Kermanshah buy coke

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Kermanshah buy coke

J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. Young adults are considered to be a potentially risk-taking population, and college transition is a significant period for every individual. Independence, separation from the parents, lack of supervision, and peer pressure significantly increase the risk of illicit drug use by these students, which may lead to academic failure and other issues in life 1. In general, illicit drug use has been a major public health concern among students in the past few years 2. Illicit drug use is defined as the non-medicinal use of various drugs that are prohibited by international laws, such as amphetamine-type stimulants ATS , cannabis, cocaine, heroin and other opioids, and ecstasy 3. Illicit drug use is associated with numerous health problems, including premature death, disability, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, and chronic diseases 4 , 5. However, the studies conducted in the United States and European countries have indicated a recent upsurge in the prevalence of illicit drug use among students. For instance, the results of monitoring the future MTF indicated that the prevalence of illicit drug use among US students in and was Furthermore, several studies have confirmed the high prevalence of illicit drug use in developing countries 4 , 7 - 9. Young adults constitute the vast majority of the Iranian population who are considered susceptible to illicit drug use A study conducted on Iranian students indicated that hashish, opioids, and ATS are the most commonly used drugs among university students Another study in Iran reported the rate of illicit substance abuse to be 2. Previous studies have identified a number of factors associated with illicit drug use among university students, such as male gender, high-income families, single life, use of other substances e. Moreover, some other factors may be involved in this issues that have received less attention, such as physical fights, religious beliefs, and family support 10 , 12 , To date, few studies have been focused on illicit drug use and the associated factors among Iranian university students. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and identify the influential factors in a population of Iranian university students. This cross-sectional study was conducted on the students of Bushehr University in The participants were selected via multistage sampling. Initially, the total number of the students of Bushehr University was calculated. Based on the number of the students, the proportion of the required samples was calculated in each college. In addition, classes were randomly selected as a cluster, and all the students of the selected classes were enrolled in the study. Finally, students were selected and completed the self-administrated questionnaires; each student had 15 - 20 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The objectives of the research were explained to the participants, they were assured of confidentiality terms regarding their personal information, and participation was voluntary. The research instrument has been previously used in the studies in this regard and designed based on the smoking and substance involvement screening test, which has been developed by the World Health Organization WHO. The contents of the questionnaire have been previously validated by some researchers, and the validity was assessed by pretesting the questionnaire in a class of master of public health students In this questionnaire, the developers have considered the current status of drug use in Iran 9. The questionnaire included data on demographic variables and use of illicit drugs, such as cannabis, opium, heroin, steroidal substances, and other stimulants e. Some of the items in the questionnaire provided data on the correlations between illicit drug use and other high-risk behaviors, including smoking habits, hookah smoking, alcohol consumption, and drugs use by the family members and friends. In addition, data on unsafe sexual relations and physical fights were collected and evaluated using the questionnaire. Religious beliefs were evaluated using a item questionnaire, the total score of which was within the range of 28 - , with the higher scores indicating significant religious beliefs and lower scores indicating average religious beliefs. Furthermore, family support was evaluated using a item questionnaire, the score of which was within the range of 13 - 65, with the higher scores indicating better family support. Another article has been published regarding the other data collected by these two questionnaires As for smoking habits, hookah smoking, and alcohol consumption, data were collected on the past month, while the data on physical fights were recorded for the past year, and the data on unsafe sexual relations were recorded for the most recent intercourse. In the case of illicit drug use, data were collected regarding the lifetime use of the participants. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using chi-square and independent t -test for a simple statistical analysis. For the estimation of the crude odds ratios ORs and adjusted ORs, univariate and multiple logistic regression models were employed, respectively. In addition, Hosmer-Lemeshow guidelines were used for the selection of the variables in the multiple logistic regression model In all the statistical analyses, the P value of less than 0. S , and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. The mean age of the participants was The majority of the participants were female Table 1 shows the prevalence of using various illicit drugs by gender. According to the findings, the prevalence of using all the illicit drugs was higher in the male students 8. In addition, the prevalence of ATS use was higher compared to the other drugs in all the selected periods. According to the information in Table 1 , the prevalence of the lifetime use of cannabis, ATS, opium, and heroin use was 1. On the other hand, the prevalence of drug use in the past year for cannabis, ATS, opium, and heroin use was 0. Table 2 shows the correlations between illicit drug use, demographic characteristics, and the influential factors in illicit drug use. However, the mean scores of religious belief and family support were significantly lower among the students who used any of the mentioned illicit drugs within their lifetime. The univariate analysis also demonstrated that the scores of family support and religious beliefs had significant effects on illicit drug use, and the higher scores of family support and religious beliefs led to the decreased ORs of illicit drug use to 0. Multiple logistic analysis was performed to control the possible effect of the confounding variables Table 3. In addition, the daily prevalence of illicit drug use was estimated at 0. The prevalence of illicit drug use in the present study was lower compared to Middle Eastern countries such as Kuwait and India 10 , Furthermore, a study conducted in Tehran Iran reported the prevalence of illicit drug use to be 2. The definition of illicit drugs varies due to the different items and concepts used in various studies. The discrepancy in the prevalence rate of illicit drug use in different studies may be attributed to the definition of illicit drugs. In addition, most of the studies in this regard have mentioned the prevalence of the illicit drugs totally. Therefore, it is better to compare the prevalence of each specific illicit drug use separately as the prevalence of a specific illicit drug is significantly higher in some countries. For instance, the prevalence of opium use is relatively higher in Iran compared to western countries due to the vicinity to Afghanistan. In the current research, the lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of ATS use was 1. On the other hand, the results of the MTF study showed that the lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of ATS use was In a study conducted on students in Tehran, the lifetime, past year, past month, and daily prevalence of amphetamine use was estimated at 1. In addition, the findings of a study conducted in Iran revealed that Ritalin is used by students to increase the time of their studies and improve academic function Due to the high prevalence of ATS use in students and its side-effects, training interventions are required to increase the knowledge of ATS to reduce the prevalence of ATS use among students. In the current research, the lifetime, past year, past month, and daily prevalence of opium use was estimated at 1. In a study performed on students in the United States, the prevalence of opium use was reported to be 2. On the same note, Amin-Esmaeili et al. Another study in Iran reported the prevalence of opium use to be 2. The prevalence of heroin use was extremely low in the present study as only one male student reported heroin use. However, the lifetime and past year prevalence of heroin use has been reported to be 0. In the students in Tehran, the prevalence of heroin use was reported to be 0. In the present study, the lifetime, past year, past month, and daily prevalence of cannabis use was estimated at 1. On the other hand, Peltzer et al. The mentioned findings support the public health concern regarding illicit drug use among students 2. According to the results of the final logistic model in the current research, the lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use was significantly associated with gender, working along with education, smoking habits, physical fights, and illicit drug use by friends, which is in line with the previous studies in this regard 9 , Similarly, Pengpid et al. Furthermore, a study conducted in Africa indicated that a history of physical fights over the past year and smoking habits were associated with illicit drug use Similar results have also been reported in Iranian university students Several studies have confirmed the protective effects of family support and religious beliefs on high-risk behaviors as involvement in religious activities could considerably improve the behaviors of individuals to have a healthy life and comply with normative values 15 , 28 , Our findings in this regard indicated that the mean score of religious belief was significantly lower in the students with a history of illicit drug use although religious beliefs were not considered statistically significant in the final regression model. According to the univariate analysis in the present study, family support was another protective factor associated with illicit drug use as the students with lower family support were at a higher risk of illicit drug use. Numerous findings have shown that students with strong family support were less likely to report high-risk behaviors 30 - Although family support was not considered significant in the final regression model of the current research, it could be regarded as a significant protective factor for illicit drug use in preventive interventions. The results of the present study indicated that the prevalence of illicit drug use was higher among the male students compared to the females. The previous studies in Iran and other countries have also revealed that male students are more likely to use illicit drugs compared to females 15 , 25 , 26 , The higher odds of illicit drug use by male students could be due to the higher availability of illicit drugs to men, as well as their pleasure-seeking nature and more freedom, independence, and risk-taking behaviors. Some studies have denoted a positive association between peer illicit drug use and the prevalence of illicit drug use 9 , 34 , Entering the university and post-secondary settings, living in the dormitory, and making new acquaintances accompanied with lifestyle changes are some of the influential factors in this regard. Due to the lack of parental supervision and peer pressure, university students are more vulnerable to illicit drug use and considered as a high-risk population. Therefore, educational, recreational, sports, and cultural programs for students, implementing training interventions for their parents, and providing educational interventions on life skills, social skills, and friendship programs could prevent the emergence of risky situations and reduce exposure to illicit drugs Previous studies have demonstrated the co-occurrence of high risk behaviors, which should be incorporated into the design and implementation of the preventive interventions in this regard 37 , It is suggested that comprehensive training and preventive interventions be designed and implemented to effectively reduce the prevalence of high-risk behaviors, such as illicit drug use, among university students. Due to the cross-sectional design of the study, the casual inference could not be identified based on our findings. Another limitation of the study was the use of self-report data, assuming that the participants completed the questionnaires with honesty. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and some of the influential factors in this regard. According to the results, the prevalence of illicit drug use was relatively low among the students, albeit significant, and illicit drug use by friends was observed to have a strong association. Longitudinal studies are required for consistent monitoring mechanisms and appropriate planning for interventional studies. Our findings could be used in the planning and evaluation of interventions based on the associated risk factors and protective factors of illicit drug use in universities. Prevalence and associated factors of illicit drug use among university students in the association of southeast Asian nations ASEAN. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy. Global journal of health science. Illicit drug use. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. The prevalence of substance use and associated risk factors among university students in the city of Jahrom, Southern Iran. Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, — Pattern of psychoactive substance use among university students in South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Behavioral Health. Epidemiology of substance use among university students in Sudan. Journal of addiction. Prescription drugs, alcohol, and illicit substance use and their correlations among medical sciences students in Iran. Prevalence, pattern and familial effects of substance use among the male college students—a North Indian study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. Prevalence and factors associated with the use of illicit substances among male university students in Kuwait. Medical Principles and Practice. Estimating the prevalence of high-risk behaviors using network scale-up method in university students of Larestan in Journal of Substance Use. Addict Health. The Prevalence of illicit substance use among students of medical sciences in Tehran: results from four repeated surveys from to Substance abuse in relation to religiosity and familial support in Iranian college students. Asian journal of psychiatry. Trend of smoking among students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences: results from four consecutive surveys from to Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of research in health sciences. Jewell NP. Statistics for epidemiology. Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Central Asian Journal of Global Health. Drug Des Devel Ther. Gender differences in substance use and psychiatric distress among medical students: A comprehensive statewide evaluation. Substance abuse. The frequency of high-risk behaviors among Iranian college students using indirect methods: network scale-up and crosswise model. Prevalence of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia. Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of illicit drug use among school-going adolescents in Thailand. Journal of Social Sciences. Correlates of illicit drug use among university students in Africa and the Caribbean. Journal of Psychology in Africa. JRSM open. Religion as a protective factor against drug use among Brazilian university students: a national survey. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. Drug use, family support and related factors in university students. A cross-sectional study based on the uniHcos Project data. Gaceta sanitaria. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Prevalence of hookah smoking in relation to religiosity and familial support in college students of Tabriz, northwest of Iran. International Journal of Epidemiologic Research. Slovenian Journal of Public Health. Prevalence and correlates of substance use among health care students in Nepal: a cross sectional study. BMC public health. Risk-taking behaviors and subgrouping of college students: a latent class analysis. American journal of men's health. Sexting, substance use, and sexual risk behavior in young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Background: Illicit drug use is a major public health concern among university students. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and the associated factors in a population of Iranian university students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Bushehr, located in the Northwest of Iran in The participants were selected randomly and included university students. Anonymous, structured questionnaires were completed by the students. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of data on illicit drug use, smoking habits, sexual behaviors, alcohol consumption, physical fights, religious beliefs, parental support, and illicit drug use by the family members and friends. Data analysis was performed using chi-square and logistic regression analysis. The lifetime prevalence of cannabis, amphetamine-type stimulants, opium, and heroin was 1. Conclusions: According to the results, the prevalence of illicit drug use was relatively low, albeit significant, among the students in Bushehr. Among the determined factors associated with this issue, illicit drug use was strongly correlated with drug use by friends. Our findings could be used for the planning and evaluation of interventions based on the related risk factors. Background Young adults are considered to be a potentially risk-taking population, and college transition is a significant period for every individual. Objectives The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and identify the influential factors in a population of Iranian university students. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on the students of Bushehr University in Results The mean age of the participants was Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

Age of Substance Use Onset in Kermanshah Province: Results from a Large Cross-Sectional Study

Kermanshah buy coke

Shiraz E-Med J. Phenomenon of substance use is presently one of the major health problems worldwide 1. This phenomenon can directly or indirectly overshadow the quality of life of people in short and long term 2. Drug dependence inflicts severely deep physical and psychological damages, and also causes social harm, such as increased rates of divorce, crime, and unemployment 3. World Health Organization WHO identifies illegal drugs as a critical issue threatening and challenging human life seriously 1 , 4. The pattern of substance use varies widely across developed and developing countries and also varies across different regions of the country. Developing countries face considerable drug-related social problems because of a high proportion of youth population 5. Iran is a country with the highest proportion of drug abusers in the world, where substance use is the third biggest problem following inflation and unemployment 6 , 7. Although no precise data on the number of substance users is available in Iran, one to two million has been estimated, according to official reports and field studies. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition DSM-V criteria for substance dependence includes several specifiers. Dependence was diagnosed when three or more dependence criteria were met. The remission category can also be used for patients receiving agonist therapy such as methadone maintenance or for those living in a controlled, drug-free environment 9. Results of previous researches showed that drug abuse has no single cause and there are different individual, social, and economic factors that contribute to the tendency towards this behavior Considering the effects of age on addiction epidemiology and etiology, and given the lack of examination of patterns and effects of age on drug dependence in Iran, this study was performed with the aim of determining the epidemiology of age of substance use initiation, duration of substance use, and age of seeking treatment as well as studying the effects of these factors on the success of drug quitting in methadone maintenance treatment MMT centers of western Iran. Hopefully, results from the present study will help initiation of useful steps towards framing and providing appropriate plans to prevent this predicament in the society. This cross-sectional study was performed on drug-dependent clients, whose records were available during year and who underwent treatment after they had referred to Kermanshah province MMT centers. Kermanshah is a western province of Iran, and is bordered by Iraq to the west. It has a population of more than people. After obtaining the required permits from the provincial MMT center, a list of all centers was made. There are 95 active MMT centers in the province. Forty-two centers were randomly selected. Data were collected by addiction ward psychologists using interviews with all clients referring to selected centers. In the present study, age of onset of substance use was the age at which an individual began to use drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana for the first time. Drug dependence was assessed based on DSM-V. The most important feature of drug dependence set forth in DSM is a set of cognitive, behavioral, and psychological indications signifying that despite considerable problems caused by using illegal drugs, a person may continue using them. There exists a pattern of repeated use of drugs, which usually results in appearance of tolerance, and quit and forced substance use-related behaviors. In addition, the age at which a person begins seeking treatment to quit substance use, whether by medications or by non-medication methods, is considered as age of quitting. If the test is positive, this will be regarded as a failed treatment. The main inclusion criterion was treatment with methadone with at least one year and the exclusion criterion was not providing a urine test to check failed treatment. Based on illegal drug classification, there are seven different categories, as follows:. Depressants: Those drugs, which slow down brain reactions such as heroin, opium, and morphine;. Stimulants: Those drugs, which make the nervous system work faster. Cocaine, amphetamine, methylene dioxyamphetamine, methamphetamine Ice , Ritalin, and crack smoking form of cocaine are examples of this category. Although crack falls in the group of stimulants, the crack available on the Iranian market is considered an opioid stimulant drug because of having synthetic opioid compositions;. Somnolent and Tranquillizers: These drugs are typically used to mitigate anxiety and to treat insomnia, such as benzodiazepines, including diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, lorazepam, flurazepam, etc. The second group of these sedative hypnotic drugs include barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, sec barbital, and amobarbital;. Opioids: This group is divided to two subgroups; a natural drugs like opium, opium extraction, and paregoric; and b synthetic drugs like morphine and similar opioids Methadone, Laam, Propoxyphene, Daroon ; and. Description of data was done by using frequency, mean, and standard deviation. T-test and Chi-square tests were used to compare means and ratios, respectively. Moreover, logistic regression test was used to examine reasons why treatments failed. The study population consisted of subjects, of whom Mean age of substance use initiation was Drug dependence in males and females occurred on average 3. In summary, mean age of drug dependence was The proportion of treatment failure was The mean age of subjects seeking treatment was Age of substance use initiation, drug dependence, injection, and seeking treatment in western Iran. As shown in Table 1 , there is no significant difference with respect to the types of substance used, age of substance use initiation, and age of seeking treatment. The univariate model showed that the chance of treatment failure in males was 1. However, after adjusting the age of substance use initiation and duration of substance use, no significant difference was observed between males and females in terms of the chance of treatment failure, 1. Univariate analysis showed a significant relationship between older age of substance use initiation and higher chance of treatment failure. The findings indicated that older individuals seeking treatment had a higher chance of treatment failure that is the chance of treatment failure in subjects above 55 years was 2. In summary, with increasing one year of seeking treatment the chance of treatment failure increased by 1. Addiction is an important public health challenge threatening modern society, which, as a social problem, has always motivated individuals, organizations, and associations. The growing number of individuals addicted to illegal drugs has turned this problem to a national crisis in Iran. Something remarkable and shocking in this regard is the age of substance use initiation and of drug dependence. For this reason, prevalence of substance use can be reduced by implementing preventive programs for this age group, especially for individuals younger than 20 years old. Unfortunately, age of substance use initiation has been decreasing recently so that, according to results of a research evaluating drug abuse in Iran, mean age of substance use initiation decreased by three years during to 7 , Rostami et al. This declining trend of age of substance use initiation is not limited to Iran and according to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime report, mean age of substance users was In other words, age of substance use initiation was globally decreased by four years during the recent ten years 14 , Therefore, solving any one of the mentioned problems can be an effective step in dealing with the declining age of substance use initiation 16 , Although the number of females using illegal drugs has increased recently in Iran and other countries, substance abuse and dependence is still considered as a gender-dependent illness in Iran Previous evidence reported gender differences in smoking and alcohol consumption worldwide Age of substance use initiation among females is five years older than that of males, which is in agreement with the results of studies carried out in this field 20 , For various reasons, such as physiological, psychological, and physical characteristics, females become dependent on illegal drugs more quickly, which is in agreement with results of similar studies 22 , The older age of substance use initiation was associated with the higher chance of treatment failure. Similar studies had different results so that the chance of treatment failure was more than 10 years with older persons in a cohort study and with young persons in a month follow-up However, the results from most studies indicate that chance of treatment failure increased as individuals grew older. On average, substance users embark on seeking treatment nine years after starting to use drugs which indicates that duration of substance use had greater effect on treatment failure compared to the age of seeking treatment, which is in agreement with similar studies. In the US, the most commonly used illegal drugs are marijuana, cocaine, and heroin, respectively Limitations of the present research include not recording information, documents un-readability, and missing data in the subject's records. To solve this problem, the researchers attempted to collect data and information from staff and psychologists of MMT centers in addition to using statistical methods. As with other studies on addiction, the most important limitation of the present research was the changing patterns of drug abuse from the onset of substance use till the time when addicts try to seek treatment. Initially, drug abuse begins with using drugs, such as opium and hashish, eventually, ending up with using several types of drugs simultaneously. Most of these patients suffer from multi-substance abuse. Therefore, the age of substance use initiation can be related with each type of these substances. Also, drugs are used initially by simple modes, such as smoking and oral mode, ending up with modes of injection, as duration of substance use increases. For this reason, types and modes of substance use cannot be identified correctly. In order to reduce the study bias, the researchers considered the type of drug mostly used by an individual as the substance used. Another important limitation was self-reported data, the results of which should be warily interpreted. This research had several strengths, including use of a large sample, selection of several MMT centers, and collection of information with help of people specialized in the field of drug abuse prevention. In Iran, issue of substance use is of more importance because this country has a high percentage of young population and shared borders with the largest narcotic drugs producing countries. On one hand, age of substance use initiation is very low and has a declining trend and, on the other hand, with decreased age of substance use initiation, drug dependence probably increases. Wodak A, Cooney A. Geneva: World Health Organization; Self-reported prevalence of dependence of MDMA compared to cocaine, mephedrone and ketamine among a sample of recreational poly-drug users. Int J Drug Policy. Persuasive communication and drug abuse prevention. London and New York: Routledge; Int J Infect Dis. Black C. It will never happen to me: Growing up with addiction as youngsters, adolescents, adults. Center City, Minnesota, U. S: Hazelden Publishing; Loeffler AG. The indigenisation of allopathic medicine in Iran. Anthropol Mid East. Mokri A. Brief overview of the status of drug abuse in Iran. Arch Iran Med. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report Vienna, Austria: United Nations Publication; DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale. Am J Psychiatry. HIV and risk environment for injecting drug users: The past, present, and future. Endogenous endophthalmitis associated with intravenous drug abuse. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. Ziaaddini H, Ziaaddini MR. The household survey of drug abuse in Kerman, Iran. J Appl Sci. Gender and geographical inequalities in fatal drug overdose in Iran: A province-level study in and Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol. Brady JE, Li G. Trends in alcohol and other drugs detected in fatally injured drivers in the United States, Am J Epidemiol. International standards on drug use prevention: the future of drug use prevention world-wide. Boles SM, Miotto K. Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature. Aggress Violent Behav. Impulsive action and impulsive choice across substance and behavioral addictions: Cause or consequence? Addict Behav. Moghanibashi-Mansourieh A, Deilamizade A. The state of data collection on addiction in Iran. The correlation between gender inequalities and their health related factors in world countries: A global cross-sectional study. Epidemiol Res Int. From first drug use to drug dependence; developmental periods of risk for dependence upon marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol. Substance use initiation: The role of simultaneous polysubstance use. Drug Alcohol Rev. Sex, drugs, and violence: An analysis of women in drug court. Drug Alcohol Depend. Alcohol and drug misuse, abuse, and dependence in women veterans. Epidemiol Rev. Special section on relapse prevention: Substance abuse relapse in a ten-year prospective follow-up of clients with mental and substance use disorders. Psychiatr Serv. Cuijpers P. Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs. A systematic review. J Ilam Univ Med Sci. Prescription opioid abuse in the UK. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Results from the national survey on drug use and health: Summary of national findings. SMA We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Navigate to Shiraz E-Medical Journal. Shiraz E-Medical Journal: Vol. Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiology of substance use in terms of age of initiation, duration of use and age of patients when they seek the treatment. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on drug-dependent individuals subjects , who had referred to methadone maintenance treatment MMT centers of Kermanshah province, western Iran, during year The information was gathered by psychologists working in substance use wards, who interviewed clients seeking treatment. Results: Mean age of substance use initiation was On average, males and females became dependent on illegal drugs only after 3. The chance of treatment failure for persons over 55 years was 2. Generally, chance of treatment failure increased by 1. Background Phenomenon of substance use is presently one of the major health problems worldwide 1. Methods 2. Study Design This cross-sectional study was performed on drug-dependent clients, whose records were available during year and who underwent treatment after they had referred to Kermanshah province MMT centers. Data Collection and Definition of Variables After obtaining the required permits from the provincial MMT center, a list of all centers was made. Based on illegal drug classification, there are seven different categories, as follows: 1. Depressants: Those drugs, which slow down brain reactions such as heroin, opium, and morphine; 2. Although crack falls in the group of stimulants, the crack available on the Iranian market is considered an opioid stimulant drug because of having synthetic opioid compositions; 3. Inhalants: Those drugs, which are used by inhaling, such as marijuana and glue; 5. The second group of these sedative hypnotic drugs include barbiturates, such as phenobarbital, sec barbital, and amobarbital; 6. Opioids: This group is divided to two subgroups; a natural drugs like opium, opium extraction, and paregoric; and b synthetic drugs like morphine and similar opioids Methadone, Laam, Propoxyphene, Daroon ; and 7. Alcohol 2. Data Analysis Description of data was done by using frequency, mean, and standard deviation. Results The study population consisted of subjects, of whom Age of substance use initiation, drug dependence, injection, and seeking treatment in western Iran Figure 1. Table 1. Table 2. Variable No. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

Kermanshah buy coke