Korean Sex Ru

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Korean Sex Ru
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Uniform Code of Military Justice warning poster against prostitution and human trafficking posted by USFK .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Rhee, Young-hoon (2009-06-01). "그날 나는 왜 그렇게 말하였던가" . New Daily . Retrieved 2013-04-07 .

^ Jump up to: a b "박정희 정부, '미군 위안부·기지촌 여성' 직접 관리" ["Park Chung-hee government," direct management of "women comfort women]. 6 November 2013.

^ Jump up to: a b "유승희 의원 "박정희 정권 '미군 위안부' 관리" " [Yoo Seung-hee "Park Jeong-hee regime" US military comfort women "management"]. 경향신문 . 2013-11-06.

^ Jump up to: a b c Lee 2011 .

^ Okubo & Shelley 2011 , p. 167.

^ Chow, Segal & Lin 2011 , p. 87.

^ Jump up to: a b Hughes 2010 , p. 125.

^ Jump up to: a b Finckenauer 2007 .

^ Renzaho 2016 .

^ Jump up to: a b Soh 2008 .

^ "The "Natasha" Trade:Transnational Sex Trafficking" . National Institute of Justice Journal . U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice (246): 10. January 2001.

^ Moon 2006 , p. 2.

^ Jump up to: a b c Cheng 2010 , p. 63.

^ Höhn 2010 , p. 46.

^ Cho 2008 , p. 103.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Hughes, Chon & Ellerman 2016 .

^ "The United States, South Korea, and "Comfort Women" " . Stanford University . January 22, 2009 . Retrieved 2013-05-26 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d "[뉴스테이션/탐사리포트]또 다른 양공주의 비극" [Another tragedy]. The Dong-a Ilbo . 2010-04-27 . Retrieved 2013-04-08 .

^ "[백년명가②] "88년부터 찌개로… 김치 넣기 시작했지" " [[One hundred years old man ②] "From 88 years to stewing ... I started to put in kimchi. "]. JoongAng Ilbo . 2009-06-24. Archived from the original on 2013-06-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-07 .

^ Cho 2007 , p. 164.

^ Jump up to: a b c Sung So-young (2012-06-13). "The actual reality of interracial relationships" . Joongang Daily . Archived from the original on 2013-03-21 . Retrieved 2013-04-07 .

^ Jump up to: a b "[늘보의 옛날신문읽기] 양공주, 유엔마담 그리고 화냥년" [Reading the old newspaper of the Neul-Bo]. The Dong-a Ilbo . 2000-11-03 . Retrieved 2013-04-08 .

^ Pyo, Jeong-hun (2008-08-23). "[추억 엽서-대한민국" [Memorial Postcard - 60 Years in Korea]. The Chosun Ilbo . Archived from the original on 2013-06-22 . Retrieved 2013-04-09 .

^ Seoul Journal of Korean Studies, Volume 14 . Seoul National University . 2001. p. 269.

^ Rabiroff, Jon (August 17, 2010). "Hostess shortage leaves 'juicy bars' pondering future" . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 2013-05-16 .

^ Gi 2006 , p. 26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGi2006 ( help )

^ "UN軍 相對 慰安婦 13日부터 登錄實施" [UN Registration of comfort women]. The Dong-a Ilbo . 1961-09-14 . Retrieved 2013-05-01 .

^ The Asian Women's Fund. "Who were the Comfort Women?-The Establishment of Comfort Stations" . Digital Museum The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund . The Asian Women's Fund. Archived from the original on August 7, 2014 . Retrieved August 8, 2014 .

^ The Asian Women's Fund. "Hall I: Japanese Military and Comfort Women" . Digital Museum The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund . The Asian Women's Fund. Archived from the original on March 15, 2013 . Retrieved August 12, 2014 . The so-called 'wartime comfort women' were those who were taken to former Japanese military installations, such as comfort stations, for a certain period during wartime in the past and forced to provide sexual services to officers and soldiers.

^ Argibay 2003 .

^ Cho 2007 , p.164 Wianbu , the word used to refer to the so-called comfort women who were forced sexual laborers for the Japanese military, was also used to describe the women who were sexual laborers for the U.S. military. That is, until another word replaced wianbu to connote a different kind of shame. Yanggongju would draw the line between the violated virgins and the willing whores. Yanggongju , literally meaning 'western princess' and commonly translated as 'Yankee whore' replaced wianbu as the popular name for women who are prostitutes for the U.S. military..

^ "한국군도 '위안부' 운용했다" [The ROK military also operated 'comfort women']. OhmyNews . 2002-02-22. Archived from the original on 2012-11-07 . Retrieved 2014-06-10 .

^ Cho 2008 , p. 122.

^ Zakaria, Tabassum (2013-04-29). "U.S. military faces scrutiny over its prostitution policies" . Reuters . Retrieved 2013-05-14 .

^ Jump up to: a b Moon 1997 , p. 27.

^ Moon 2006 , p. 39.

^ Jump up to: a b c Lee, Min-a (2005-07-31). "Openly revealing a secret life" . JoongAng Ilbo . Archived from the original on 2013-06-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-07 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Hyunseon Lee. "Broken Silence: The Taboo of Korean Prostitutes during American Occupation and Its Depiction in the Korean Films of the 1990s" (PDF) . University of London . Retrieved 2013-04-18 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Kim 1997 , p. [ page needed ] .

^ Cho 2008 , p. 94.

^ Jump up to: a b Moon 1997 , p. 85.

^ Lee 2007 , p. 457.

^ Lee 2007 , p. 463.

^ Lee 2007 , p. 464.

^ Lee 2007 , p. 466.

^ Jump up to: a b Moon 2006 , p. 29.

^ Jump up to: a b c Cho 2008 , p. 104.

^ Jump up to: a b c Cho 2007 , p. 163.

^ Jump up to: a b c Kim 2016 , p. 46.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Lie 1995 , p. 316.

^ Jump up to: a b c Woo 2019 , p. 145.

^ "萬七千三百名(만칠천삼백명) 全國接待(전국접대)및慰安婦總數(위안부총수)" . 치안국보안과. 경향신문. 1953-12-12.

^ "[이승만TV 위안부의 진실③] "한국군‧미군 위안부에는 왜 분노하지 않는가" " . 2019-05-15.

^ "Consolidation of Military Prostitution in South Korea (1950~60): The Nation-State, Gendered Nationalism, and Women's Resistance" . 한국여성학회 . 2007, vol.23, no.4, pp. 5-48 (44 pages) (이나영 /Lee Na Young(중앙대학교)). 2007.

^ Lie 1995 , p. 317.

^ Jump up to: a b "[이승만TV 위안부의 진실③] "한국군‧미군 위안부에는 왜 분노하지 않는가" " . www.mediawatch.kr .

^ Kane, Tim (24 May 2006). "Global U.S. Troop Deployment, 1950-2005" . The Heritage Foundation . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 9 April 2018 .

^ "甲午記者手帖(갑오기자수첩)에서 (3) 失職洋公主(실직양공주)" . 동아일보(Dong-A Ilbo). 네이버뉴스라이브러리. 1954-12-22.

^ "달러市場(시장) 生態(생태) (5) 洋公主(양공주)가버는 外貨(외화)만年間(연간)2百(백)40萬弗(만불)" . No. Maeil Business Newspaper. 매일경제. 네이버뉴스라이브러리. 1966-07-23.

^ "美減軍(미감군)의 안팎을 진단하는 特輯(특집)시리즈 (5) 不況(불황)이깔리는 基地村(기지촌)" . No. The Kyunghyang Shinmun. 경향신문. 네이버뉴스라이브러리. 1970-07-29.

^ "박정희 전 대통령 '기지촌 여성 관리' 문건에 친필사인 결재" . No. 2013–11–06. 폴리뉴스.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Choe, Sang-hun (2009-01-07). "Ex-Prostitutes Say South Korea and U.S. Enabled Sex Trade Near Bases (page 2)" . New York Times . Retrieved 2013-04-07 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h " '한-미 우호'의 아랫도리… '양공주'들을 민간외교관으로 활용하다" [I have to say that I am ... Utilize "Yang-ho-ju" as a civilian diplomat]. Hankyoreh . 2005-02-01 . Retrieved 2013-04-09 .

^ " '박정희 리스트'로 고구마 캐듯 수사김창룡이 '구명'제안, 백선엽이 결심" [Kim Chang-ryong's proposal for 'life presumption' by Sweet Potato Kagamari as 'Park Jeong-hee List']. OhmyNews . 2004-08-10 . Retrieved 2013-05-22 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Ghosh, Palash (2013-04-29). "South Korea: A Thriving Sex Industry In A Powerful, Wealthy Super-State" . International Business Times . Retrieved 2013-05-15 .

^ Jump up to: a b Lee 2010 .

^ Jump up to: a b Park, Soo-mee (2008-10-30). "Former sex workers in fight for compensation" . Joongang Daily . Archived from the original on 2013-04-30 . Retrieved 2013-04-07 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Choe, Sang-hun (2009-01-07). "Ex-Prostitutes Say South Korea and U.S. Enabled Sex Trade Near Bases" . New York Times . Retrieved 2013-04-07 .

^ Jump up to: a b Kim, Tae (2011-11-28). "대한민국 정부가 포주였다 [2011.11.28 제887호] [표지이야기] 성매매 단속하는 척하며 여성을 외화벌이 수단으로 여겼던 한국 정부… 한국전쟁 때 위안소 설치하고, 독재정권은 주한미군·일본인 대상 성매매 조장해" [The Government of the Republic of Korea was a pimp]. Hankyoreh . Retrieved 2013-04-07 .

^ Jump up to: a b "유신공주는 양공주 문제엔 관심이 없었다" [Yu-shin was not interested in the issue of beef and pork]. The Hankyoreh . 2012-11-30 . Retrieved 2013-04-07 .

^ Jump up to: a b Höhn 2010 , p. 67.

^ Moon 1997 , p 76, Quoting the newsletter of My Sister's Place, July 1991, p. 8.

^ Jump up to: a b Moon 2006 , pp. 75–77.

^ Dank & Refinetti 2000 .

^ Cho 2008 , p. 107.

^ Moon 2006 , p. 79.

^ Moon 2006 , p. 77.

^ Moon 2006 , p. 84.

^ Kuo 2005 , p. 72.

^ Cho 2008 , p. 91.

^ Enriquez, Jean (November 1999). "Filipinas in Prostitution around U.S. Military Bases in Korea: A Recurring Nightmare" (PDF) . Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Asia Pacific . Retrieved 2013-05-25 .

^ "매춘지역및 기지촌 윤락여성 수 줄어...정무제2장관실" . No. The Korea Economic Daily. 국정감사자료. 한국경제. 1993-10-05.

^ "한국인의 초상 (7) 美軍(미군)기지촌「혼혈문화」의 고향「한국속 아메리카」" . 동아일보. 네이버라이브러리. 1995-02-10.

^ "[기지촌의 사회학①] 필리핀 기지촌 여성의 싸움을 한 번 더 기록하는 이유" . No. SBS NEWS. 스브스 뉴스. 2019-05-21.

^ Cho 2008 , p. 115.

^ Moon, Gwang-lip (2011-09-30). "After soldier held for rape, U.S. vows assistance" . JoongAng Ilbo . Archived from the original on 2013-06-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-12 .

^ Jump up to: a b Moon 2009 .

^ McHugh 2005 , p. 133.

^ "U.S. soldier free after brutal 1992 murder" . The Hankyoreh . 2006-10-28 . Retrieved 2013-04-15 .

^ Jump up to: a b "6·25의 사생아 '양공주' 통곡 50년 전쟁 그리고 약소국의 아픈 상처 '양공주'. 6·25가 끝난 지 50년이나 흘렀지만, 분단과 전쟁의 희생양인 양공주는 아직도 민족사 한가운데에서 총성 없는 전쟁을 치르고 있다" [Major conglomerates, new recruits increase by 10% than originally planned ... 14.5% increase next year]. 시사저널 . 2003-07-29 . Retrieved 2013-04-09 .

^ Jump up to: a b c "[Editorial] Human trafficking in S. Korea" . The Hankyoreh . 2009-02-28 . Retrieved 2013-04-14 .

^ Moon, Kyung-ran (2004-09-02). "New figures on sex trade anger Seoul" . Joongang Daily . Archived from the original on 2013-06-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-12 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e Macintyre, Donald (2002-08-05). "Base Instincts" . Time . Archived from the original on November 14, 2007 . Retrieved 2013-04-23 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Court rules in favor of Filipina prostitutes" . JoongAng Ilbo . 2003-05-31. Archived from the original on 2013-06-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-12 .

^ Kim, Seung-hyun (2002-10-17). "11 Filipinas sue owners of club" . Joongang Daily . Archived from the original on 2013-06-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-12 .

^ Jump up to: a b "[EDITORIALS]Deliver them from 'hell' " . Joongang Daily . 2002-10-19. Archived from the original on 2013-06-13 . Retrieved 2013-04-08 .

^ "Filipinas forced into prostitution on the rise in S.Korea" . The Hankyoreh . 2009-12-01 . Retrieved 2013-04-08 .

^ Lee 2010 , p. 126.

^ Jump up to: a b c Robson, Seth (August 6, 2005). "Ex-bar worker who was forced into prostitution wins $5,000 judgment" . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 2013-05-16 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Rabiroff, Jon (September 9, 2009). " 'Juicy bars' said to be havens for prostitution aimed at U.S. military" . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on 2013-05-09 . Retrieved 2013-05-15 .

^ Allen, David (September 25, 2004). "Troops mixed on anti-prostitution proposal" . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 2013-05-17 .

^ Rabiroff, Jon (September 26, 2009). "Philippine Embassy has 'watch list' of suspect bars in South Korea" . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 2013-05-15 .

^ Jump up to: a b Dujisin, Zoltán (Jul 7, 2009). "RIGHTS-SOUTH KOREA: Prostitution Thrives with U.S. Military Presence" . Inter Press Service . Retrieved 2013-05-15 .

^ 2021 Trafficking in Persons Report: South Korea (Report). U.S. State Deportment Office to Minitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons . Retrieved July 13, 2021 .

^ Rabiroff, Jon (June 18, 2010). "Report on human trafficking cites South Korean juicy bars" . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 2013-05-15 .

^ Rowland, Ashley (May 21, 2013). "Report underscores Army's ineffectiveness to prevent sexual assaults in Korea" . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 2013-05-21 .

^ Rabiroff, Jon (December 20, 2012). "USFK video links 'juicy bars' with human trafficking" . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on 2013-05-06 . Retrieved 2013-05-16 .

^ "Businesses counter-protest 'juicy bars' demo outside Osan" . Stars and Stripes .

^ "Bar owners, workers protest Osan's off-limits ban on juicy bars" . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on 2015-09-24 . Retrieved 2013-12-08 .

^ "Commentary - Fighting human trafficking - the Songtan Protest and its aftermath" . af.mil . Archived from the original on 2013-12-15.

^ "Claims South Korea Provided Sex Slaves for U.S. Troops Go to Court" . The Wall Street Journal . Jul 15, 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014.

^ Ju-Min Park (11 July 2014). "Former Korean 'comfort women' for U.S. troops sue own government" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 23 July 2014.

^ "Former Korean 'comfort women' for U.S. troops sue own government" . Yahoo News . 11 July 2014.

^ "South Korea Illegally Held Prostitutes Who Catered to G.I.s Decades Ago, Court Says" . The New York Times . January 20, 2017.

^ "USFK bans buying drinks for 'juicy bar' workers" . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved 2016-05-09 .

^ Lee 2007 , pp. 466–468.

^ Lee 2007 , p. 469.

^ Oh, Daniel. "US-Korea Military Alliance" . Wilson Center Digital Archive . Retrieved 2019-05-15 .

^ "Status of Forces Agreement" . www.usfk.mil . Retrieved 2019-05-15 .

^ "Facilities and Areas and the Status of United States Armed Forces in Korea" (PDF) . www.usfk.mil . 9 July 1966 . Retrieved 10 June 2019 .

^ Moon 2006 , p. 59.

^ Moon 2006 , pp. 68–69.

^ Jump up to: a b Moon 1997 , p. 7.

^ Jump up to: a b c Lee, Na Young (2006). "The Construction of U.S. Camptown Prostitution in South Korea: Trans/Formation and Resistance" .

^ Moon 1997 , p. 17.

^ Vine, David (3 November 2015). " 'My body was not mine, but the US military's' " . Politico . Retrieved 9 June 2019 .

^ Jump up to: a b Cohen, Joel (June 28, 2010). "Cho Wins Best Book on Asia Award" . College of Staten Island . Retrieved 2013-04-26 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Fresh Ink" . Brown Alumni Magazine . January–February 2011 . Retrieved 2013-04-26 .

^ Jump up to: a b Kim, Soe-jung (2005-10-23). "Forum tackles overseas marriages" . JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on 2013-06-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-12 .

^ Gwon, Seok-cheon (2012-03-14). "[권석천의 시시각각] 내 마음속 제노포비아" [[Kwon Seokchun's Revolution] In my heart Genov Flavia]. JoongAng Ilbo . Archived from the original on 26 October 2014 . Retrieved 2013-04-27 .

^ Yuh, J.Y. (2004). Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America . Nation of Nations. NYU Press. p. 12 . ISBN 978-0-8147-9699-3 .

^ Cho 2008 , pp. 104–105.

^ Cho, Inēs (2002-01-18). "The Reel Story" . Joongang Daily . Archived from the original on 2013-06-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-12 .

^ "Films" . Gina Kim . Archived from the original on 2017-12-07 . Retrieved 2017-12-07 .

^ Stein, Frankie (2021-06-04). " 'Juicy Girl' directed by MJ Kim: A film you need to watch" . Film Daily . Retrieved 2021-12-05 .

^ Moon, Gwang-lip (2013-04-12). "A tantalizing season for theatergoers has arrived" . Joongang Daily . Archived from the original on 2013-06-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-12 .

^ Moon, Haewon (2013-04-13). "감추고픈 기지촌의 역사 <일곱집매>" [The History of the Kunchon Village]. Joongang Ilbo . Archived from the original on 2013-06-19 . Retrieved 2013-04-27 .


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Comfort women of South Korea .
During and following the Korean War , the United States military used regulated prostitution services in South Korean military camptowns. Despite prostitution being illegal since 1948, women in South Korea were the fundamental source of sexual services for the US military and a component of Korean-American relations. [4] The women in South Korea who served as prostitutes are known as kijichon (기지촌) women, also called as "Korean Military Comfort Women", and were visited by the US military, Korean soldiers, and Korean civilians. The prostitutes were from Korea, Philippines , [5] China , Vietnam , Thailand , Sri Lanka , Nepal , Indonesia , and the Commonwealth of Independent States [6] [7] [8] (specifically Russia , Kazakhstan [7] [9] [10] [8] and Ukraine ). [11]

Prostitutes servicing members of the U.S. military in South Korea have been known locally under a variety of terms. They have been referred to as "bar girls", "special entertainers", "Korean Military Comfort Women", "comfort women", "hostesses", and "business women". [12]

Yankee princess ( Hangul : 양공주 ; 洋公主; yanggongju; foreigner's whore [13] [14] [15] ) also translated as Western princess , were other common names and literal translations for the prostitutes in the Gijichon , U.S. military Camp Towns [1] [16] [17] in South Korea. [18] [19] [20] The term "Western princess" has been commonly used in the press, such as The Dong-a Ilbo for decades. [18] It is also used as a derogatory term when referring to interracial couples, particular those between a white male and Korean female. [21]

Yankee whore ( Hangul : 양갈보 Yanggalbo ) [13] and Western whore are also common names. The women are also referred to as U.N. madams ( Hangul : 유엔마담 , [22] [23] U.N. madam ). [24]

Juicy girls is a common name for Filipina prostitutes. [25]

Until the early 1990s, the term Wianbu ( Hangul : 위안부 , 慰安妇 "Comfort Women") was often used by South Korean media and officials to refer to prostitutes for the U.S. military, [26] [27] but comfort women has also been a euphemism for the sex slaves for the Imperial Japanese Army , [28] [29] [30] and to avoid confusion, the term yanggongju (Yankee princess) replaced wianbu to refer to sexual laborers for the U.S. military. [1] [31] [32]

The early 1990s also saw the two women's rights movements diverge: on one side the one representing the Cheongsindae (comfort women for the Japanese military), and on the other side the movement representing the Gijichon (Camptown for the US military). Despite many women on both sides being victims of forced labor, those who supported Cheongsidae believed the kijich'on women were willing participants in the system of prostitution and sexually promiscuous. [33]

As of 2013 [update] , some South Korean media were using the term migun wianbu ( 미군 위안부 , 美軍慰安婦 "US comfort women"), [2] [3] translating to "American comfort women".

Beginning in 1945, an institutionalized system of prostitution was adopted and permitted by the U.S. military and the Republic of Korea. Despite the United States Forces Korea 's policy stating, "Hiring prostitutes is incompatible with our military core values", [34] there is a discrepancy between "practice" and "policy". [35] In Korean society, prostitution is viewed as a "necessary evil". [36] The U.S. military have explained it as military culture that allows for American GIs to blow off steam and prevent homosexual tendencies. [37] Prostitutes for U.S. soldiers were esteemed to be at the bottom of the social hie
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