King Hadrian
💣 👉🏻👉🏻👉🏻 ALL INFORMATION CLICK HERE 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻
Ancient History Encyclopedia has a new name!
We are now World History Encyclopedia to better reflect the breadth of our non-profit organization's mission. Learn More
by Joshua J. Mark
published on 02 September 2009
Translated text available in: Spanish
Colossal Marble Head of Hadrian from Sagalassos
Hadrian was Roman emperor from 117 to 138 CE and he is known as the third of the Five Good Emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius) who ruled justly. Born Publius Aelius Hadrianus, probably in Hispania, Hadrian is best known for his substantial building projects throughout the Roman Empire and, especially, Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain.
As a young man, Hadrian was well educated in his hometown of Italica Hispania (modern day Seville, Spain) and left for Rome around the age of 14. His first military service was as Tribune under Emperor Nerva (r. 96-98 CE). When Nerva died, Trajan ascended to the throne. Emperor Trajan (r. 98-117 CE) was the first Roman ruler of provincial origin. Later biographers would attempt to place the birth of both Trajan and Hadrian in the city of Rome but both were of Hispanic ethnicity and this commonality has been assumed by some to be the reason for Trajan's adoption of Hadrian as his successor (though most scholars dispute this).
Hadrian is commonly depicted in military attire even though his regime is marked by relative peace.
Trajan died on campaign in Cilicia in 117 CE, with Hadrian in command of his rearguard, and is not believed to have named a successor. Trajan's wife, Plotina (who was fond of Hadrian) signed the papers of succession, and it is thought that she, not the emperor, was responsible for Hadrian's adoption as heir. However that may be, it is known that Trajan respected Hadrian and had considered him as his successor even if he did not officially name him as such. Hadrian's service to Trajan is well documented through the various important positions he held prior to becoming emperor of Rome.
His popularity as emperor is attested to by the fact that Hadrian was absent from Rome for the better part of his reign. Earlier Roman rulers, such as Nero, were harshly criticized for spending less time away from the city. Professor D. Brendan Nagle writes:
[Hadrian] spent most of his reign (twelve out of twenty-one years) traveling all over the Empire visiting the provinces, overseeing the administration, and checking the discipline of the army. He was a brilliant administrator who concerned himself with all aspects of government and the administration of justice. (278)
His devotion to the army was such that he would sleep and eat among the common soldiers, and he is commonly depicted in military attire even though his regime is marked by relative peace.
Hadrian's building projects are perhaps his most enduring legacy. He established cities throughout the Balkan Peninsula, Egypt, Asia Minor, and Greece. His love for Greece and Greek literature was such that he was known as 'Graeculus' (Greekling) in his youth, and his philhellenism did not dissipate with age. He visited Greece at least twice (probably more) and participated in the Eleusinian Mysteries, of which he was an initiate. The Arch of Hadrian, constructed by the citizens of Athens in 131/132 CE, honor Hadrian as the founder of the city. Inscriptions on the arch name Theseus (the traditional founder) but add Hadrian owing to the latter's substantial contributions to Athens (such as the Temple of Zeus).
Sign up for our weekly email newsletter!
He dedicated a number of sites in Greece to his young lover Antinous, who drowned in the Nile River in 130 CE. Hadrian was deeply attached to Antinous and the young man's death so greatly affected the emperor that he had him deified (from which the mystery cult in honor of Antinous grew). In Egypt, he founded the city of Antinopolis in his memory. In Rome, he rebuilt the Pantheon (which had been destroyed by fire) and Trajan's Forum as well as funding construction of other buildings, baths, and villas. Many of these structures survived intact for centuries, some as late as the 19th century CE, and the Pantheon, still perfectly preserved, may be visited in the present day. Hadrian had a great interest in architecture and seems to have contributed ideas or even plans to the architects, though scholars no longer believe that he was the lead architect on any single project.
Of all his significant monuments and buildings, Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain is the most famous. Construction of the wall, known in antiquity as Vallum Hadriani, was begun around 122 CE and corresponded to Hadrian's visit to the province. It marked the northern boundary of the Roman Empire in Britain, but the length and breadth of the project (stretching, as it did, from coast to coast) suggests that the more important purpose of the wall was a show of Rome's power. The wall was originally 9.7 feet wide (3 m) and 16-20 feet high (c. 6 m) east of the River Irthing, all built of stone, and 20 feet wide (6 m) by 11 feet high (3.5 m) west of the river, made up of stone and turf, stretching 73 miles (120 km) across uneven terrain.
It was built in six years by the legions stationed in Britain. There were between 14-17 fortifications along the length of the wall and a vallum (a ditch purposefully constructed of earthworks) which ran parallel to the wall. The Vallum measured 20 feet (6 m) wide by 10 feet (3 m) deep, flanked by large mounds of tightly packed earth. As Hadrian's foreign policy was 'peace through strength', it is thought that the wall, which was originally plastered and whitewashed, would have clearly represented the might of the Roman Empire.
Although Hadrian was a learned and cultivated man, his policy of peaceful relations and negotiations was not always adhered to. In 130 CE, Hadrian visited Jerusalem, which was still in ruins from the First Roman-Jewish War of 66-73 CE. He rebuilt the city according to his own designs and renamed it Aelia Capitolina Jupiter Capitolinus after himself and the king of the Roman gods. When he built a temple to Jupiter on the ruins of the Temple of Solomon (the so-called Second Temple, considered sacred by the Jews), the populace rose up under the leadership of Simon bar Kochba (also given as Shimon Bar-Cochba, Bar Kokhbah, Ben-Cozba, Cosiba or Coziba) in what has come to be known as the Bar-Kochba Revolt (132-136 CE). Roman losses in this campaign were enormous but Jewish losses were no less significant. By the time the rebellion was put down, 580,000 Jews had been killed and over 1000 towns and villages destroyed. Hadrian then banished the remaining Jews from the region and renamed it Syria Palaestina after the traditional enemies of the Jewish people, the Philistines. He ordered a public burning of the Torah, executed the Jewish scholars, and prohibited the practice and observance of Judaism.
His health now failing, Hadrian returned to Rome and occupied himself by writing poetry and tending to administrative affairs. He named as his successor Antoninus Pius (r. 138-161 CE) on the stipulation that Antoninus would adopt the young Marcus Aurelius (r. 161-180 CE) to follow. Hadrian died in 138 CE, presumably of a heart attack, at the age of 62. He was buried first at Puteoli, on the grounds of the former estate of the rhetorician Cicero (as homage to Hadrian's love of learning), but when Antoninus Pius completed the great Tomb of Hadrian in Rome the following year, his body was cremated and the ashes interred there with his wife and son. Antoninus Pius had Hadrian deified and temples built in his honor. The historian Gibbon writes:
[Hadrian's rule was] the period in the history of the world during which the condition of the human race was most happy and prosperous…when the vast extent of the Roman Empire was governed by absolute power under the guidance of virtue and wisdom. (61)
Although Hadrian was not universally admired during his life, or since his death, his reign is generally considered in keeping with Gibbon's estimation.
With your help we create free content that helps millions of people learn history all around the world.
Editorial Review This article has been reviewed for accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards prior to publication.
A freelance writer and former part-time Professor of Philosophy at Marist College, New York, Joshua J. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. He has taught history, writing, literature, and philosophy at the college level.
When we think about ancient Athens, it is almost always about the...
Dr. Barry Strauss’ Ten Caesars: Roman Emperors from...
The Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens, also known as the Olympieion...
Time has seen the rise and fall of a number of great empires -...
The Library of Hadrian (aka Hadrian's Library) in Athens was constructed...
The Julio-Claudian Dynasty [image:486] Augustus 16 Jan 27...
World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide.
Written by Yourcenar, Marguerite & Frick, Grace, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2005)
Written by Birley, Anthony R & Birley, Anthony R., published by Routledge (2000)
Written by Goldsworthy, Adrian, published by Basic Books (2018)
Written by Kulikowski, Michael, published by Harvard University Press (2016)
Written by Chaniotis, Dr Angelos, published by Profile Books (2019)
Written by Yourcenar, Marguerite & Frick, Grace, published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux (2005)
The early reforms and economic policies of Hadrian (#Hadrian1900)
Art History Presentation Archive: The Pantheon and Hadrian’s Building Program
Mark, J. J. (2009, September 02). Hadrian. World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/hadrian/
Mark, Joshua J. "Hadrian." World History Encyclopedia. Last modified September 02, 2009. https://www.ancient.eu/hadrian/.
Mark, Joshua J. "Hadrian." World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 02 Sep 2009. Web. 10 Mar 2021.
Written by Joshua J. Mark, published on 02 September 2009 under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms.
Roman emperor Hadrian grants independence to the Kingdom of Armenia.
Rule of the Roman Emperor Hadrian who supports great building projects in and around the Agora of Athens.
Hadrian returns to Rome. Execution of the four consulars.
Beginning of the works of Hadrian's villa at Tivoli.
First trip of Hadrian around the Empire: Gaul, Germany, Noricum, Britain, Tarraconis, Cappadocia, Gallatia, Bythinia, Asia, Greece, Mesia, Dacia and Pannonia.
Construction begins on Hadrian's Wall.
The Baths of Hadrian at Lepcis Magna are completed.
Hadrian visits Sicilia and Africa. He inspect the African army and gives the Lambesis speech.
Hadrian travels to Greece, Anatolia, Syria, Judea, Arabia, Egypt and goes back via Greece.
Death of Antinous, Hadrian's favourite, in Egypt.
Hadrian's wall is built in northern England.
Adoption of L. Aelius Caesar by Hadrian.
Adoption of Antoninus Pius by Emperor Hadrian.
Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week:
History Enthusiast
Teacher
Student
Librarian
Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Please support World History Encyclopedia Foundation. Thank you!
Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University and Michigan State University and University of Missouri.
We have also been recommended for educational use by the following publications:
Our Mission Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide.
Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada.
Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom.
Some Rights Reserved (2009-2021) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted.
To install click the Add extension button. That's it.
The source code for the WIKI 2 extension is being checked by specialists of the Mozilla Foundation, Google, and Apple. You could also do it yourself at any point in time.
Would you like Wikipedia to always look as professional and up-to-date? We have created a browser extension. It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology.
Try it — you can delete it anytime.
Congratulations on this excellent venture… what a great idea!
I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like.
What we do. Every page goes through several hundred of perfecting techniques; in live mode. Quite the same Wikipedia. Just better.
This article is about the Roman emperor. For other uses, see Hadrian (disambiguation).
Publius Aelius Hadrianus
24 January 76
Italica, Hispania (most likely) or Rome, Italia
Imperator Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus[1]
Hadrian (/ˈheɪdriən/; Latin: Caesar Traianus Hadrianus [ˈkae̯s̠ar t̪rajˈjaːnʊs̠ (h)a.d̪riˈjaːnʊs̠]; 24 January 76 – 10 July 138) was Roman emperor from 117 to 138. He was born into a Roman Italo-Hispanic family that settled in Spain from the Italian city of Atri in Picenum. His father was of senatorial rank and was a first cousin of Emperor Trajan. He married Trajan's grand-niece Vibia Sabina early in his career, before Trajan became emperor and possibly at the behest of Trajan's wife Pompeia Plotina. Plotina and Trajan's close friend and adviser Lucius Licinius Sura were well disposed towards Hadrian. When Trajan died, his widow claimed that he had nominated Hadrian as emperor immediately before his death.
Rome's military and Senate approved Hadrian's succession, but four leading senators were unlawfully put to death soon after. They had opposed Hadrian or seemed to threaten his succession, and the Senate held him responsible for it and never forgave him. He earned further disapproval among the elite by abandoning Trajan's expansionist policies and territorial gains in Mesopotamia, Assyria, Armenia, and parts of Dacia. Hadrian preferred to invest in the development of stable, defensible borders and the unification of the empire's disparate peoples. He is known for building Hadrian's Wall, which marked the northern limit of Britannia.
Hadrian energetically pursued his own Imperial ideals and personal interests. He visited almost every province of the Empire, accompanied by an Imperial retinue of specialists and administrators. He encouraged military preparedness and discipline, and he fostered, designed, or personally subsidised various civil and religious institutions and building projects. In Rome itself, he rebuilt the Pantheon and constructed the vast Temple of Venus and Roma. In Egypt, he may have rebuilt the Serapeum of Alexandria. He was an ardent admirer of Greece and sought to make Athens the cultural capital of the Empire, so he ordered the construction of many opulent temples there. His intense relationship with Greek youth Antinous and the latter's untimely death led Hadrian to establish a widespread cult late in his reign. He suppressed the Bar Kokhba revolt in Judaea, but his reign was otherwise peaceful.
Hadrian's last years were marred by chronic illness. He saw the Bar Kokhba revolt as the failure of his panhellenic ideal. He executed two more senators for their alleged plots against him, and this provoked further resentment. His marriage to Vibia Sabina had been unhappy and childless; he adopted Antoninus Pius in 138 and nominated him as a successor, on the condition that Antoninus adopt Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus as his own heirs. Hadrian died the same year at Baiae, and Antoninus had him deified, despite opposition from the Senate. Edward Gibbon includes him among the Empire's "Five Good Emperors", a "benevolent dictator"; Hadrian's own Senate found him remote and authoritarian. He has been described as enigmatic and contradictory, with a capacity for both great personal generosity and extreme cruelty and driven by insatiable curiosity, self-conceit, and ambition.[2]
Hadrian - From the Pantheon to Hadrian's Wall History Biography Documentary
Hadrian's World: Leadership Lessons from a Roman Emperor
Hadrian's Arch in central Athens, Greece. The Roman Emperor's admiration for Greece materialised in such projects, ordered during his reign.
Hadrian was born on 24 January 76, probably in Italica (near modern Seville) in the Roman province of Hispania Baetica; one Roman biographer claims he was born at Rome.[3][4][5] He was named Publius Aelius Hadrianus. His father was Publius Aelius Hadrianus Afer, a senator of praetorian rank, born and raised in Italica but paternally linked, through many generations over several centuries, to a family from Hadria (modern Atri), an ancient town in Picenum. The family had settled in Italica soon after its founding by Scipio Africanus. Hadrian's mother was Domitia Paulina, daughter of a distinguished Hispano-Roman senatorial family from Gades (Cádiz).[6] His only sibling was an elder sister, Aelia Domitia Paulina. His wet-nurse was a slave Germana, probably of Germanic origin, to whom he was devoted throughout his life. She was later freed by him and ultimately outlived him, as shown by her funerary inscription, which was found at Hadrian's villa at Tivoli.[7][8][9] Hadrian's great-nephew, Gnaeus Pedanius Fuscus Salinator, from Barcino (Barcelona) would become Hadrian's colleague as co-consul in 118. As a senator, Hadrian's father would have spent much of his time in Rome.[10] In terms of his later career, Hadrian's most significant family connection was to Trajan, his father's first cousin, who was also of senatorial stock, and had been born and raised in Italica. Hadrian and Trajan were both considered to be – in the words of Aurelius Victor – "aliens", people "from the outside" (advenae).[11]
Hadrian's parents died in 86, when he was ten years old. He and his sister became wards of Trajan and Publius Acilius Attianus (who later became Trajan's Praetorian prefect).[6] Hadrian was physically active, and enjoyed hunting; when he was 14, Trajan called him to Rome and arranged his further education in subjects appropriate to a young Roman aristocrat.[12] Hadrian's enthusiasm for Greek literature and culture earned him the nickname Graeculus ("Greekling").[13]
Hadrian's first official post in Rome was as a member of the decemviri stlitibus judicandis, one among many vigintivirate offices at the lowest level of the cursus honorum ("course of honours") that could lead to higher office and a senatorial career. He then served as a military tribune, first with the Legio II Adiutrix in 95, then with the Legio V Macedonica. During Hadrian's second stint as tribune, the frail and aged reigning emperor Nerva adopted Trajan as his heir; Hadrian was dispatched to give Trajan the news— or most probably was one of many emissaries charged with this same commission.[14] Then Hadrian was transferred to Legio XXII Primigenia and a third tribunate.[15] Hadrian's three tribunates gave him some career advantag
Адриан - Hadrian - Википедия
Hadrian - Ancient History Encyclopedia
Hadrian — Wikipedia Republished // WIKI 2
Hadrian - New World Encyclopedia
King Hadrian, a harry potter fanfic | FanFiction
Girls Toys Porn
Amateur Lesbian Home Video
Big Booty Queenz
King Hadrian
![](http://brewminate.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/AthensHadrian03.jpg)
![](http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9b1HkHPL5qw/UQWaPlqWdEI/AAAAAAAAaCM/A-tX7A-MkKQ/s1600/hadrian.jpg)
![](http://i.imgur.com/U4JJrKx.jpg)
![](http://followinghadrian.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/19243182750_04a92dbfef_h.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Bust_of_Emperor_Hadrian._Roman_117-138_CE._Probably_From_Rome%2C_Italy._Formerly_in_the_Townley_Collection._Now_housed_in_the_British_Museum%2C_London.jpg)
![](http://img.ma-shops.com/artcoinsroma/pic/577_00165p00.jpg)
![](http://en.citizendium.org/images/5/57/Hadrian_bust.jpg)
![](http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/File:Hadrian_bust.jpg)
![](http://assets.catawiki.nl/assets/2018/7/2/c/f/2/cf2ce7ef-fccd-4b9e-b904-5bf4f97c025f.jpg)
![](http://holylandphotos.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/tcmcamde02.jpg)
![](http://i.pinimg.com/originals/d0/13/4c/d0134c976db4b0c57087695dcb74471e.jpg)
![](http://www.numisbids.com/sales/hosted/cng/100/image01779.jpg)
![](http://www.numisbids.com/sales/hosted/pecunem/024/image00422.jpg)
![](http://www.aeroartinc.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/6397-11-70x70.jpg)
![](http://ferrelljenkins.files.wordpress.com/2016/01/hadrian_im_tel-shalem_fjenkins052015_0709t.jpg)
![](http://i.redd.it/8eu4ls8874x11.png)
![](http://d3vgm3d4y7wwsq.cloudfront.net/images/deptdata/Image/Product/ROM046(L).jpg)
![](http://img.ma-shops.com/pegasus/pic/5770_ad563.jpg)
![](http://beiwei55.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Hadrians2.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/The_North_Gate%2C_used_to_gain_access_to_the_area_north_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Chesters_Roman_Fort_%28Cilurnum%29%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_%2843845826315%29.jpg)
![](http://www.hadrianswallpictures.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/HW171V-TEMPLE-OF-MITHRAS-BROCOLITIA-HADRIANS-WALL.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/The_North_Gate%2C_used_to_gain_access_to_the_area_north_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Chesters_Roman_Fort_%28Cilurnum%29%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_%2829818379777%29.jpg)
![](http://cdn.britannica.com/s:800x1000/12/211912-050-B23B6C87/Hadrian-Roman-emperor-117-138.jpg)
![](http://i.pinimg.com/736x/87/13/44/8713447b4d77fc9fc251b640c4feebbb.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/The_North_Gate_and_the_line_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall_reaching_eastwards_across_Knag_Burn%2C_Housesteads_Roman_Fort_%28Vercovicium%29_%2844517294682%29.jpg)
![](http://www.numisbids.com/sales/hosted/roma/003/image00471.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Hadrian_Statue_from_Troia_IX_%28BC_85_AD_450%29%2C_found_in_the_Odeon%2C_Troy_%28Ilium%29%2C_Canakkale_Museum_Turkey_%287446259522%29.jpg)
![](http://img.ma-shops.com/cgb/pic/bpv_599888.jpg)
![](http://i.ytimg.com/vi/TJoIPTyRe8U/maxresdefault.jpg)
![](http://www.brooksidevilla.com/slider/data1/images/hadrians_wall_1200x650.jpg)
![](http://www.izarin.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Hadrian%E2%80%99s-Wall-Path-Newcastle-in-England.jpg)
![](http://www.numisbids.com/sales/hosted/roma/e41/image00755.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Hadrian_S_Wall_%2839904900%29.jpeg)
![](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hadrian_S_Wall_(39904900).jpeg)
![](http://www.numisbids.com/sales/hosted/nys/045/image00209.jpg)
![](http://img.ma-shops.com/raffler/pic/20799_x2078_g.jpg)
![](http://i.pinimg.com/originals/92/63/3a/92633ab0390270a97f4b9e4997990e8a.jpg)
![](http://www.romanemperors.com/14-emperor-hadrian-color-1.jpg)
![](http://i.pinimg.com/originals/40/77/63/407763de35c551705945db973941b0fb.jpg)
![](http://www.numisbids.com/sales/hosted/artcoinsroma/e50/image00144.jpg)
![](http://img.ma-shops.com/raffler/pic/20797_x2076_g.jpg)
![](http://edgarlowen.com/b2828.jpg)
![](http://images.slideplayer.com/26/8822174/slides/slide_11.jpg)
![](http://tigerpapers.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/0101-bm-hadrianantinous.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/The_North_Gate%2C_used_to_gain_access_to_the_area_north_of_Hadrian%27s_Wall%2C_Chesters_Roman_Fort_%28Cilurnum%29%2C_Hadrian%27s_Wall_%2843845825055%29.jpg)
![](http://i.pinimg.com/originals/f9/67/8b/f9678bec1a9e2bbeb166149657068030.jpg)
![](http://agoraauctions.com/spartan/assets/lot_images/1/74S170.jpg)
![](http://www.hadrianswallgallery.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/wHW1603-HADRIANS-WALL-KING-EDWARD-i-BURGH-ON-SANDS.jpg)
![](http://img.ma-shops.com/raffler/pic/20801_x2080_g.jpg)