sampling. Health Survey of the Serbian population was carried out through interviews, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure measurements. Three types of questionnaires were used in the survey: Questionnaire for Household—collecting information on all household members, the characteristics of the household, as well as on the characteristics of the household residence. The questionnaire had to be completed in the course of verbal communication between the interviewers and interviewees who represented the main person in the household to answer questions of interest. Self-administered questionnaire which should be filled in by each household member aged 15 and over without the participation of the interviewer. In order to respect the privacy of the subjects of research and confidentiality of information collected, all necessary steps were taken in accordance with the Law on Personal Data Protection Off. Also, interviewers needed to obtain the signed informative consent of each of the participants for accepting to participate in the survey. In research, the collection of data that identify the respondents was avoided to the greatest possible extent necessary identifiers were removed at the earliest stage of statistical analysis and replaced with code. In the Serbian National Health Survey , a total of 6, households and 13, participants aged 15 and over were interviewed. Out of total of 10, households contacted, 6, of them agreed to participate in the survey, so that the response rate of households was Out of total of 16, registered household members aged 15 and over, 14, of them agreed to be interviewed, giving a response rate of Out of this number of people who agreed to be interviewed, 13, of them accepted to complete the self-administered questionnaire response rate For the purposes of this study, we analyzed data on respondents aged 15—24 years 1, interviewed respondents. Of the independent variables, the researchers used demographic characteristics age, gender, type of settlement, region and socioeconomic status education, employment, and well-being index. Participants' age was categorized in to two age groups 15—19 years; 20—24 years. Gender is coded as male and female, place of residence as urban and rural, regions of Belgrade, Vojvodina, Sumadija, Western, Southern, and Eastern Serbia. Variables that reflect the socioeconomic situation are education, which is designated as higher, secondary, and elementary, employment status as employed and unemployed and household. The Wealth Index is based on household assets and housing characteristics, such as the possession of color TV set, cell phone, refrigerator, dish washer, washing machine, PC, AC, car, construction material of floors, roofs and walls, the number of bedrooms per household member, type of drinking water resources, and sanitation facility as well as heating fuel and Internet access. Based on the Wealth Index, households were classified into five groups of equal size—quintiles: 1 the poorest Q1 , 2 poorer Q2 , 3 middle Q3 , 4 richer Q4 , and 5 the richest Q5. For the purposes of this paper, respondents were classified into three socio-economic categories: poor class, middle class, and rich class. As the dependent variable in this analysis were used: cigarette smoking daily and occasional , alcohol abuse, and abuse of other psychoactive substances drugs and illicit drugs. Data has been uploaded as Excel file while questionnaires are in PDF formats. Readers can retrieve and reuse publicly available information by visiting links given above. The highest percentage of respondents has completed secondary education In relation to the employment status the highest percentage belongs to the group of inactive or unemployment population More than half of the respondents live in urban areas When it comes to well-being index, the largest percentage of respondents belongs to the rich class The study depicted that in the past 12 months of the study period The prevalence of illicit psychoactive substances such as cannabis, ecstasy, LSD, cocaine, crack, heroin was 0. Binary logistic regression analysis has not shown a statistically significant impact of examined factors on the prevalence of cigarettes smoking. Results of binary logistic regression showed that alcohol consumption can be determined by age, gender, education, type of settlement, well-being index physical, and psychological violence. The prevalence of alcohol consumption in men is Respondents with higher education have Young people who live in urban areas are 1. Members of poor class for Also those who assess their health as good to make less frequently by Bivariate logistic regression analysis showing socioeconomic correlates of psychoactive substance abuse by adolescents in Serbia. Psychoactive substances abuse represents a significant problem of the individual, family, and society, leaving a lot of effects on mental and physical health Milovanovic et al. There are also significant costs borne by society due to the direct and indirect consequences of abuse and dependence on certain substances Jakovljevic et al. Drug abuse is a global problem, and methods of use and consequences of individual and socio-cultural are specific. The consequences of the abuse of substances may be various: education and unemployment, reduced work productivity, poor health, higher rates of human immunodeficiency-HIV and hepatitis B, C infections Jakovljevic et al. According to the World Health Organization, alcohol, and tobacco are the most commonly abused substances World Health Organization, , Eastern Europe and the Balkans region report the high rates of alcohol abuse Jovanovic and Jakovljevic, Alcohol abuse is a health problem that significantly contributes to the global disability liver-diseases, cardiovascular diseases, traffic accidents, fights, murders, suicides; Jakovljevic et al. Psychoactive substances present a great challenge of public health issue worldwide particularly regarding to the social vulnerable population of adolescents Jakovljevic et al. According to the results of the Serbian National Health Survey, distribution of smoking in adults population was Aforementioned dataset showed that there are significant differences in the abuse of psychoactive substances among young people in Serbia, depending on the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents. They are consistent with the findings of other studies that show that there is no difference between the sexes for cigarette smoking and experimentation with drugs. It is more connected with young men. Young people of lower age groups and those who attend the school are negatively associated with the abuse of cigarette, alcohol, and illicit drugs Patrick et al. Other studies have shown that young people with low levels of education are regarded as high risk for consumption psychoactive substances Quek et al. Anxiety, low self-esteem, and self-control, as well as the low level of parental control also poses a risk for abuse belt Roy et al. Characteristics of mental health, such as loneliness and insomnia are positively associated with the abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs. The lack of a friend is a positive correlation with the abuse of tobacco, and illicit drugs, and the negative with the abuse of alcohol Malta et al. Also young people who abuse psychoactive substances, are more likely to have higher levels of psychological stress and decreased levels of self-efficacy to resist peer pressure Champion et al. Other studies have in turn shown that the lower the level of education of parents associated with a higher risk of psychoactive substances abuse Johnston et al. Heavy episodic drinking are frequent among young people who live in incomplete families Patrick et al. Some studies have shown that there is no significant difference in substance abuse between urban and rural areas, but there is the presence of higher levels of knowledge about the psychoactive substances in urban areas Martinotti et al. Many studies that have investigated the correlation of demographic and socioeconomic variables with the abuse of psychoactive substances have shown that high degree of religiosity, higher parent's education living with one or both parents reduces the chance to abuse, while high the socioeconomic status of the family increases the likelihood of psychoactive substances use Goodman and Huang, ; Hanson and Chen, ; Schoenborn and Adams, Children who come from wealthier families with higher socioeconomic status may be at increased risk for the abuse psychoactive substances which can be explained by the fact that their experience more pressure achievement combined with isolation of parents who have careers more demanding. In addition, parents with higher socioeconomic status in comparison with those in the lower socioeconomic status families can have positions that are tolerant of the substance abuse Luthar and Goldstein, The higher income families may be related to the use of psychoactive substances because of increased access to, or to buy the substance and have a social association with others who also have financial resources. On the other hand, a lower revenue may be associated with the abuse of psychoactive substances such mechanism of survival due to increased stress and less access to alternative actions that can be a focal point for preventive strategies Goodman and Huang, Despite worldwide concern and education about psychoactive substances, many adolescents have limited awareness of their adverse consequences Oshodi et al. Preventive activities should be carried out through the development of specific programs to promote healthy lifestyles, strengthening the implementation of existing programs, and the promotion of prevention through various forms of educational activities, including peer education, supporting youth initiatives for the implementation of actions aimed at the affirmation of healthy lifestyles, develop social skills, informing young people, and parents about the risks of consuming psychoactive substances through school programs and workshops in schools, identification, and reduction of risk factors in the school environment. In perceiving the frequency of using illegal drugs, it should take in mind specific limited researches of health in national population, because the drugs abuse, as social non acceptable behavior endanger sincerity of patients during answering these questions. All authors listed, have made substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. KJ and SMR drafted the manuscript. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Front Pharmacol. Find articles by Katarina M Janicijevic. Find articles by Sanja S Kocic. Find articles by Svetlana R Radevic. Find articles by Mirjana R Jovanovic. Find articles by Snezana M Radovanovic. Sherif, University of Tripoli, Libya. Received Apr 27; Accepted May 26; Collection date Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Gender a. Education b. Emplyment status c. Type of settlement d. Well-being index e. Self-assessed health f. Exposure to physical violence in the family, in school, on the street. Exposure to psychological violence in the family, in school, on the street.

Socioeconomic Factors Associated with Psychoactive Substance Abuse by Adolescents in Serbia

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They are among the most profitable and widespread types of organized crime, which the largest number of identified organized crime groups deal with. The social danger of this type of crime is extremely high, primarily in the social, medical and economic contexts. Moreover, it is conducive to the great financial power of participants in organized drug-related crimes, their corruptive influence, as well as the infiltration of illegal proceeds into legal financial flows. It is connected with other types of organized crime, and also results in violent crimes, which are committed within fight for prevalence on the criminal market and territory. According to their age, social situation and education, drug users are a heterogenous population that commits different property crimes in order to get money for drugs. On the other hand, the number of those suffering from drug use disorders jumped to During the COVID pandemic, as a result of the total suspension of air traffic and closure of state borders to passenger traffic, the only way to smuggle drugs was to transport them in freight vehicles together with the legitimate cargo. According to the same report, the sale of drugs on dark web jumped from USD 80 million, recorded between and mid, to million in the period from mid and The war in Ukraine did not affect the drug smuggling quantities and routes in Serbia, and official data on seizures related to citizens of the Russian Federation and Ukraine showed that they accounted for a negligible percentage of the total number of perpetrators. Serbia is mostly an area of transit to the Western European and Eastern criminal markets, and the final destination only to a lesser extent. Manufacture of drugs is less prevalent, since it refers only to certain types of psychoactive controlled substances marijuana and synthetic drugs and mostly for the local market needs. Marijuana, cocaine, heroin and synthetic drugs including precursors are the most common types of drugs which OCGs deal with. Marijuana is still the most widely represented drug on the illegal market, and in recent years this has also happened with cocaine and synthetic drugs. Recently, there has also been an increase in smuggling, that is, diversion of pharmaceuticals and their use for non-medical purposes. In the past four-year period, i. More than thirty tons of narcotics were seized — mostly marijuana Record seizures were registered in — a total of 8. Cocaine is distinguished by increased demand, which is also accompanied by greater production. The main producer is South America, from which cocaine is smuggled to Europe in shipping containers via different routes, mostly seaports. The world cocaine supply has increased significantly, which will result in the emergence of new markets. The American continent, as well as the Western and Central Europe, are still the main markets, but the use of cocaine is also increasing significantly in Africa, Asia and Southeast Europe. The presence of cocaine in the EU has risen significantly, and the increase in its purity has been unprecedented. They form associations according to their geographic origin, shared criminal past and absence of a language barrier. These groups organize its purchase, transfer, receipt, further transport and sale in Western European countries. Certain quantities of cocaine are smuggled to Bulgaria and Turkey, where they are exchanged for heroin. Smaller quantities remain in the Balkans, including Serbia. The drug market in Serbia follows the global trend of increased presence of cocaine, which can be seen from the fact that the seized quantities of this type of drug in Serbia in were more than three times higher than in The smuggling of cocaine into Serbia is mostly organized by the aforementioned Balkan OCGs, which include those from Serbia. They hold all important positions in the international cocaine smuggling and trafficking chain, both in the countries of origin in South America and in European ports and cities. Their cooperation is synchronized and well organized, but frequent seizures of large quantities of cocaine, cutting of smuggling chains and, in some cases, mutual competition frequently cause conflicts that result in murders in European countries and the region. Like before, money obtained through the sale of cocaine is distributed in such a way that a third is invested in the purchase of new quantities, while two thirds are placed in legal flows. Money is still most frequently transferred to bank accounts of offshore companies and then invested in companies that operate in the region, especially in the fields of construction engineering, tourist industry, hospitality services and games of chance. All seized cocaine in Serbia is in the form of the hydrochloride salt. There have been no seizures of so-called crack cocaine in our country. Judging by the samples, the mass fraction of cocaine is high in large seizures, which means that they are extremely potent, very pure and usually not cut with other substances. In , the number of uncut cocaine samples was higher than in the previous period. Since a high-level threat from smuggling and trafficking of cocaine primarily exists on the international level, only to be transferred later to individual countries, the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia has participated in numerous joint operations with international organizations and police forces of other countries. One of these operations was aimed at breaking the chain of criminal structures from Serbia and neighboring countries. The group was linked to the seizure of a total of seven tons of cocaine in , out of which about five tons were seized in the Netherlands Antilles, 1. On the basis of information provided by the Serbian police, kilograms of cocaine were seized In Hong Kong in April , while in May that year, kilograms of cocaine were seized within a parallel investigation conducted in Serbia, Croatia, Czechia and Switzerland. In March , in cooperation with the police forces of Croatia, Slovenia, the Netherlands, Austria and Germany, nine kilograms of cocaine and other drugs were seized. It resulted in the seizure of 2. In early , based on data provided by the Serbian police, the UK National Crime Agency NCA stopped a truck with Serbian license plates in the country, driven by a Serbian citizen, and found twenty kilograms of cocaine. In Serbia, an outstanding seizure of eight kilograms of cocaine was made in Belgrade in November The cocaine was smuggled from the Netherlands. Marijuana is traditionally the most widely present drug on the international and European illegal drug markets. According to the World Drug Report for , the global demand was spurred by the legalization of cannabis in certain countries, which resulted in an increase in its daily use, primarily among the young population. Since it is also produced in our country, marijuana is far more accessible and cheaper than other drugs, which makes it one of the constantly demanded drugs. In recent years, the production of marijuana in both natural and artificial conditions has increased. The number of discovered farms and laboratories for its cultivation is one of the indicators of increased production under natural conditions and increasing expansion of production under controlled conditions in labs. In , outdoor farms and 53 indoor laboratories of marijuana were detected, and in , this number increased to outdoor farms and 62 indoor labs. The soil in Serbia is suitable for marijuana growing, and the use of modern technical tools has facilitated not only the organization of this process, but also the production process itself and greater yields, and, consequently, also the increase of profit. As for the production of marijuana under artificial conditions, greater production is accompanied by greater investments, from the lab equipment and improvement of conditions in the labs to the purchase of high-quality equipment that is also used in legal agricultural production. Laboratories are situated in rented houses in the suburbs and sparsely populated areas or in facilities that are adapted for this purpose. The transportation of thus produced marijuana is less risky than that from other areas, and so the price on the drug market is lower. The genetically modified marijuana, or so-called skunk, is an exception, because its price is usually higher than the price of non-GMO marijuana. Marijuana produced in these laboratories is partly distributed in the country, and partly transported to Western European countries through illegal channels. In addition, marijuana is smuggled from Albania, as the largest producer in the region, toward North Macedonia, Greece and Montenegro. Part of the smuggled marijuana remains on the illegal market in central Serbia, and another part is smuggled into EU member states. Moreover, it is also smuggled through the central Balkan route in the opposite direction — it is transferred in larger quantities to Turkey for the purpose of sale and exchange for heroin. In the period between and , about 7. All marijuana samples in large seizures were very potent because they contained psychoactive THC in a mass fraction significantly higher than 0. Most of the seized smaller mass samples, which belonged to the category of small seizures, also contained more than 0. In the recent period, cannabis with less than 0. The largest marijuana farm was detected in the municipality of Stara Pazova in late , when 37, marijuana plants weighing a total of about 1, kg were seized. In central Serbia, two farms with kg and kg of cannabis, respectively, were detected in , while in May , an improvised marijuana laboratory with cannabis plants was found. A total of 2. In mid, a joint operation with the Spanish police resulted in the arrest of OCG members involved in the production of marijuana in Spain and its sales in EU member states. In Spain, 31 people were arrested, 15 clandestine laboratories were discovered and kg and 14, stems of marijuana were seized. In Serbia, four persons were arrested and a large amount of illegally acquired money and other things were seized. In late , in cooperation with the Spanish police, members of an OCG involved in the production of marijuana under artificial conditions in Serbia and Spain were arrested. In Spain, 19 people were arrested and six clandestine laboratories were found, while in Belgrade, a large amount of laundered money was found. High earnings are the main reason, in view of the fact that cannabis grown indoors can have three to four yields in a year. An increase in foodstuffs with THC is also possible. The heroin route begins in Afghanistan, goes through Iran and Turkey, and then its largest part goes through the Balkans, that is, the so-called Balkan route, which is still the main smuggling route to the countries of Western and Central Europe. Heroin is smuggled to Serbia from Montenegro. According to UNODC estimates, about tons of heroin are smuggled every year from Turkey through Southeast European countries, that is, through Bulgaria and to a lesser extent through Greece. Heroin which arrives in Serbia mostly originates from Afghanistan and is most frequently purchased in Montenegro, Albania and Bulgaria. Although smaller quantities remain in Serbia, its largest part is intended for the European drug market. Heroin is smuggled into Serbia by land, mostly through border crossings, hidden in specially made secret compartments in buses and passenger and cargo vehicles. Larger quantities are smuggled in trucks which transport legal goods. OCGs which dominantly deal with heroin smuggling are known for their strict internal discipline, preparedness to use violence, but also for their family ties. The fact that the already mentioned heroin smuggling route — better known as the Balkan route — which leads to Western European countries, passes through Serbia has contributed to the development of Albanian OCGs in our region. Current developments indicate that there has been a decrease in the smuggling and trafficking of heroin, which can be seen from the quantities of seized heroin in the last four years — in , they were almost three times smaller than in This is because OCGs which control this criminal activity on a transnational level more and more frequently decide to smuggle heroin using maritime routes, mainly from Turkish ports, directly to ports and entry points in EU member states, bypassing Serbia. All of the seized heroin was alkaline. Seizures of heroin in the form of the hydrochloride salt are very rare. Heroin samples in large seizures are extremely potent, of high purity, but frequently cut with substances such as caffeine and paracetamol. Seized samples of smaller masses have lower purity and are cut with large quantities of the same substances as in large seizures. In , 77 kg of very pure heroin, which had been bought in Turkey, was seized in the Belgrade settlement of Mladenovac. In cooperation with the police forces of North Macedonia and Austria, about 17 kg of heroin and 5 kg of cocaine were seized in , and this marked the end of the OCG which had long dealt with the smuggling of large quantities of these drugs through the Balkan route. In February , Germany seized 12 kg of heroin on the basis of information provided by the Serbian police. In early , within a parallel investigation with Bulgaria and in cooperation with the DEA, a total of 22 kg of heroin were seized 20 kg in Bulgaria and 2 kg in Serbia. Also, since the quantity of heroin smuggled through Serbia has decreased in the past few years, one can expect that this trend will continue in the coming period. This trend has already been observed in Northeastern Europe. The recognition of such potential dangers should result in the prediction of risks from substances and greater precautionary measures in the treatment of psychoactive substances in the field and in forensic laboratories. The illicit synthetic drug market is characterized by constant innovations in the production methods and substances, as well as greater financial investments in their production. These drugs are mostly manufactured in EU member states and the distributed globally. According to data from the Report on Drugs of the European Center for Monitoring Drugs and Drug Addiction, the production of the most common synthetic drugs amphetamine and methamphetamine has been stable in the European Union, with an upward trend in the past few years. Amphetamine is very accessible, also with an upward trend, while methamphetamine is also showing signs of growth on the illicit drug market. Laboratories for the production of synthetic drugs are becoming more modern in terms of technology, as well as more functional and with larger capacities, which means that production growth can also be expected in the coming period. The Western Balkans, where amphetamine, methamphetamine and ecstasy are the most common synthetic drugs, is becoming the place where synthetic drugs are being produced more and more frequently. This is because their production is simple, cheap and quick, which has otherwise radically transformed many drug markets. In the recent years, the presence of synthetic drugs, especially amphetamine, has increased in Serbia. The number of users of these drugs is constantly growing, primarily due to their accessibility and low price. Users are young, but their age limit is dropping even further. Synthetic drugs are entering the illegal market mainly from Western Europe, especially from the Netherlands and Germany, but part of them are also arriving from Bulgaria. Multiple types of synthetic drugs are present, and they appear everywhere and among all social strata. In addition to their being widespread, a problem in the fight against synthetic drugs is also their chemical diversity, because a small change in the chemical structure results in a new psychoactive substance. Such substances have so far appeared sporadically in Serbia, in quantities that do not cause much concern five or six substances weighing several hundred grams in total. The emergence of new or modified psychoactive substances requires continuous education, improvement and specialization of work methods of competent authorities, since their detection is frequently impeded by conventional work methods. The crystallization of amphetamine in makeshift laboratories at home has resulted in a decrease in purchase price. At the same time, seizures of amphetamine oil have increased, which indicates that the last stage of amphetamine production is being performed in Serbia. In and , a total of , ml of amphetamine oil were seized. The new method of production led to a decrease in the number of synthetic drug laboratories, because illegal proceeds are now easier to earn through a process that does not require a chemist, purchase of precursors and laboratory equipment, frequent changes of locations, physical security, etc. The largest quantity of seized amphetamine belonged to the medium mass category mass of the individual sample is more than ten grams and less than one kilogram. The purity of amphetamine samples varied, and there was no regularity. Crystal MDMA samples were pure, while different diluents and binding agents were added to tablets most frequently microcrystalline cellulose or lactose. At the Gradina border crossing, 75, MDMA tablets, , amphetamine tablets and nearly five kilos of cocaine were seized in Low price and simplicity of production will continue to play an important role in their accessibility. Organized Crime Groups from Serbia are involved in the acquisition and distribution of precursors, and between and , the largest quantities of pseudoephedrine, benzyl chloride and sulfuric acid were seized. In addition to precursors, OCGs also produce and smuggle pre-precursors — chemical substances from which precursors are obtained through simple chemical reactions — which are then used in the production of psychoactive controlled substances. When a precursor becomes controlled, seized amounts of the substance drop drastically, while the amount of seized alternative precursors or pre-precursors increase significantly. There has recently been a sharp increase in the diversion of pharmaceutical drugs for non-medical purposes, mostly of sedatives, sleeping pills, painkillers, etc. Individuals and criminal groups in Serbia purchase drugs which are on the List of Controlled Psychotropic Substances and smuggle them in vehicles through Hungary and Croatia to EU member states, where their price is many times higher and issuance control is stricter. Most of the smuggled drugs are produced by the domestic pharmaceutical companies Galenika and Hemofarm, although some pharmaceuticals are also produced by foreign pharmaceutical companies that have representative offices in Serbia. Drugs Illegal production, trafficking and smuggling of drugs in Serbia represent a very high-level security threat. Most registered OCGs deal with this very dynamic type of transnational crime, but are also involved in the international purchase and distribution of drugs. Global and Regional Nature of the Issue Cocaine is distinguished by increased demand, which is also accompanied by greater production. Situation in Serbia The drug market in Serbia follows the global trend of increased presence of cocaine, which can be seen from the fact that the seized quantities of this type of drug in Serbia in were more than three times higher than in Quantity of seized cocaine per year in kg. Expected Future developments. Global and Regional Nature of the Issue Marijuana is traditionally the most widely present drug on the international and European illegal drug markets. Quantity of seized marijuana per years in tons. Global and Regional Nature of the Issue The heroin route begins in Afghanistan, goes through Iran and Turkey, and then its largest part goes through the Balkans, that is, the so-called Balkan route, which is still the main smuggling route to the countries of Western and Central Europe. Situation in Serbia Heroin which arrives in Serbia mostly originates from Afghanistan and is most frequently purchased in Montenegro, Albania and Bulgaria. Quantity of seized heroin per years in kg. Synthetic and New Psychoactive Drugs. Global and Regional Nature of the Issue The illicit synthetic drug market is characterized by constant innovations in the production methods and substances, as well as greater financial investments in their production. Situation in Serbia In the recent years, the presence of synthetic drugs, especially amphetamine, has increased in Serbia. Seized quantities of MDMA and amphetamine per year. Precursors and Pre-Precursors. Diversion of Pharmaceutical Drugs.

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