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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4. Look-twin sound-twin LTST -drug-related problems are a worldwide concern because they are associated with safety among medication users. LTST drugs make up one of four types of potentially inappropriate medications circulating within communities. The research was conducted via a survey. The data were collected through interviews with individuals aged between 18 and 75 from households during the period November —February The majority of the participants, accounting for The essential features that enabled the participants to identify LTST drug pairs were similarities in terms of their appearance The majority of the interviewees were unable to differentiate between the drugs in LTST drug pairs. In fact, while the drugs in one LTST drug pairs were distinguished accurately with the rate of Furthermore, drugs in eight LTST drug pairs could not be accurately differentiated. LTST-drugs-related problems in communities arise from the lack of a monitoring system and effective law enforcement. Keywords: look-twin sound-twin drugs, self-medication, safety in medication use, inappropriate drugs, LTST drugs. Look-twin sound-twin LTST -drugs-related problems are a global concern. When LTST-drugs-related problems in Thailand are systematically looked into, it is apparent that the cycle of these problems can be divided into three components, eg, upstream, midstream, and downstream. That increases sales of products and helps maintain or increase market shares. Moreover, these companies are exploiting gaps in the law regarding, eg, trade names and packaging, to produce medicines with similar features regardless of their distinct active ingredients and legal classifications. Doing so allows them to cross-promote the products. Distribution of medicines in communities, in the meantime, serves as the midstream. Thailand lacks a systematic monitoring system and enforcement of laws pertaining to distribution of medicines. Besides, its public health service system cannot separate roles of doctors and pharmacists clearly, so both of them can authorize and prescribe medications by themselves. That means pharmacist at drugstore can diagnosis and dispensed medication while doctor in hospital and clinic can dispense medication too. Moreover, grocery stores in villages which are obliged by the law to sell only OTC medications illegally sell certain types of dangerous medications which must be prescribed by pharmacists or doctors, such as antibiotics and NSAIDs. Dangerous medications in Thailand may compared with the prescription medications in USA, it is not surprising that the villagers are at risk from using these drugs. Prior studies have reached the conclusion that grocery stores serve as a source of medicine distribution in communities and are most favored among villagers since they are accessible and time-saving, match their lifestyles, and can supply any medication to villagers. The downstream is associated with medication users. It is apparent that LTST-drugs-related problems in communities result from the lack of a monitoring system and effective law enforcement and are related to purchase of medicines for self-medication among people in communities. The present study applied cross-sectional survey research conducted during the period November — February It obtained ethical approval in the form of Accreditation No. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Drugs were considered a LTST drug pairs showed one of the following attributes: 2 , 5 1. The study setting was selected specifically from a district in the Northeast. It is a rural community consisting of 13 villages, 4 pharmacies, 28 grocery stores with drugs and households. The population comprised households where at least one member was between 18 and 75 years of age. The sample group was selected adopting a quota sampling method on the number of households in each village. To choose the sample in each village, an accidental sampling method was applied to achieve the target number of households. The inclusion criteria were as follows: 1. People aged 18—65 years in households living in the district studied and 2. Consent and voluntary to cooperate in this study. The survey instrument was 2 instruments: 1. It was tested for content validity and reliability by an expert and a research advisor with over 10 years of experience in consumer protection work, then revised based on their recommendations and piloted in the vicinity of the sub-districts. The researcher conducted a fieldwork to collect the data. There are 3 specific questions as 1. What are the characteristics make the drugs are the same or similar? Have you ever used such drugs or not? Do you think these drugs are the same or different? For asking the question number 2 and 3, LTST drugs couple picture was used to interview participants, as shown in Figure 1. The participants carefully observed the pictures and answered these questions. The data collection lasted 30 minutes. The data were recorded through note taking, and the researcher asked for their consent to record the interview through a recorder. Only those who volunteered to participate in this study and signed the consent form, approved by the IRB of Khon Kaen University, were included and used as the participants of this study. The majority of the interviewees were female A good share of participants had completed primary and secondary education or a vocational certificate It was found that Moreover, In addition, all participants label drugs with these characteristics as twin drugs. The results demonstrated that all participants had experienced or used at least one of the 48 pairs of LTST drugs, representing Among these pairs, 36 were made up of drugs from the same company, while the other 12 pairs contained drugs from different companies. In terms of active ingredients, 32 pairs contained drugs with different active ingredients, whereas 16 pairs contained drugs with the same active ingredients. With regard to the differentiation of the drugs in LTST drug pairs, the participants were able to distinguish between the drugs in very few LTST drug pairs. In addition, eight pairs could not be accurately distinguished. Percentages of correct differentiations between the drugs in LTST drugs pairs. Blue: LTST drugs with similar or identical packaging and drug names. Red: LTST drugs with similar or identical packaging and physical appearances. Black: LTST drugs with similar or identical packaging or drug names. It was found that LTST drugs could be categorized into three groups, as follows: 1 drugs with similar or identical packaging and drug names; 2 drugs with similar or identical packaging and physical appearances; and 3 drugs with similar or identical packaging or drug names, as shown in Figure 3. Percentages of correct differentiations between the drugs in LTST drug pairs sorted. Not all of these pairs had the same active ingredients. Additionally, none of them could identify the differences in the drugs in seven pairs, an example of which is shown in Figure 5. As can be seen in Figure 5 , it was very difficult to differentiate the LTST drug pairs due to their similar packaging and drug names. Examples of a LTST drugs pairs having similar or identical packaging and drug names and the same active ingredients but different potencies or forms. Example of a LTST drug pair from the same company having similar or identical packaging and drug names but with different active ingredients. There were nine LTST drug pairs with similar or identical packaging and physical appearances. As displayed in Figure 3 , it is evident that the majority of the participants were able to separate more pairs of LTST drugs in this group compared to the first group. Figure 6 shows that this pair had similar packaging and physical appearances but differed in their drug names, which were clearly visible on the packaging. There were six pairs of LTST drugs with similar or identical packaging or drug names. As shown in Figure 3 , the majority of the participants were able to distinguish between the drugs in these LTST drug pairs in this group. In fact, the pair of drugs that they were able to differentiate between most often with the rate of As seen in Figure 7 , this pair of drugs had the same drug name, but the colors of the boxes were clearly different, making this pair the top most differentiated pair. It is apparent that these drugs have similar trade names, yet their distinct characteristics allowed the interviewees to distinguish between them. The characteristic that did not or helped slightly in distinguishing differences between the drugs was visual appearance, eg, packaging and drug names. As evidenced by the results, the number of characteristics LTST drug pairs had in common was inversely proportional to the ability to differentiate between the drugs. Specifically, it was found that the villagers often supplied grocery stores with packaging, such as medicines in a green box, or drug names, particularly trade names. It can be stated that villagers tended to memorize the visual appearances of drugs and ignore information and labels. In fact, they serve as an essential source of information to ensure safety in medication use and enable people to differentiate LTST drugs. Despite their benefits, the reason as to why the participants did not read the labels may lie in the fact that the texts are too small, and they have difficulty understanding information on the labels. In fact, the peoples may be supplied with wrong drugs and wrong dosage while the peoples and sellers are not aware of such risks. As the downstream, they reflect a lack of an effective monitoring system of medicine distribution, so grocery stores in villages have been selling some prohibited drugs; moreover, a mechanism and a system for addressing LTST drug problems systematically and curbing potential risks are all missing. The results on the LTST drugs-related problems in communities also point out that pharmaceutical companies are exploiting gaps in the law regarding drug registration to produce medicines that imitate other drugs with dominant market shares by imitating visual characteristics of medicines, eg, packaging, physical appearances, and naming, on which people usually rely when purchasing medicines themselves. LTST-drug-related problems arise due to the lack of a monitoring system and effective law enforcement and are related to inappropriate purchase of medicines for self-medication among people in communities. Based on the findings, it is apparent that most people are unable to distinguish differences among LTST drugs due to their similarities in terms of packaging, physical appearances, and drug names; the findings show the characteristics of LTST-drug-related problems in communities. The present study only serves as an initial study on perceptions of LTST drugs in communities. The present study may have some limitations. As it involved a case study of just one sub-district, the results cannot be generalized to the entire country. Instead, as it shed some light on the characteristics of LTST-drug-related problems in communities, it can serve as an initial study in this area. Additionally, the severity levels of the potential medication errors were not taken into account, so the results may not reflect clearly how severe the problem is. Our greatest appreciation is also extended to the many experts who offered insightful recommendations and guidance for this study. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. Find articles by Attapol Khontum. Find articles by Kornkaew Chanthapasa. Received Feb 7; Accepted May 17; Collection date Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

A Scoping Study Of Research Into Thai Medicinal Plants And Thai Traditional Drugs

Khon Kaen where can I buy cocaine

More about this item Keywords natural product ; herb ; traditional medicine ; health care policy ; Thai ; All these keywords. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro See general information about how to correct material in RePEc. If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about. We have no bibliographic references for this item. You can help adding them by using this form. If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the 'citations' tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation. For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Klara Cermakova email available below. Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services. Economic literature: papers , articles , software , chapters , books. My bibliography Save this paper. Introduction: Thailand established a policy to promote the use of traditional medical knowledge in the country? Research into the safety and efficacy of Thai medicinal plants and Thai traditional drugs was a key strategy. Objective: This scoping review aimed to analyze the types of research articles specific to Thai medicinal plants and Thai traditional drugs. The keyword? Three reviewers independently screened the search results to exclude the articles published in languages other than Thai or English, or references to other Thai traditional medical practice. Results: Of articles possibly related to Thai traditional drugs, were finally included for the review. A majority of the articles were about individual Thai herbs. Only 46 Seventy seven articles Most of the research reports were in vitro phase articles, An increasing trend of the number of publications started to be noticed after During , the average number of publications per year was Conclusion: The findings suggested that evidence to support the use of Thai medicinal plants and Thai traditional drugs is still lacking. Thailand should review the country? Handle: RePEc:sek:iacpro as. Corrections All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. Help us Corrections Found an error or omission? RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.

Khon Kaen where can I buy cocaine