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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Background: To understand the relapse process, it is required to notice the clients learned behaviors and environmental contexts. We aimed to explore and describe relapse experiences of Iranian drug users. Methods: This is a grounded theory study and twenty two participants were selected using purposive sampling, snowball and theoretical sampling. After obtaining written informed consent, data gathering was done by means of in-depth semi-structured interviews. According to Strauss and Corbin three phases of open coding, axial coding and selection coding were done for qualitative analysis and continuous comparison. During the research period Guba and Lincoln criteria were used to be reassured of the accuracy and rigor of the study findings. Results: The main categories of this study were craving and conflict, family stress and psychological indicators of relapse that emerged in three phases including recovery, tension and pre-relapse. High anxiety, withdrawal, rationalization and lying were the most common symptoms. Conclusion: Family reactions and social conditions play a key role in relapse. Relapse process is an active and multidimensional event in which the clients experience a psychosocial status continuum from recovery to relapse. Most psychological problems are seen in the tension phase. Currently, drug addiction is a great personal and social problem affecting the body and mind of users and also the health of the society, causing cultural, political, economical, and social problems. Despite advances in the treatment of alcoholism and other addictions, frequent relapses and re-use of alcohol and other substances is a serious problem in the treatment of these patients. Many variables related to psychosocial stressors and emotional status of clients such as depression, anxiety and emotional crisis are effective in treatment periods and relapse process and are key factors in relapse. Craving is a factor that most drug-dependent users experience. Behavioral change is a complex process influenced by the treatment process and individual factors associated with the client. This article is part of a larger project being performed using the qualitative method and the grounded theory approach. This kind of study is aimed to obtain rich data and illuminate social processes in human relations. According to the purpose of the study which was understanding the relapse experience in drug abusers, 17 drug addicts having at least one relapse history and being well informed about relapse experience were chosen using purposive and snowball sampling. The first participant was selected by purposive sampling and other participants were recruited using the snowball sampling method. The study began by purposeful sampling and continued by theoretical sampling with maximal diversity. After explaining the purpose of the study to the participants and getting written informed consent, interviews were done and the conversations were tape recorded. Maximum variation regarding sex, age, job, kind of opiate, marital status was considered in sample selection. At the beginning of the interview, for warm-up, the participants were asked to introduce themselves and explain about the reasons of re-using the drugs after treatment and talk about the signs and problems of the time period between treatment to relapse and whether they had enough opportunity to figure out the events of that period. During the interview, according to the answers, the questions were focused on psychosocial outcomes in the time period between treatment and relapse. Subsequent decisions regarding who would be interviewed were made as data collection and analysis progressed. Therefore, three family members and two physicians, as substance-withdrawal therapists, were included in this study according to theoretical sampling. A total of 25 interviews were conducted with the following participants: 17 drug users, 2 family members, and 3 physicians. Three participants were interviewed twice. All interviews were tape-recorded. After obtaining approval, the participants were informed orally regarding the purpose of the study and signed the written informed consent form. All participants were told that they could withdraw from the study at any time they desired. They were assured of confidentiality of tape records and transcriptions. Analysis of data began at the first interview. All of the interviews were done in 7 private and 3 governmental drug abuse treatment clinics in Kermanshah. All of clinics were supervised by Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. The interviews were done in mother language by one of the researchers who had complete knowledge about the mother language of the participants. Every interview lasted for minutes. Finally, data saturation was achieved after 25 interviews 22 participants. Data collection began in February and continued until July Data analysis and data collection began simultaneously. Corbin and Strauss continuous comparison method was used for data analysis In this method, data collection and analysis are performed simultaneously. This process began with open coding phase. During the axial coding phase, the codes in each interview were then compared with those in each other interview to create broader categories that linked codes across the interview. The aim of categorizing was to reduce the number of codes which were similar or dissimilar into broader higher order categories. The categories were compared with one another. During comparison, some of the categories were integrated and sometimes a new class was formed inside the previous ones. This continuous comparison was done carefully until the axial coding was assigned. At the same time of data analysis, field description was done and coded in this manner. Finally selective coding defined the relationship of the classes. During the interviews and data analysis, the researcher wrote down any notes, hypotheses or relationships he found useful in research analysis. The emerging categories were analyzed by comparing and contrasting them with each other to ensure that they were exclusive and covered the variation in the data. In selective coding phase the core variable was emerged. In this article, we present part of the findings in the axial coding phase. During the study, the researcher third author had long engagement with data which reassured the participants and helped them to have appropriate understanding of the study atmosphere. Transferability was considered by having team including authors and coauthors consensus decisions regarding the categories. Dependability was strengthened by writing memos. Credibility was checked by long engagement and member-check procedure. Then inappropriate codes which were not showing their point of view were changed. The long term experience of one of the researchers third author in substance-withdrawal centers as a counselor was useful in confirming codes and interpretations. During sampling, maximum variation was considered to ensure credibility. Interviewing the family members and physicians increased data validity. Peer check and member check was done for increasing the credibility of the study. For confirming transferability, the data was given to some drug abusers who were not as the study participants to read the data. They confirmed data harmonization. Findings regarding demographic characteristics showed that the drug abusers 17 participants of 22 had 3 to 11 years of substance use experience. In this study we found out psychological problems of the clients during the relapse process since recovery to relapse was a major factor that could affect other intervening factors for re-using drug. We found three major phases in this regard, namely quitting opiates or recovery, tension, and pre-relapse. The major categories during the quitting recovery phase consisted of somatic and psychological consequences. In tension phase craving and strive for being accepted and self-deficit emerged. In the pre-relapse phase, there were major indicators for returning to drugs. Moreover, two major factors including family challenges tension and attitude and confrontation with the same past situations throughout the process had the key roles to return drug use again. During the recovery phase a time period of two weeks after the end of drug withdrawal the client experienced restlessness, behavioral changes and urgent need for respect as well as confronting the past similar situations and family challenges which finally led to anxiety and psychological tensions. Behavioral changes included extreme eagerness to meet addicted friends, aimless street wandering, insomnia, excessive smoking, and changes in lifestyle, diminished activity, and feelings of loneliness. I had no sense and hated everyone. I continuously imagined that I have drugs shots and felt high. After a month I felt better, but I had cravings, especially when I was alone or when I had a quarrel with my family. We provided everything he wanted. He was continuously feeling lonely and was angry, selfish and demanded too much. He asked for some cookies and when we bought it for him, he ate one pound at a time. His behavior with his mother was awful and he wanted different things on and on. He asked for money to go shopping, but I was afraid to give him too much. When I gave him a little, he shouted and said: it is not much and…. I was at home and did not go out, but I was preoccupied about the time I was using drug, its pleasure, and the way I used it and even the first time I was pleased by using heroin. So I was angry and struggled to seek excuses to be mad at everyone, get out and use drug, then blame others for that. In general, I felt so bad and even worse when I was angry or had cravings. I fought myself over and over to control the cravings. In this phase, psychological symptoms of the clients were mostly anxiety and mood and behavioral changes. But the severity of psychological problems in this step was very different. After ending the recovery phase, the client faced too many problems as a result of abstinence. The role of family challenges and social conditions were important. In this phase, the category of craving and strive for being accepted was emerged. Confronting inappropriate family and society attitudes played a key role in relapse. They were repeatedly saying that I am lying and I am still using drugs but not in front of them. Wherever I was going they followed me and did not leave me alone, even in the kitchen or bathroom they were controlling me on and on. So I was so mad at them and fought them all. Sometimes I hit myself and I was whispering that it is better to use drugs again because it is the same and they do not believe me. There was not even a piece of bread at home and I had to provide everything by myself. Neighbors, they all knew me as an addict. So I had to go back to committing offences to make a living. I had to sell drugs and so there was no drug use obstacle for me. I was searching help but nobody helped me. I needed monetary and psychological help. An addict is sick and needs nursing and caring, I was sick too, but nobody supported me. In this period, leaving the client alone with no support by the family and community causes multiple problems for clients which affect their life. When the hangover ended and I wanted to use again I hated everyone, but when I was abstinent, I tried not to do these things, but sometimes I had to. I did not have anything and for days I had nothing to do. I did these things because I had some experience, but it was so hard. Another problem of the clients was drug using cravings and mental challenges which made them anxious. The clients in this phase are continuously struggling with themselves to use drugs or not. So they are always depressed, anxious and of have low tolerance. Their decision abilities were disturbed and were deeply dependent on others. I kept fighting myself to control the cravings. You have no idea, when somebody quits, he likes to use drugs again but imagining past situations made me refuse drug re-use. Even when being alone, they like to experience that time. They are ready to use, but because of fear of addiction situations like community rejection or fear of being left alone by family members, they fear use drugs again. In this phase, the client is psychologically and severely disturbed. Personal challenges, especially cravings and self-deficit played the major roles in this phase. Because of severe cravings and ineffective support of the family and also placement in the same past situations, self-deficit increased and the client entered relapse markers and showed somatic and psychological symptoms. The client used rationalization frequently, his anxiety increased, his concentration declined, and he became emotionally unstable, irritable, and angered easily. He tried to be alone, preoccupied with the sweet days of drug abuse. He was not in good relations with his family members and wished to meet addicted friends. In this phase, the client has dual feelings: before using drugs, he experiences high anxiety, irritability, and show-off, demanding and sometimes pleading behaviors toward family. Right after using drugs, he feels highly relaxed and ignores others. His anxiety is diminished and he barely reacts to environmental stimuli. After the ecstatic phase passes, he feels guilt, self-hatred, isolation, and depression. You like to be calm again, so you look forward to hearing from your friends offering you drugs or find some reasons to use them and then blame others for forcing you to use drugs again. When you are a just-quitted junkie, you look like an exploding bomb, you will easily be tempted and you want to get relaxed as soon as possible. In addition, there are some fears of the family and the future. I had nothing, no investment. At first it was good, then I regretted it and an hour later I hated myself. I hit and punished myself for using drugs. I felt I was nobody, was cursing myself. Then I came home angry and sad. My mother was at home and told me that I have to be ashamed, slapped me in the face and told me that I should be ashamed for using drugs again. I denied it, I was so angry and shouting, but she had figured it out. I went to my room and closed the door. In this phase, the client fears being rejected by family members or even the treatment team, so he lies and denies using drugs. I was smoking on and on but I felt anxious, I liked to go and imagined that now they are enjoying. Eventually I took four pills of diazepam and fell asleep. Three days later, I met my friends at the neighborhood. I had called it a day and was tired, so I liked to meet them and waited for hours to visit them. I refused, but I wanted to go. I kept watching them. An addict is sick and needs nursing, I was sick too, but nobody supported me. When the atmosphere is ready like this, he uses easily and blames others, while he wants it himself, he wants to be calm and without anxiety. I was such a person too, but they made me be like this. We notice little lapses in the tests. There are somatic signs and social problems like contact with other addicts. He has some declines in job, attends his job late, has is absent and even lies to the therapist. He swears a lot for his deeds and words and even swears the lie. In the study, we achieved different somatic, familial, social, psychological, and sexual outcomes. In this study, the main purpose was to explain the relapse process in drug users which was assessed in a ground theory study. This article is part of the larger study which examines the psychological signs, problems and outcomes of the drug users in the time period of abstinence to relapse. In this study, we found that the clients experience three phases of recovery, tension and pre-relapse since abstinence to relapse. These three phases have interactions and have no clear and separate boundaries. It was clear that the clients experience psychological, behavioral, and social problems during the treatment period until relapse. The results of the study showed that psychological problems are experienced in the global category of abstinence, family challenges, personal challenges and confronting the same past situations. Different factors and themes of abstinence happened in the recovery phase. In this phase, the clients experienced irritability, behavioral changes and need to be respected, anxiety, nagging, demanding behavior and the need to be accepted were more frequent. Unpleasant emotions, conflicts and social pressure were the predisposing factors in the relapse process. In the category of family challenges, family tensions and their inappropriate attitudes were important. The clients experienced being questioned frequently, failure in love, family quarrels, lack of confidence, and not being trusted, which all exerted much pressure on them. Chaney and colleagues found that interpersonal interactions such as environmental situations, negative emotional status, and direct and indirect social pressure are among the factors experienced in the relapse process and are effective in re-using the drugs. During the tension phase, craving and concerns about being accepted were the key factors of relapse. Mental conflicts and rationalization are experienced by the clients in this phase. The client is anxious for different reasons. Self-deficit and self-management play major roles in this phase. The tolerance level of the client decreases and he constantly seeks his own comfort and imagines it all in drug using. So, clients rationalize to be relaxed and find some excuses to use drugs. Ramo found out that the clients experienced interpersonal conflicts in the relapse process. The results showed that in the pre-relapse phase, the client experiences conflicting reactions. When he uses drugs, his anxiety diminishes and he is relaxed, but later as he becomes aware of himself, he feels guilty and regretful and hates himself. Talkativeness and isolation are two different reactions of the clients. Ramo found that during the relapse process, the clients experience negative feelings and emotions and lose the ability of distinguishing social norms the self-effectiveness decreases. Wallace also found that in the relapse process, the clients show personality problems and some troubles like painful emotional situation, boredom, loneliness, depression, frustration, and anger which all affect their behavior. Relapse is an active and multidimensional process in which the clients experience a psychological status spectrum from recovery to relapse. The clients experience multiple psychological, social and behavioral problems which can affect the relapse process and lead to drug re-use or prevention. In addition, self-deficit and self-management are two basic opposing mechanisms, and by increasing cravings and personal conflicts, the mechanism deviates to self-deficit and rationalization eventually leading to re-using the drugs. We conclude that addicts show a dual emotional behavior in the pre-relapse phase and feel frustrated and need social and familial support in order to prevent relapse and help durability of recovery. This work is a part of doctorial dissertation in nursing done by Amir Jalali. We would like to thank all the patients, colleagues and professors who participated in this study. Also, the researchers are grateful to the Deputy for Research and Technology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, for financial support. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Naiemeh Seyedfatemi. Find articles by Hamid Peyrovi. Find articles by Amir Jalali. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. Median, range. High school diploma. College or above. Opiate use years. The frequency of relapse.

Relapse Experience in Iranian Opiate Users: a Qualitative Study

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J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. Young adults are considered to be a potentially risk-taking population, and college transition is a significant period for every individual. Independence, separation from the parents, lack of supervision, and peer pressure significantly increase the risk of illicit drug use by these students, which may lead to academic failure and other issues in life 1. In general, illicit drug use has been a major public health concern among students in the past few years 2. Illicit drug use is defined as the non-medicinal use of various drugs that are prohibited by international laws, such as amphetamine-type stimulants ATS , cannabis, cocaine, heroin and other opioids, and ecstasy 3. Illicit drug use is associated with numerous health problems, including premature death, disability, hepatitis, human immunodeficiency virus, and chronic diseases 4 , 5. However, the studies conducted in the United States and European countries have indicated a recent upsurge in the prevalence of illicit drug use among students. For instance, the results of monitoring the future MTF indicated that the prevalence of illicit drug use among US students in and was Furthermore, several studies have confirmed the high prevalence of illicit drug use in developing countries 4 , 7 - 9. Young adults constitute the vast majority of the Iranian population who are considered susceptible to illicit drug use A study conducted on Iranian students indicated that hashish, opioids, and ATS are the most commonly used drugs among university students Another study in Iran reported the rate of illicit substance abuse to be 2. Previous studies have identified a number of factors associated with illicit drug use among university students, such as male gender, high-income families, single life, use of other substances e. Moreover, some other factors may be involved in this issues that have received less attention, such as physical fights, religious beliefs, and family support 10 , 12 , To date, few studies have been focused on illicit drug use and the associated factors among Iranian university students. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and identify the influential factors in a population of Iranian university students. This cross-sectional study was conducted on the students of Bushehr University in The participants were selected via multistage sampling. Initially, the total number of the students of Bushehr University was calculated. Based on the number of the students, the proportion of the required samples was calculated in each college. In addition, classes were randomly selected as a cluster, and all the students of the selected classes were enrolled in the study. Finally, students were selected and completed the self-administrated questionnaires; each student had 15 - 20 minutes to complete the questionnaire. The objectives of the research were explained to the participants, they were assured of confidentiality terms regarding their personal information, and participation was voluntary. The research instrument has been previously used in the studies in this regard and designed based on the smoking and substance involvement screening test, which has been developed by the World Health Organization WHO. The contents of the questionnaire have been previously validated by some researchers, and the validity was assessed by pretesting the questionnaire in a class of master of public health students In this questionnaire, the developers have considered the current status of drug use in Iran 9. The questionnaire included data on demographic variables and use of illicit drugs, such as cannabis, opium, heroin, steroidal substances, and other stimulants e. Some of the items in the questionnaire provided data on the correlations between illicit drug use and other high-risk behaviors, including smoking habits, hookah smoking, alcohol consumption, and drugs use by the family members and friends. In addition, data on unsafe sexual relations and physical fights were collected and evaluated using the questionnaire. Religious beliefs were evaluated using a item questionnaire, the total score of which was within the range of 28 - , with the higher scores indicating significant religious beliefs and lower scores indicating average religious beliefs. Furthermore, family support was evaluated using a item questionnaire, the score of which was within the range of 13 - 65, with the higher scores indicating better family support. Another article has been published regarding the other data collected by these two questionnaires As for smoking habits, hookah smoking, and alcohol consumption, data were collected on the past month, while the data on physical fights were recorded for the past year, and the data on unsafe sexual relations were recorded for the most recent intercourse. In the case of illicit drug use, data were collected regarding the lifetime use of the participants. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using chi-square and independent t -test for a simple statistical analysis. For the estimation of the crude odds ratios ORs and adjusted ORs, univariate and multiple logistic regression models were employed, respectively. In addition, Hosmer-Lemeshow guidelines were used for the selection of the variables in the multiple logistic regression model In all the statistical analyses, the P value of less than 0. S , and written informed consent was obtained from all the participants. The mean age of the participants was The majority of the participants were female Table 1 shows the prevalence of using various illicit drugs by gender. According to the findings, the prevalence of using all the illicit drugs was higher in the male students 8. In addition, the prevalence of ATS use was higher compared to the other drugs in all the selected periods. According to the information in Table 1 , the prevalence of the lifetime use of cannabis, ATS, opium, and heroin use was 1. On the other hand, the prevalence of drug use in the past year for cannabis, ATS, opium, and heroin use was 0. Table 2 shows the correlations between illicit drug use, demographic characteristics, and the influential factors in illicit drug use. However, the mean scores of religious belief and family support were significantly lower among the students who used any of the mentioned illicit drugs within their lifetime. The univariate analysis also demonstrated that the scores of family support and religious beliefs had significant effects on illicit drug use, and the higher scores of family support and religious beliefs led to the decreased ORs of illicit drug use to 0. Multiple logistic analysis was performed to control the possible effect of the confounding variables Table 3. In addition, the daily prevalence of illicit drug use was estimated at 0. The prevalence of illicit drug use in the present study was lower compared to Middle Eastern countries such as Kuwait and India 10 , Furthermore, a study conducted in Tehran Iran reported the prevalence of illicit drug use to be 2. The definition of illicit drugs varies due to the different items and concepts used in various studies. The discrepancy in the prevalence rate of illicit drug use in different studies may be attributed to the definition of illicit drugs. In addition, most of the studies in this regard have mentioned the prevalence of the illicit drugs totally. Therefore, it is better to compare the prevalence of each specific illicit drug use separately as the prevalence of a specific illicit drug is significantly higher in some countries. For instance, the prevalence of opium use is relatively higher in Iran compared to western countries due to the vicinity to Afghanistan. In the current research, the lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of ATS use was 1. On the other hand, the results of the MTF study showed that the lifetime, past year, and past month prevalence of ATS use was In a study conducted on students in Tehran, the lifetime, past year, past month, and daily prevalence of amphetamine use was estimated at 1. In addition, the findings of a study conducted in Iran revealed that Ritalin is used by students to increase the time of their studies and improve academic function Due to the high prevalence of ATS use in students and its side-effects, training interventions are required to increase the knowledge of ATS to reduce the prevalence of ATS use among students. In the current research, the lifetime, past year, past month, and daily prevalence of opium use was estimated at 1. In a study performed on students in the United States, the prevalence of opium use was reported to be 2. On the same note, Amin-Esmaeili et al. Another study in Iran reported the prevalence of opium use to be 2. The prevalence of heroin use was extremely low in the present study as only one male student reported heroin use. However, the lifetime and past year prevalence of heroin use has been reported to be 0. In the students in Tehran, the prevalence of heroin use was reported to be 0. In the present study, the lifetime, past year, past month, and daily prevalence of cannabis use was estimated at 1. On the other hand, Peltzer et al. The mentioned findings support the public health concern regarding illicit drug use among students 2. According to the results of the final logistic model in the current research, the lifetime prevalence of illicit drug use was significantly associated with gender, working along with education, smoking habits, physical fights, and illicit drug use by friends, which is in line with the previous studies in this regard 9 , Similarly, Pengpid et al. Furthermore, a study conducted in Africa indicated that a history of physical fights over the past year and smoking habits were associated with illicit drug use Similar results have also been reported in Iranian university students Several studies have confirmed the protective effects of family support and religious beliefs on high-risk behaviors as involvement in religious activities could considerably improve the behaviors of individuals to have a healthy life and comply with normative values 15 , 28 , Our findings in this regard indicated that the mean score of religious belief was significantly lower in the students with a history of illicit drug use although religious beliefs were not considered statistically significant in the final regression model. According to the univariate analysis in the present study, family support was another protective factor associated with illicit drug use as the students with lower family support were at a higher risk of illicit drug use. Numerous findings have shown that students with strong family support were less likely to report high-risk behaviors 30 - Although family support was not considered significant in the final regression model of the current research, it could be regarded as a significant protective factor for illicit drug use in preventive interventions. The results of the present study indicated that the prevalence of illicit drug use was higher among the male students compared to the females. The previous studies in Iran and other countries have also revealed that male students are more likely to use illicit drugs compared to females 15 , 25 , 26 , The higher odds of illicit drug use by male students could be due to the higher availability of illicit drugs to men, as well as their pleasure-seeking nature and more freedom, independence, and risk-taking behaviors. Some studies have denoted a positive association between peer illicit drug use and the prevalence of illicit drug use 9 , 34 , Entering the university and post-secondary settings, living in the dormitory, and making new acquaintances accompanied with lifestyle changes are some of the influential factors in this regard. Due to the lack of parental supervision and peer pressure, university students are more vulnerable to illicit drug use and considered as a high-risk population. Therefore, educational, recreational, sports, and cultural programs for students, implementing training interventions for their parents, and providing educational interventions on life skills, social skills, and friendship programs could prevent the emergence of risky situations and reduce exposure to illicit drugs Previous studies have demonstrated the co-occurrence of high risk behaviors, which should be incorporated into the design and implementation of the preventive interventions in this regard 37 , It is suggested that comprehensive training and preventive interventions be designed and implemented to effectively reduce the prevalence of high-risk behaviors, such as illicit drug use, among university students. Due to the cross-sectional design of the study, the casual inference could not be identified based on our findings. Another limitation of the study was the use of self-report data, assuming that the participants completed the questionnaires with honesty. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and some of the influential factors in this regard. According to the results, the prevalence of illicit drug use was relatively low among the students, albeit significant, and illicit drug use by friends was observed to have a strong association. Longitudinal studies are required for consistent monitoring mechanisms and appropriate planning for interventional studies. Our findings could be used in the planning and evaluation of interventions based on the associated risk factors and protective factors of illicit drug use in universities. Prevalence and associated factors of illicit drug use among university students in the association of southeast Asian nations ASEAN. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy. Global journal of health science. Illicit drug use. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. The prevalence of substance use and associated risk factors among university students in the city of Jahrom, Southern Iran. Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use, — Pattern of psychoactive substance use among university students in South-Western Nigeria. Journal of Behavioral Health. Epidemiology of substance use among university students in Sudan. Journal of addiction. Prescription drugs, alcohol, and illicit substance use and their correlations among medical sciences students in Iran. Prevalence, pattern and familial effects of substance use among the male college students—a North Indian study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. Prevalence and factors associated with the use of illicit substances among male university students in Kuwait. Medical Principles and Practice. Estimating the prevalence of high-risk behaviors using network scale-up method in university students of Larestan in Journal of Substance Use. Addict Health. The Prevalence of illicit substance use among students of medical sciences in Tehran: results from four repeated surveys from to Substance abuse in relation to religiosity and familial support in Iranian college students. Asian journal of psychiatry. Trend of smoking among students of Tehran University of Medical Sciences: results from four consecutive surveys from to Medical journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of research in health sciences. Jewell NP. Statistics for epidemiology. Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Central Asian Journal of Global Health. Drug Des Devel Ther. Gender differences in substance use and psychiatric distress among medical students: A comprehensive statewide evaluation. Substance abuse. The frequency of high-risk behaviors among Iranian college students using indirect methods: network scale-up and crosswise model. Prevalence of lifetime tobacco, alcohol and drug use among 10th grade students in Istanbul. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia. Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of illicit drug use among school-going adolescents in Thailand. Journal of Social Sciences. Correlates of illicit drug use among university students in Africa and the Caribbean. Journal of Psychology in Africa. JRSM open. Religion as a protective factor against drug use among Brazilian university students: a national survey. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. Drug use, family support and related factors in university students. A cross-sectional study based on the uniHcos Project data. Gaceta sanitaria. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. Prevalence of hookah smoking in relation to religiosity and familial support in college students of Tabriz, northwest of Iran. International Journal of Epidemiologic Research. Slovenian Journal of Public Health. Prevalence and correlates of substance use among health care students in Nepal: a cross sectional study. BMC public health. Risk-taking behaviors and subgrouping of college students: a latent class analysis. American journal of men's health. Sexting, substance use, and sexual risk behavior in young adults. Journal of Adolescent Health. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Background: Illicit drug use is a major public health concern among university students. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and the associated factors in a population of Iranian university students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Bushehr, located in the Northwest of Iran in The participants were selected randomly and included university students. Anonymous, structured questionnaires were completed by the students. The self-administered questionnaire consisted of data on illicit drug use, smoking habits, sexual behaviors, alcohol consumption, physical fights, religious beliefs, parental support, and illicit drug use by the family members and friends. Data analysis was performed using chi-square and logistic regression analysis. The lifetime prevalence of cannabis, amphetamine-type stimulants, opium, and heroin was 1. Conclusions: According to the results, the prevalence of illicit drug use was relatively low, albeit significant, among the students in Bushehr. Among the determined factors associated with this issue, illicit drug use was strongly correlated with drug use by friends. Our findings could be used for the planning and evaluation of interventions based on the related risk factors. Background Young adults are considered to be a potentially risk-taking population, and college transition is a significant period for every individual. Objectives The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of illicit drug use and identify the influential factors in a population of Iranian university students. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on the students of Bushehr University in Results The mean age of the participants was Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

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