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The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture

The Cambridge Companion to
Modern Russian Culture
Russia is a dominant force in the world, yet its culture has been
shaped by tensions involved in its unique position on the margins
of both East and West. As Russia faces the latest cultural challenge
from outside its national boundaries, this volume introduces
Russian culture in all its rich diversity, including the historical
conditions that helped shape it and the arts that express its
highest achievements. Newly commissioned essays by leading
scholars explore language, religion, geography, ideological
structures, folk ethos and popular culture, literature, music,
theatre, art, and ﬁlm. A chronology and guides to further reading
are also provided. The Companion provides both historical
orientation for the central processes of Russian culture and
introductory surveys of the arts in their modern context. Overall,
the volume reveals, for students, scholars, and all those interested
in Russia, the dilemmas, strengths, and complexities of the
Russian cultural experience.
N i c h o l a s R z h e v s k y is Associate Professor of German at the
State University of New York, Stony Brook. He is author of
Russian Literature and Ideology (1983) and editor of An Anthology of
Russian Literature: Introduction to a Culture (1996), among other
works. He edited and translated Pushkin’s Boris Godunov and
wrote the English-language version of Crime and Punishment
recently directed by Yury Liubimov at London’s Lyric Theatre,
Hammersmith.
Cambridge Companions to Culture
The Cambridge Companion to Modern German Culture
Edited by E v a K o l i n s k y and W i l f r i e d v a n d e r W i l l
The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian Culture
Edited by N i c h o l a s R z h e v s k y
The Cambridge Companion to Modern Spanish Culture
Edited by D a v i d T. G i e s
The Cambridge Companion to
Modern Russian Culture
edited by
Nicholas Rzhevsky
published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
cambridge university press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge cb2 2ru, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, nvicy 10011–4211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, vic 3207, Australia
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Ruiz de Alarcon
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http://www.cambridge.org
© Cambridge University Press 1998
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 1998
Fourth printing 2002
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Typeset in 9/13 pt Lexicon (The Enschedé Font Foundry), in QuarkXPress®
[se]
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
The Cambridge Companion to modern Russian culture / edited by Nicholas
Rzhevsky.
p.
cm. – (Cambridge companions to culture)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 0 521 47218 0 (hardback)
isbn 0 521 47799 9 (paperback)
1. Russian – Civilization.
2. Russia (Federation) – Civilization.
3. Arts, Modern – Russia.
4. Arts, Modern – Russia (Federation)
I. Rzhevsky, Nicholas, 1943–.
II. Series.
dk32.c33 1998 947.08 – dc21 98-3850 cip
isbn 0 521 47218 0 hardback
isbn 0 521 47799 9 paperback
Contents
List of illustrations ix
List of contributors xi
Chronology xiv
Note on names and transliteration xxviii
1 Russian cultural history: introduction 1
nicholas rzhevsky
Part I Cultural identity
Origins
2 Language 19
dean s. worth
3 Religion: Russian Orthodoxy 38
dmitry s. likhachev
Boundaries
4 Asia 57
mark bassin
5 The West 85
pierre r. hart
6 Ideological structures 103
abbott gleason
7 Popular culture 125
catriona kelly
viii
Contents
Part II Literature and the arts
8 Literature 161
david m. bethea
9 Art 205
john e. bowlt
10 Music 236
harlow robinson
11 Theatre 264
laurence senelick
12 Film 299
nikita lary
Suggested reading 330
A select ﬁlmography 347
Index 355
Illustrations
4.1 Vasily Ivanovich Surikov, “Yermak’s conquest of Siberia in 1582”
(1985). Oil on canvas. By permission of the State Russian Museum, St.
Petersburg. 63
7.1 Zemstvo statisticians in a Russian village. From Harold Williams,
Russia of the Russians (London, 1914). Taylor Institution, Oxford. 130
7.2 Pilgrims at a Russian monastery. From Rothay Reynolds, My Russian
Year (London, c. 1912). Taylor Institution, Oxford. 132
7.3 “The four loving hearts who spend their time in gaming and amusements.” Late eighteenth-century woodcut. From Iu. Ovsiannikov, The
Lubok (Moscow, 1968). Taylor Institution, Oxford. 139
7.4 “The sirin-bird.” Old Believer watercolor in the style of an engraved
lubok. Probably early nineteenth century. From Iu. Ovsiannikov, The
Lubok (Moscow, 1968). Taylor Institution, Oxford. 140
7.5 Girls using kacheli, a Russian swing, and a seesaw, both popular
amusements since medieval times. Russian lithograph, c. 1850,
author’s own collection. 150
7.6 “Tsar Saltan’s feast”: illustration by Ivan Bilibin to Pushkin’s verse
folk-tale stylization Skazka o tsare Saltane, Moscow 1905. Author’s own
collection. 154
11.1 Griboedov’s “Woe from Wit” at the Moscow Maly Theatre in the
1850s: L. V. Samarin as Chatsky, Mikhail Shchepkin as Famusov, and
G. S. Olgin as Skalozub. Phototype by Panov. Laurence Senelick collection. 268
11.2 Korsh’s Theatre, Moscow, designed by the architect M. N. Chicagov.
Laurence Senelick collection. 270
11.3 The last act of Chekhov’s The Three Sisters at the Moscow Art Theatre,
directed by Stanislavsky in the setting by Viktor Simov (1903).
Laurence Senelick collection. 271
11.4 Michael Chekhov as Hamlet. Laurence Senelick collection. 279
x
List of illustrations
11.5 A Blue Blouse troupe demonstrating “Fordism in the factory.”
Laurence Senelick collection. 283
11.6 Act ii of Armored Train 14–69 at the Moscow Art Theatre (1927).
Laurence Senelick collection. 286
Contributors
m a r k b a s s i n : Lecturer, University College London. Author of Geographical
Imaginations and Imperial Power: The Russian Annexation of the Amur River
1840–1865, essays and articles on Russian perceptions of the East, the
history of geopolitics, and the history of environmentalism in the
Slavic Review, American Historical Review, Journal of Modern History, and
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. Former fellow in the
Institute for European History, Kennan Institute, and the Remarque
Institute.
D a v i d M . B e t h e a : Vilas Professor of Slavic Languages, University of
Wisconsin–Madison, Senior Associate Member, Russian Centre, St.
Anthony’s, Oxford (1994–95), former Director, Middlebury College
Russian School. Author of Khodasevich: His Life and Art, The Shape of
Apocalypse in Modern Russian Fiction, Joseph Brodsky and the Creation of
Exile, articles and essays in Slavic Review, PMLA, Slavic and East European
Journal, Russian Review, California Slavic Studies, and the NY Times Book
Review. Editor of Pushkin Today and Pis’ma V. Khodasevicha k N. Berberovoi.
J o h n E . B o w l t : Professor, University of Southern California. Director,
Institute of Modern Russian Culture at Blue Lagoon, Author of The
Russian Avant-Garde: Theory and Criticism 1902–34, Russian Art 1875–1975,
The Silver Age: Russian Art of the Early Twentieth Century, articles and
essays in Form, Art Journal, Soviet Studies, Slavonic and East European
Review, Apollo, Art News, Russkaya mysl, Russian Review, Journal of Russian
Studies, Metropolitan Museum Journal, Performing Arts Journal, Twentieth
Century Studies, Cornell Review, Times Literary Supplement, and New York
Review of Books. Editor of works in Russian art studies and co-editor of
Russian Formalism and Kazimir Malevich. Curator and consultant for
numerous exhibitions of Russian art, stage, and costume design.
A b b o t t G l e a s o n : Professor, Brown University. President, American
Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies. Author of
xii
List of contributors
Totalitarianism: the Inner History of the Cold War, Bolshevik Culture:
Experiment and Order in the Russian Revolution, Young Russia: the Genesis of
Russian Radicalism in the 1860s, European and Muscovite: Ivan Kireevsky and
the Origins of Slavophilism, essays, articles, and reviews in Journal of
Interdisciplinary History, Contemporary European History, Russian Review,
Slavic Review, American Quarterly, and The Journal of Modern History.
P i e r r e R. H a r t : Professor and Chair, Louisiana State University. Author
of G.R. Derzhavin: A Poet’s Progress, articles, essays, and reviews in Slavic
and East European Journal, Canadian–American Slavic Studies, Slavic Review,
Russian Language Journal, Modern Fiction Studies, Modern Language Journal,
The Modern Encyclopedia of Russian and Soviet Literature, and the Handbook
of Russian Literature.
C a t r i o n a K e l l y : Reader in Russian and Tutorial Fellow of New College,
University of Oxford. Author of Petrushka, the Russian Carnival Puppet
Theatre, A History of Russian Women’s Writing, 1820–1992, articles in
numerous collections of essays and professional journals. Editor of An
Anthology of Russian Women’s Writing, 1777–1992, and co-editor of
Discontinuous Discourses in Modern Russian Literature, An Introduction to
Russian Culture Studies, and Constructing Russian Culture in the Age of
Revolution.
N i k i t a L a r y : Professor, York University, Toronto. Author of Dostoevsky
and Soviet Film: Visions of Demonic Realism, Dostoevsky and Dickens, essays,
articles, and reviews in Slavic and East European Journal, Sight and Sound,
Slavic Review, Slavic and East European Arts, Kinovedcheskie zapiski,
Eisenstein Rediscovered, Echoes of Glasnost’ in Soviet Ukraine, Eisenstein No. 2,
Chas-Pik, Rossiia, Epicene, The Penguin Companion to Literature: Britain and
Commonwealth, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Victorian
Studies, Dostoevsky Studies, Globe, and Mail.
D m i t r y S. L i k h a c h e v : Academician, Institute of World Literature,
Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Former head Soviet
Culture Foundation and Deputy, Congress of Russian Deputies.
Author and editor of numerous works on Russian literature and
language. Widely regarded as the primary modern authority and
conscience of Russian culture. Advisor on cultural matters to the
Soviet and Russian Federation governments.
H a r l o w R o b i n s o n : Professor and Chair, Northeastern University.
Author of The Last Impresario: the Life, Times, and Legacy of Sol Hurok, Sergei
Prokoﬁev: a Biography, articles, essays, and reviews in Musical Quarterly,
Opera News, Opera Quarterly, Dance Quarterly, Dance Magazine, Russian
Review, Slavic Review, Slavic and East European Journal, and the New York
Times Book Review. Radio and television commentator on Russian
music and culture. Editor of The Operas of Sergei Prokoﬁev and their
List of contributors
Russian Literary Sources, musical compositions, and Selected Letters of
Sergei Prokoﬁev.
N i c h o l a s R z h e v s k y : State University of New York, Stony Brook.
Author of Russian Literature and Ideology, articles and essays in Encounter,
Nation, Modern Drama, Russian Review, Slavic Review, New Literary History,
and (with Yury Liubimov) an English-language adaptation of Crime
and Punishment. Editor of An Anthology of Russian Literature. Introduction
to a Culture, and co-editor of Media⬎⬍Media, Dramaturgs and
Dramaturgy, and Slavic and East European Arts.
L a u r e n c e S e n e l i c k : Fletcher Professor of Drama and Oratory at Tufts
University, Honorary Curator of Russian Drama and Theatre at the
Harvard Theatre Collection. Recipient of the St. George medal of the
Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation. His many books
include The Chekhov Theatre: A Century of His Plays in Performance, Serf
Theatre: The Life and Art of Mikhail Shchepkin, Anton Chekhov, National
Theatre in Northern and Eastern Europe, 1749–1900: A Documentary History,
and Gordon Craig’s Moscow Hamlet. He has edited and translated Russian
Dramatic Theory from Pushkin to the Symbolists, Cabaret Performance: Europe
1890–1940, Russian Satiric Comedy, Russian Comedy of the Nikolaian Era. His
dramatic adaptation of Dead Souls was staged in Boston.
D e a n S. W o r t h : Professor, University of California, Los Angeles. Past
Chair, American Committee of Slavists, member Academic Council of
the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. President,
Western Slavic Association and Vice President, International
Committee of Slavists. Author of ﬁfty-plus publications on Russian
culture and approximately 160 on linguistics, Paleosiberian
languages, and Russian folk poetics.
xiii
Ninth century
c. 863 Saints Cyril, Methodius, Glagolitic alphabet
2nd half ninth century Greek Teacher’s Gospel
Late ninth century ﬁrst trans. Bible
Tenth century
988 trans. Bible, liturgical texts, saints’ lives
Eleventh century
c. 1017 beg. Novgorod First Chronicle
1036 Sermon of Luka Zhidyata
c. 1040 ﬁrst chronicles Kievan Rus’
c. 1050 Hilarion’s Sermon on Law and Grace
Tenth century
907 Oleg attacks Constantinople
c. 955 Olga baptized Christian faith
c. 962 beg. reign Sviatoslav
c. 968 Sviatoslav defeats Bulgarians
969 Kiev besieged by Pechenegs
978 Beg. reign Vladimir
988 Vladimir accepts Byzantine Christianity
Eleventh century
1016 Saints Boris and Gleb d.
1019–54 Reign Yaroslav (“the Wise”)
1037 Victory over Pechenegs
1051 Hilarion, ﬁrst Metropolitan Russian origin
Literature
Chronology
Ninth century
c. 750–800 Vikings reach central Volga
c. 862–879 Slavs invite Riurik, Sineus, Truvor
Beg. reign Kiev Great Princes
882 Oleg unites Kiev, Novgorod
Third to eighth centuries
Tribal migrations
History
Chronology
Eleventh century
1036 Transﬁguration Cathedral, Chernigov
1036–41 St. Sophia, Kiev
1045–50 St. Sophia, Novgorod
1046–67 St. Sophia Russo-Byzantine mosaics
Tenth century
c. tenth century Church of Ilia, Kiev
991–96 Assumption Church (Tithe); Kiev
Performing Arts, Art, Architecture
Chronology
xv
Twelfth century
c. ﬁrst half twelfth century Vladimir Mother of God
icon
1103 Annunciation Church, Novgorod
1114 Monk Alipy d.
1115–23 Cathedral Saints Boris and Gleb, Chernigov
1117–19 Cathedral Nativity of Virgin, Antoniev
Monastery
1119–20 Cathedral St. George, Yuriev Monastery
1128 Spassky Monastery, Polotsk
1135–44 Church Dormition, Kanevo
1140 Kirillovsky Monastery beg. near Kiev
1145 Church Boris and Gleb, Smolensk
c. 1150 Church Boris and Gleb, Kideksh
1152 Church of Savior, Pereiaslavl-Zalessk
c. 1152 St. Olaf’s Church, Novgorod
c. 1158 Uspensky Cathedral, Vladimir
1165 Church Intercession of Virgin on Nerli
1179 Church Annunciation, Miachino
1185–92 Church Saints Peter and Paul, Sinichia Hill
1190–92 Church St. Basil, Ovruch
1194–97 Cathedral St. Dmitry, Vladimir
1198 Church of Savior, Novgorod
Twelfth century
1096–1117 Instructions of Vladimir Monomakh
c. 1110–13 Nestor’s Primary Chronicle (Tale of Bygone
Years)
c. 1117 Silvester’s second redaction Primary Chronicle
1128–57 Synodal copy Novgorod First Chronicle
c. 1187 Tale of Igor’s Campaign
Twelfth century
1113–25 Reign Vladimir Monomakh
1136 Novgorod breaks away from Kiev
1154–57 Kiev reign Yury Dolgoruky, founder
Moscow
1169 Andrei Bogoliubsky, Prince of Vladimir, sacks
Kiev
1170 Novgorod forces defeat Suzdal
1174–1212 Vsevolod (“Big Nest”) Great Prince of
Vladimir
1185 Igor’s unsuccessful campaign against Polovtsy
Chronology
1070–88 Archangel Michael Cathedral, Vydubetsky
Monastery, Kiev
1073–78 Monastery of Caves Russo-Byzantine
mosaics
1089–90 Church St. Michael, Pereyaslavl
c. eleventh century znamenny raspev (choral singing)
c. eleventh to twelfth centuries kriukovye noty
(musical notation)
1051–54 Russian Pravda
1056–57 Gospel of Ostromir
1079–85 Boris and Gleb
c. 1088 Nestor’s Life of Theodosius
1089 Ioann’s Church Regulation
c. 1093–95 Primary Compilation, Primary Chronicle
1095 Novgorod Monthly Readings
1061 Kiev troops defeat Polovtsy (Kumans)
1074 St. Theodosius d. (founder Kiev-Pechersky
Monastery)
1078–93 Reign Vsevolod
1093–1113 Reign Sviatopolk, Iziaslav’s son
1096 Polovtsy occupy Kiev
Performing Arts, Art, Architecture
Thirteenth century
1202–06 Birth of Mother of God Monastery, Vladimir
1216–24 Cathedral Transﬁguration of Savior,
Yaroslavl
1222–25 Cathedrals Nativity of Virgin, St. George,
Vladimir-Suzdal
1292 Church St. Nicholas on Lipna, Novgorod
Fourteenth century
1326 Uspensky Cathedral, Moscow Kremlin
1330 Church Savior in Forest, Moscow Kremlin
1333 Archangel Cathedral, Moscow Kremlin
c. 1335 Sergius of Radonezh’s Trinity-Sergius
Monastery
c. 1350 Icon Savior of Fiery Eye; Assumption
Cathedral, Moscow
1361 Church St. Theodore Stratilates, Novgorod
1367 Kremlin stone walls, Moscow
1370–80 Assumption Church, Volotovo Field,
Novgorod
1374 Church Savior on Elijah Street, Novgorod
1378 Theophanes’ icons and frescoes, Church
Transﬁguration, Novgorod
1379 Church Nativity of Virgin, Mikhailitsa
1383–84 Church St. John the Divine, Radokovitsi,
Vitka river
Fifteenth century
c. 1400 Uspensky Cathedral, Zvenigorod
Literature
Thirteenth century
c. late twelfth-early thirteenth century Supplication of
Daniil the Exile
c. 1223–before 1246 Tale of Ruin Russian Land
1237–40 Tale of Battle on River Kalka
c. 1239 Tale of Batu’s invasion
mid. thirteenth century trans. Greek Aleksandriia
1263 Life of Aleksandr Nevsky
Fourteenth century
1340s Tale of Battle Novgorod with Suzdal
1377 Laurentian Chronicle
c. 1393 Zadonshchina (Beyond the Don)
1396 d. Stefan of Perm
Fifteenth century
c. 1400 Tale of Battle with Mamai
History
Thirteenth century
1223 Mongols victory, Kalka River
1237–40 Mongol invasion. Cities devastated
1240 Kiev taken; beg. Mongol “Yoke”
Aleksandr Nevsky defeats Swedes, Neva River
1242 Aleksandr Nevsky’s “Battle on the Ice”
1252–63 Reign Aleksandr Nevsky
1263–72 Yaroslav reign in Vladimir
1270 Novgorod treaty Hanseatic League
Fourteenth century
1317–22 Reign Yury of Moscow
1326 Metropolitan Peter moves see to Moscow
1328–40 Ivan I (“Kalita”)
1359–89 Reign Moscow Prince Dmitry (“of the Don”)
1380 Dmitry defeats Mongols, Kulikovo Field
1389–1425 Vasily I reign Moscow
1389–95 Tamerlane attacks Golden Horde
Fifteenth century
1425–62 Vasily II (“The Dark”)
xvii
Sixteenth century
1500–02 Dionisius and sons’ frescoes, Ferapont
Monastery
1505 Novy’s Archangel Michael Cathedral
1510–14 Cathedral Intercession Mother of God,
Suzdal
1515 Transﬁguration Cathedral, Khutyn Monastery
1524–25 Cathedral Smolensk Mother of God;
Novodevichy Convent
1529 Church St. Prokopy
1530–32 Vasily III’s Trinity Cathedral, TrinityDanilov Monastery
1532 Ascension Church, Kolomenskoe
Sixteenth century
c. 1540s Macarius’ Chet’i Minei
1547 Sylvestr’s Domostroy
1550 P
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