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Legality of cannabis

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Legality of cannabis

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Hemp , or industrial hemp , is a variety of the Cannabis sativa plant species that is grown specifically for industrial use. It can be used to make a wide range of products. It was also one of the first plants to be spun into usable fiber 50, years ago. Although cannabis as a drug and industrial hemp both derive from the species Cannabis sativa and contain the psychoactive component tetrahydrocannabinol THC , they are distinct strains with unique phytochemical compositions and uses. Some governments regulate the concentration of THC and permit only hemp that is bred with an especially low THC content. In , the United Nations recommendation to explicitly remove international control from hemp products containing predominantly cannabidiol and not more than 0. In those languages 'hemp' can refer to either industrial fiber hemp or narcotic cannabis strains. Hemp is used to make a variety of commercial and industrial products, including rope, textiles, clothing, shoes, food, paper, bioplastics, insulation, and biofuel. The inner two fibers of the plant are woodier and typically have industrial applications, such as mulch, animal bedding, and litter. When oxidized often erroneously referred to as 'drying' , hemp oil from the seeds becomes solid and can be used in the manufacture of oil-based paints, in creams as a moisturizing agent, for cooking, and in plastics. Hemp seeds have been used in bird feed mix as well. Hemp seeds are high in complete protein and are also a great source of iron. They can be eaten raw, ground into hemp meal, sprouted or made into dried sprout powder. Hemp seeds can also be made into a liquid and used for baking or for beverages such as hemp milk and tisanes. Water is then added to make 'Bhang Chutney '. This dip has been served since ancient times as a side dish with several meals. In the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs treats hemp as a purely non-food crop, but with proper licensing and proof of less than 0. Hemp seeds' amino acid profile is comparable to other sources of protein such as meat, milk, eggs, and soy. Despite the very high quality of hemp seed nutritional value, \\\\\\\\\\\\\[25\\\\\\\\\\\\\] hemp seeds nevertheless contain some antinutritional compounds, including phytic acid , \\\\\\\\\\\\\[26\\\\\\\\\\\\\] trypsin inhibitors, and tannins , in significant concentrations. Hemp oil oxidizes and turns rancid within a short period of time if not stored properly; \\\\\\\\\\\\\[17\\\\\\\\\\\\\] its shelf life is extended when it is stored in a dark airtight container and refrigerated. Both light and heat can degrade hemp oil. Hemp fiber has been used extensively throughout history, with production climaxing soon after being introduced to the New World. For centuries, items ranging from rope, to fabrics, to industrial materials were made from hemp fiber. Hemp was also commonly used to make sail canvas. The word 'canvas' is derived from the word cannabis. For clothing, in some instances, hemp is mixed with lyocell. Hemp as a building construction material provides solutions to a variety of issues facing current building standards. Its light-weightiness, mold resistance, breathability, etc. The hemp market was at its largest during the 17th century. Afterwards, in the 19th century and onwards, the market saw a decline during its rapid illegalization in many countries. Currently, the University of Bath researches the use of hemp-lime panel systems for construction. Funded by the European Union , the research tests panel design within their use in high-quality construction, on site assembly, humidity and moisture penetration, temperature change, daily performance and energy saving documentations. The most common use of hemp-lime in building is by casting the hemp-hurd and lime mix while wet around a timber frame with temporary shuttering and tamping the mix to form a firm mass. After the removal of the temporary shuttering, the solidified hemp mix is then ready to be plastered with lime plaster. Hemp is classified under the green category of building design, primarily due to its positive effects on the environment. The use of hemp is beginning to gain popularity alongside other natural materials. This is because cannabis processing is done mechanically with minimal harmful effects on the environment. A part of what makes hemp sustainable is its minimal water usage and unreliability on pesticides for proper growth. It is recyclable, non- toxic , and biodegradable , making hemp a popular choice in green building construction. Hemp fiber is known to have high strength and durability, and has been known to be a good protector against vermin. The fiber has the capability to reinforce structures by embossing threads and cannabis shavers. Hemp has been involved more recently in the building industry, producing building construction materials including insulation , hempcrete , and varnishes. Hemp made materials have low embodied energy. The plant has the ability to absorb large amounts of CO2 , providing air quality, thermal balance, creating a positive environmental impact. In addition hemp possesses the ability to absorb and release moisture without deteriorating. Hemp can be non-flammable if mixed with lime and could be applied on numerous aspects of the building wall, roofs, etc. Hemp is commonly used as an insulation material. Its flexibility and toughness during compression allows for easier implementation within structural framing systems. The Insulation material could also be easily adjusted to different sizes and shapes by being cut during the installation process. The ability to not settle and therefore avoiding cavity developments lowers its need for maintenance. Hemp insulation is naturally lightweight and non- toxic , allowing for an exposed installation in a variety of spaces, including flooring, walling, and roofing. Compared to mineral insulation , hemp absorbs roughly double the amount of heat and could be compared to wood, in some cases even overpassing some of its types. The insulation evenly distributes vapor and allows for air circulation, constantly carrying out used air and replacing with fresh. Its use on the exterior of the structure, overlaid with breathable water-resistive barriers, eases the withdrawal of moisture from within the wall structure. In addition, the insulation doubles as a sound barrier, weakening airborne sound waves passing through it. In addition to the absorbed CO2 during its growth period, hemp repeats during the creation of the concrete. The mixture hardens when the silica contained in hemp shives mixes with lime , resulting in the mineralization process which extracts the CO2 from the air, purifying it. The resulted concrete continues to do so in the application during its touch with water. Hemp is most commonly used as concrete in building construction due to its lightness roughly seven times lighter than common concrete. The building material is made of hemp herds shives , hydraulic lime , and water mixture varying in ratios. Surfaces such as flooring interact with a multitude of loads and would have to be more resistible, while walls and roofs are required to be more lightweight. The most common variation of this building style is hempcrete ; made of concrete-like blocks. Such blocks are not strong enough to be used for structural elements and must be supported by brick, wood, or steel framing. Shortly after, in 's,Modece Architects used hemp-lime for test designs in Haverhill. Completed 9 years later the buildings were found to be one of the most technologically advanced structures made of hemp-based material. Following the discovery, it pioneered hemp's use in UK construction. The extracted oil is suited for a variety of construction applications. Its use prevents the water from penetrating the wood while still allowing air and vapor to pass through. Because of its low UV-resistant rating, the finish is most often used indoors, on surfaces such as flooring and wood paneling. Hemp-based insulating plaster is created by combining hemp fibers with calcium lime and sand. This material, when applied on internal walls, ceilings, and flooring, can be layered up to ten centimeters in thickness. Its porous materiality allows the created plaster to regulate air humidity and evenly distribute it. Hemp ropes can be woven in various diameters, possessing high amounts of strength making them suitable for a variety of uses for building construction purposes. The ropes also used in bridge construction, tunnels, traditional homes, etc. Cannabis geotextiles could be put in both wet and dry conditions. Hemp-based bioplastic is a biodegradable alternative to regular plastic and can potentially replace PVC Polyvinyl chloride , a material used for plumbing pipes. Hemp growth lasts roughly days, a much faster time period than an average tree used for construction purposes. As an addition, hemp is flexible and versatile allowing it to be used in a greater number of ways than wood. Concrete block made with hemp in France. A mixture of fiberglass , hemp fiber, kenaf , and flax has been used since to make composite panels for automobiles. For example, the Lotus Eco Elise \\\\\\\\\\\\\[65\\\\\\\\\\\\\] and the Mercedes C-Class both contain hemp up to 20 kg in each car in the case of the latter. Hemp paper are paper varieties consisting exclusively or to a large extent from pulp obtained from fibers of industrial hemp. The products are mainly specialty papers such as cigarette paper , \\\\\\\\\\\\\[67\\\\\\\\\\\\\] banknotes and technical filter papers. However, production costs are about four times higher than for paper from wood , \\\\\\\\\\\\\[69\\\\\\\\\\\\\] since the infrastructure for using hemp is underdeveloped. If the paper industry were to switch from wood to hemp for sourcing its cellulose fibers, the following benefits could be utilized:. However, hemp has had a hard time competing with paper from trees or recycled newsprint. Only the outer part of the stem consists mainly of fibers which are suitable for the production of paper. Numerous attempts have been made to develop machines that efficiently and inexpensively separate useful fibers from less useful fibers, but none have been completely successful. This has meant that paper from hemp is still expensive compared to paper from trees. Hemp jewellery includes bracelets, necklaces, anklets, rings, watches, and other adornments. Some jewellery features beads made from crystals, glass , stone , wood and bones. The hemp twine varies in thickness and comes in a variety of colors. There are many different stitches used to create hemp jewellery, however, the half knot and full knot stitches are most common. Hemp rope was used in the age of sailing ships , though the rope had to be protected by tarring , since hemp rope has a propensity for breaking from rot , as the capillary effect of the rope-woven fibers tended to hold liquid at the interior, while seeming dry from the outside. Hemp rope was phased out when manila rope , which does not require tarring, became widely available. Hemp shives are the core of the stem, hemp hurds are broken parts of the core. In the EU, they are used for animal bedding horses, for instance , or for horticultural mulch. Hemp can be used as a 'mop crop' to clear impurities out of wastewater, such as sewage effluent, excessive phosphorus from chicken litter, or other unwanted substances or chemicals. Additionally, hemp is being used to clean contaminants at the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site, by way of a process which is known as phytoremediation —the process of clearing radioisotopes and a variety of other toxins from the soil, water, and air. Hemp crops are tall, have thick foliage, and can be planted densely, and thus can be grown as a smother crop to kill tough weeds. However, due to the plant's rapid and dense growth characteristics, some jurisdictions consider hemp a prohibited and noxious weed, much like Scotch Broom. The dense growth of hemp helps kill weeds, even thistle. Biodiesel can be made from the oils in hemp seeds and stalks; this product is sometimes called 'hempoline'. Filtered hemp oil can be used directly to power diesel engines. In , Rudolf Diesel invented the diesel engine, which he intended to power 'by a variety of fuels, especially vegetable and seed oils, which earlier were used for oil lamps , i. Production of vehicle fuel from hemp is very small. Commercial biodiesel and biogas is typically produced from cereals, coconuts, palm seeds, and cheaper raw materials like garbage, wastewater, dead plant and animal material, animal feces and kitchen waste. Separation of hurd and bast fiber is known as decortication. Traditionally, hemp stalks would be water- retted first before the fibers were beaten off the inner hurd by hand, a process known as scutching. As mechanical technology evolved, separating the fiber from the core was accomplished by crushing rollers and brush rollers, or by hammer-milling, wherein a mechanical hammer mechanism beats the hemp against a screen until hurd, smaller bast fibers, and dust fall through the screen. After the Marijuana Tax Act was implemented in , the technology for separating the fibers from the core remained 'frozen in time'. Recently, new high-speed kinematic decortication has come about, capable of separating hemp into three streams; bast fiber, hurd, and green microfiber. Only in , did Ireland, parts of the Commonwealth and other countries begin to legally grow industrial hemp again. Iterations of the s decorticator have been met with limited success, along with steam explosion and chemical processing known as thermomechanical pulping. Hemp is usually planted between March and May in the northern hemisphere, between September and November in the southern hemisphere. Millennia of selective breeding have resulted in varieties that display a wide range of traits; e. Hemp grown for fiber is planted closely, resulting in tall, slender plants with long fibers. The use of industrial hemp plant and its cultivation was commonplace until the s when it was associated with its genetic sibling a. Influential groups misconstrued hemp as a dangerous 'drug', \\\\\\\\\\\\\[88\\\\\\\\\\\\\] even though hemp is not a recreational drug and has the potential to be a sustainable and profitable crop for many farmers due to hemp's medical, structural and dietary uses. In the United States, the public's perception of hemp as marijuana has blocked hemp from becoming a useful crop and product,' \\\\\\\\\\\\\[89\\\\\\\\\\\\\] in spite of its vital importance prior to World War II. This early cropping reduces the seed yield but improves the fiber yield and quality. Greater seeding depths result in increased weed competition. Nitrogen should not be placed with the seed, but phosphate may be tolerated. Organic fertilizers such as manure are one of the best methods of weed control. In contrast to cannabis for medical use, varieties grown for fiber and seed have less than 0. Cannabis sativa L. Typically, hemp contains below 0. Smallholder plots are usually harvested by hand. The plants are cut at 2 to 3 cm above the soil and left on the ground to dry. Mechanical harvesting is now common, using specially adapted cutter-binders or simpler cutters. The cut hemp is laid in swathes to dry for up to four days. This was traditionally followed by retting , either water retting the bundled hemp floats in water or dew retting the hemp remains on the ground and is affected by the moisture in dew and by molds and bacterial action. Harvesting industrial hemp Cannabis sativa - This is a separate harvest for a different form of processing: The upper part of the plant with the leaves will be collected for cold pressing, while the lower part remains for producing fiber and initially it is left on the field. Several arthropods can cause damage or injury to hemp plants, but the most serious species are associated with the Insecta class. The most problematic for outdoor crops are the voracious stem-boring caterpillars, which include the European corn borer , Ostrinia nubilalis, and the Eurasian hemp borer, Grapholita delineana. Root feeders can be difficult to detect and control because of their below surface habitat. A number of beetle grubs and chafers are known to cause damage to hemp roots, including the flea beetle and Japanese beetle , Popillia Japonica. Cultural and physical controls should be employed in conjunction with biological pest controls , chemical applications should only be used as a last resort. Hemp plants can be vulnerable to various pathogens , including bacteria , fungi , nematodes , viruses and other miscellaneous pathogens. Such diseases often lead to reduced fiber quality, stunted growth, and death of the plant. These diseases rarely affect the yield of a hemp field, so hemp production is not traditionally dependent on the use of pesticides. Hemp is considered by a study in Environmental Economics to be environmentally friendly due to a decrease of land use and other environmental impacts, indicating a possible decrease of ecological footprint in a US context compared to typical benchmarks. France ranks second with about a quarter of the world production. Smaller production occurs in the rest of Europe , Chile , and North Korea. The United Kingdom and Germany resumed commercial production in the s. British production is mostly used as bedding for horses ; other uses are under development. Companies in Canada, the UK, the United States, and Germany, among many others, process hemp seed into a growing range of food products and cosmetics ; many traditional growing countries continue to produce textile -grade fibre. Air-dried stem yields in Ontario have from and onward ranged from 2. Yields in Kent County, have averaged 8. Northern Ontario crops averaged 6. Statistic for the European Union for to say that the average yield of hemp straw has varied between 6. Around one tonne of bast fiber and 2—3 tonnes of core material can be decorticated from 3—4 tonnes of good-quality, dry-retted straw. In the Australian states of Tasmania , Victoria , Queensland , Western Australia , New South Wales , and most recently, South Australia , the state governments have issued licences to grow hemp for industrial use. The first to initiate modern research into the potential of cannabis was the state of Tasmania, which pioneered the licensing of hemp during the early s. The state of Victoria was an early adopter in , and has reissued the regulation in Queensland has allowed industrial production under licence since , \\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\] where the issuance is controlled under the Drugs Misuse Act Commercial production including cultivation of industrial hemp has been permitted in Canada since under licenses and authorization issued by Health Canada 9, ha in , ha in In the early s, industrial hemp agriculture in North America began with the Hemp Awareness Committee at the University of Manitoba. The Committee worked with the provincial government to get research and development assistance and was able to obtain test plot permits from the Canadian government. Their efforts led to the legalization of industrial hemp hemp with only minute amounts of tetrahydrocannabinol in Canada and the first harvest in In , the cultivated area for hemp in the Prairie provinces include Saskatchewan with more than 56, acres 23, ha , Alberta with 45, acres 18, ha , and Manitoba with 30, acres 12, ha. France is Europe's biggest producer and the world's second largest producer with 8, hectares 20, acres cultivated. From the s to the s, the Soviet Union was the world's largest producer of hemp 3, square kilometres 1, sq mi in The main production areas were in Ukraine , \\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\] the Kursk and Orel regions of Russia , and near the Polish border. Since its inception in , the Hemp Breeding Department at the Institute of Bast Crops in Hlukhiv Glukhov , Ukraine, has been one of the world's largest centers for developing new hemp varieties, focusing on improving fiber quality, per-hectare yields, and low THC content. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the commercial cultivation of hemp declined sharply. However, at least an estimated 2. When grown for nondrug purposes, hemp is referred to as industrial hemp, and a common product is fibre for use in a wide variety of products, as well as the seed for nutritional aspects and the oil. Feral hemp or ditch weed is usually a naturalized fibre or oilseed strain of Cannabis that has escaped from cultivation and is self-seeding. In October , hemp became legal to grow in 46 U. As of , 47 states have enacted legislation to make hemp legal to grow at the state level, with several states implementing medical provisions regarding the growing of plants specifically for non-psychoactive CBD. The Farm Bill , which incorporated the Hemp Farming Act of , removed hemp as a Schedule I drug and instead made it an agricultural commodity. This legalized hemp at the federal level, which made it easier for hemp farmers to get production licenses, acquire loans, and receive federal crop insurance. The process to legalize hemp cultivation began in , when Oregon began approving licenses for industrial hemp. Hemp production in Kentucky , formerly the United States' leading producer, resumed in Despite this progress, hemp businesses in the US have had difficulties expanding as they have faced challenges in traditional marketing and sales approaches. According to a case study done by Forbes , hemp businesses and startups have had difficulty marketing and selling non-psychoactive hemp products, as some online advertising platforms and financial institutions do not distinguish between hemp and marijuana. Hemp is possibly one of the earliest plants to be cultivated. Textile expert Elizabeth Wayland Barber summarizes the historical evidence that Cannabis sativa , 'grew and was known in the Neolithic period all across the northern latitudes, from Europe Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Romania, Ukraine to East Asia Tibet and China ,' but, 'textile use of Cannabis sativa does not surface for certain in the West until relatively late, namely the Iron Age. The linguistic evidence strongly supports this theory, both as to time and direction of spread and as to cause. Jews living in Palestine in the 2nd century were familiar with the cultivation of hemp, as witnessed by a reference to it in the Mishna Kil'ayim as a variety of plant, along with Arum , that sometimes takes as many as three years to grow from a seedling. In late medieval Germany and Italy , hemp was employed in cooked dishes, as filling in pies and tortes , or boiled in a soup. The use of hemp as a cloth was centered largely in the countryside, with higher quality textiles being available in the towns. The Spaniards brought hemp to the Americas and cultivated it in Chile starting about As early as , the first Virginia House of Burgesses passed an Act requiring all planters in Virginia to sow 'both English and Indian' hemp on their plantations. George Washington pushed for the growth of hemp as it was a cash crop commonly used to make rope and fabric. In May he noted in his diary about the sowing of seeds each day until mid-April. Then he recounts the harvest in October which he grew 27 bushels that year. It is sometimes supposed that an excerpt from Washington's diary, which reads 'Began to seperate \\\\\\\\\\\\\[ sic \\\\\\\\\\\\\] the Male from the Female hemp at Do. However, the editorial remark accompanying the diary states that 'This may arise from their \\\\\\\\\\\\\[the male\\\\\\\\\\\\\] being coarser, and the stalks larger' \\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\] In subsequent days, he describes soaking the hemp \\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\] to make the fibers usable and harvesting the seeds, \\\\\\\\\\\\\[\\\\\\\\\\\\\] suggesting that he was growing hemp for industrial purposes, not recreational. George Washington also imported the Indian hemp plant from Asia, which was used for fiber and, by some growers, for intoxicating resin production. In a letter to William Pearce who managed the plants for him, Washington says, 'What was done with the Indian Hemp plant from last summer? It ought, all of it, to be sown again; that not only a stock of seed sufficient for my own purposes might have been raised, but to have disseminated seed to others; as it is more valuable than common hemp. Historically, hemp production had made up a significant portion of antebellum Kentucky's economy. Before the American Civil War , many slaves worked on plantations producing hemp. In , the Marihuana Tax Act of was passed in the United States, levying a tax on anyone who dealt commercially in cannabis, hemp, or marijuana. The passing of the Act to destroy the U. One claim is that Hearst believed \\\\\\\\\\\\\[ dubious — discuss \\\\\\\\\\\\\] that his extensive timber holdings were threatened by the invention of the decorticator that he feared would allow hemp to become a cheap substitute for the paper pulp used for newspaper. Further, decorticators did not perform satisfactorily in commercial production. Another claim is that Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury and the wealthiest man in America at that time, had invested heavily in DuPont 's new synthetic fiber, nylon , and believed \\\\\\\\\\\\\[ dubious — discuss \\\\\\\\\\\\\] that the replacement of the traditional resource, hemp, was integral to the new product's success. During the war, Japan cut off those supply lines. In the United States, Executive Order identified hemp as a strategic national product that should be stockpiled. The Farm Bill changed federal policy regarding hemp, including the removal of hemp from the Controlled Substances Act and the consideration of hemp as an agricultural product. The bill legalized hemp under certain restrictions and defined hemp as the plant species Cannabis sativa L. Previously, the Farm Bill provided a definition for hemp and allowed for state departments of agriculture or universities to grow and produce hemp as part of research or pilot programs. The U. Department of Agriculture USDA oversees hemp cultivation as the responsible federal regulatory agency. The USDA was set to issue a final rule after the crop season. The rule reemphasizes an earlier USDA ruling that interstate transportation is legal, even if the shipment travels through a state that does allow the growing of hemp. USDA published a final rule on January 19, , that provides regulations for the production of hemp in the United States and is effective on March 22, The final rule builds on the interim final rule published October 31, , that established the U. Domestic Hemp Production Program. The final rule incorporates modifications based on public comments and lessons learned during the growing season. Joe 'Daddy Burt' Burton, a recognized top Kentucky hemp farmer with harvested hemp, United States 'Marihuana' production permit. In the United States, hemp cultivation is legally prohibited , but during World War II farmers were encouraged to grow hemp for cordage, to replace Manila hemp previously obtained from Japanese -controlled areas. Hemp has been grown for millennia in Asia and the Middle East for its fibre. Commercial production of hemp in the West took off in the eighteenth century, but was grown in the sixteenth century in eastern England. In the early s, world production of hemp fiber ranged from to metric tonnes, Russia was the biggest producer. In Western Europe, the cultivation of hemp was not legally banned by the s, but the commercial cultivation stopped by then, due to decreased demand compared to increasingly popular artificial fibers. The world production of hemp fiber fell from over , metric tons to about 75, metric tons in the early s and has after that been stable at that level. In Japan , hemp was historically used as paper and a fiber crop. In , marijuana was restricted as a narcotic drug. The ban on marijuana imposed by the United States authorities was alien to Japanese culture, as the drug had never been widely used in Japan before. Though these laws against marijuana are some of the world's strictest, allowing five years imprisonment for possession of the drug, they exempt hemp growers, whose crop is used to make robes for Buddhist monks and loincloths for Sumo wrestlers. Because marijuana use in Japan has doubled in the past decade, these exemptions have recently been called into question. The cultivation of hemp in Portuguese lands began around the fourteenth century. Portugal also utilized its colonies to support its hemp supply, including in certain parts of Brazil. In order to recover the ailing Portuguese naval fleet after the Restoration of Independence in , King John IV put a renewed emphasis on the growing of hemp. He ordered the creation of the Royal Linen and Hemp Factory in the town of Torre de Moncorvo to increase production and support the effort. In , the cultivation of hemp became illegal, and the production was substantially reduced. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about industrial uses of Cannabis. For the genus of plants, see Cannabis. For therapeutic preparations of the plant, see Medical cannabis. For the psychoactive preparation, see Cannabis drug. For religious use, see Entheogenic use of cannabis. For other uses, see Hemp disambiguation. Low-THC Cannabis plant. Arts Culture. Edibles Smoking Tea. Drug culture Illegal drug trade Psychedelia. Further information: Etymology of cannabis. Further information: Hemp protein. Main article: hempcrete. Main article: Hemp oil. Main article: Bioplastic. Main article: Hemp paper. Main article: Hemp jewelry. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Further information: List of hemp varieties. Cannabis sativa stem. Industrial hempseed harvesting machine in France. Play media. Main article: List of hemp diseases. Main article: Hemp in France. Yangshao culture ca. The use of hemp in Taiwan dates back at least 10, years. Cannabis portal Agriculture portal. ISSN Algora Publishing. ISBN Retrieved 29 March Elsevier Science. United Nations Publications. Prohibition Partners. Retrieved 7 December Retrieved 20 June San Francisco Chronicle. Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 27 December Retrieved 19 June Archived from the original PDF on 25 June Retrieved 9 November Hemp Leaves?! Retrieved 18 December Retrieved 5 February Conde Nast, Custom Analysis. Retrieved 19 February S2CID Archived from the original PDF on 4 November Retrieved 13 March Retrieved 3 February Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. PMID The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. Industrial Hemp as a Modern Commodity Crop. Retrieved 20 April The Free Lance-Star. Retrieved 17 June Retrieved 25 February David Griffiths and the Missionary 'History of Madagascar'. University of Bath. Retrieved 11 March Cambridge: Green Books. Building with hemp. Seed Press. Retrieved 11 February ASB Portal in Czech. Retrieved 25 March Retrieved 24 February Retrieved 14 June Studio Mieke Meijer. Composites World. Archived from the original PDF on 11 May Retrieved 3 July Archived from the original on 23 October Archived from the original PDF on 26 July Paper and Board grades. Papermaking Science and Technology. Finland: Fapet Oy. Journal of the International Hemp Association. Canadian Hemp Trade Alliance. American Society for Horticultural Science : — Archived from the original on 27 September In the US, pet manufacturers use hemp in dog and cat bedding. Retrieved 9 July Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. Retrieved 16 October Hemp 4 Fuel. Archived from the original on 20 July Archived from the original on 20 May Cornbread Hemp. Big Sky Botanicals. Retrieved 21 May CBS News. Retrieved 28 March The paper then discusses the potential of hemp as an alternative crop. Luginbuhl, April M. The California Geographer. California Geographical Society. In other words, smoking hemp cannot create a 'high. The dense growth of hemp eliminates other weeds The best growing technique for hemp, planting to plants per square meter, also helps authorities easily tell the hemp from marijuana, which is a plant that is less densely cultivated. Roulac ; Retrieved 16 November Cannabis is Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Province of Manitoba: Manitoba Agriculture. Archived from the original on 13 December Retrieved 8 January M; Gardner, K. E; Myles, S Bibcode : PLoSO.. PMC A; Radwan, M. Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa L. Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products. 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Academic Press. Retrieved 12 December Monthly Review. Physics Today. University of North Carolina Press. Psychedelics Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 23 July March Vegetation History and Archaeobotany. Princeton University Press. Ehrensing May Oregon State University. Retrieved 15 May Nahas 31 December Cannabis Physiopathology Epidemiology Detection. CRC Press. The Works of Samuel de Champlain, vol 1. Toronto: Champlain Society. William Strachey records a native Powhatan name for hemp weihkippeis. Retrieved 3 June Founders Online. National Archive. Retrieved 15 September Rochester, Vermont: Park Street Press. Stanton, eds. Rochester, VT. Park Street Press, Chapter University Press of America. Bound in twine: the history and ecology of the henequen-wheat complex for Mexico and the American and Canadian Plains, — Fiber production in the western hemisphere. United States Printing Office, Washington. The borderlands of the American and Canadian Wests: essays on regional history of the forty-ninth parallel. University of Nebraska Press. Legalizing marijuana: drug policy reform and prohibition politics. Greenwood Publishing Group. Understanding marijuana: a new look at the scientific evidence. Oxford University Press. Lies, damned lies, and drug war statistics: a critical analysis of claims made by the office of National Drug Control Policy. SUNY Press. Federal narcotics laws and the war on drugs: money down a rat hole. Psychology Press. Encyclopedia of Law Enforcement: Federal. Pipe dream blues: racism and the war on drugs. South End Press. Chemical Heritage Magazine. Retrieved 20 March Marijuana: Effects on Human Behavior. Hemp for Victory. Event occurs at Retrieved 25 April Retrieved 2 December Retrieved 2 April This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. The New Phytologist. JSTOR Archived from the original on 21 December July Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Kentucky. Archived from the original PDF on 4 April Wall Street Journal. The History of the Revolutions of Portugal. Visit Portugal. Turismo de Portugal. EU Treaties and Legislation. Cambridge University Press. Outline of cannabis Recreational and medical applications Industrial applications. Autoflowering cannabis Cannabis indica ruderalis sativa Difference between C. Adult lifetime use by country Annual use by country. Cannabis political parties List of British politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use List of American politicians who have acknowledged cannabis use. Ker v. California Leary v. United States Gonzales v. Raich Kyllo v. Cannabis portal Category. Art silk Milk fiber. Glass Carbon Basalt Metallic. Category Commons. Culinary Australian Bangladeshi Indian Pakistani. Chinese herbology Herbal tea Marination Spice rub. Hidden categories: Harv and Sfn no-target errors All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May CS1 errors: missing periodical CS1 Czech-language sources cs CS1 maint: extra text: authors list CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: archived copy as title Articles with Russian-language sources ru Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from April Articles containing Ancient Greek to -language text Articles containing Old English ca. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version. Wikimedia Commons. Consumption Edibles Smoking Tea. Related Drug culture Illegal drug trade Psychedelia. Cannabis portal Medicine portal Agriculture portal. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Cannabis. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hemp. 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