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Log in Register. Pub Year Source Type. Periodical, Abbrev. Pub Date Free Form. Place of Publication. The estimated number of current smokers in the world exceeds 1. Smoking prevalence is increasing in the developing world but monitoring of this trend is poor in these countries. The questionnaire was based on the Drug Abuse Program questionnaire and was piloted before implementation. Descriptive and analytic statistical tools SPSS were used to assess significant associations at P. Date of Electronic. Among a sample of 1, persons from a total population of about 15, people of the Kpelleh tribe in the Bong Range area, The infection was determined by a standardized skin biopsy technique Walser punch. Among the adult population the male sex showed a significant preponderance of positivity for microfilariae. The number of noninfected 'susceptibles' decreased annually by a factor of 0. About one half of a sample of adult subjects revealed microfilariae in the cephalic region. The rate of blindness of 1. Blindness appeared to be related to onchocerciasis in the majority of cases. The average age of the completely blind was 54 yr, and the onset of blindness could be dated back to an average of 48 yr. In the unilaterally blind the average age was 40 yr. In this group blindness appeared to be less related to onchocerciasis. Among 1, subjects a bilaterally impaired vision was found in 8. Together with the unilaterally blind, the total number of persons with visual damage besides the blind was 9. Journal Article; Research Support, N. Gov't; Research Support, U. Gov't, Non-P. Yet, remarkably little research exists to examine these ongoing trends in at-risk populations, and nothing is known about the prevalence of e-cigarette use among military personnel. The purpose of the current study is to provide recent data on the prevalence of regular e-cigarette use in a population of recruits prior to their entry into the U. Chi-square tests, the Cochran-Armitage test for trend, and logistic regression models tested differences and trends across time for e-cigarette use. The sampling sizewas male students in pre-university grade by a probabilistic clustersampling. Our research instrument was the WHO questionnaire. The first age of experiencing smoking cigarette was The improper use of ecstasy pills, opium, heroin andchewable tobacco was more in governmental schools compared withnon-profit school centers. There was a relationship between the low educational level of the fatherand consuming alcohol, strong intoxicants, heroin, opium, pam andexcessive use of cigarettes. On the other hand, there was a relationship between the low educationallevel of the mother with using cigarettes, hookah, alcohol, tranquilizers,strong painkillers, ecstasy, heroin, opium, pam and excessive usage of cigarettes. Of this group, Further, Regarding age, WP smoking was reported to begin in early adulthood. Al Moamary, Mohamed,S. Fourteen bakeries located in different regions of France were selected. These bakers use natural sourdough and organic ingredients. Consequently, different organic sourdoughs used for the manufacture of French bread were studied by the enumeration of lactic acid bacteria LAB and 16S rRNA sequencing of the isolates. Although LAB counts showed significant variations 7. In ten sourdoughs, both culture and independent methods identified L. Other sub-dominant species, such as Lactobacillus curvatus, Lactobacillus hammesii, Lactobacillus paralimentarius, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus pentosus, and Lactobacillus sakei, were also identified. Quantification of L. Regarding the acidification characteristics, sourdough and related bread physico-chemical characteristics varied, questioning the involvement of sub-dominant species or L. Positive attitudes were also associated with adjusted odds of 9. It may be particularly valuable for future research and interventions to focus on decreasing positive attitudes toward HTS. Barnett,Tracey E. Read more The prevalence of onchocerciasis and blindness in the population of the Bong Range, Liberia. Bernhard Nocht Inst. Schiffs- Tropenkrankh. Air Force Recruits. Electronic address: mlittl18 uthsc. The prevalence and trends of waterpipe tobacco smoking: A systematic review. The prevalence and characteristics of water-pipe smoking among high school students in Saudi Arabia. The predominance of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis in French organic sourdoughs and its impact on related bread characteristics. Food Microbiol. The predictive utility of attitudes toward hookah tobacco smoking. Health Behav.

Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal (IRCMJ)

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Corresponding author: Leila Etemad. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3. Methamphetamine METH is a powerful stimulant drug that directly affects the brain and induces neurological deficits. B 12 is a water-soluble vitamin vit that is reported to attenuate neuronal degeneration. Animals were sacrificed 3 days after the last administration. Caspase proteins levels were measured by Western blotting. Reduced glutathione GSH was also determined by the Ellman method. The current study suggests that parenteral vit B 12 at safe doses may be a promising treatment for METH-induced brain damage via inhibition of neuron apoptosis and increasing the reduced GSH level. Research focusing on the mechanisms involved in the protective responses of vit B 12 can be helpful in providing a novel therapeutic agent against METH-induced neurotoxicity. Methamphetamine METH also called meth, speed, chalk, crystal, and ice among other common slang terms is a powerful stimulant drug with chemical structure similar to amphetamine. Relative ease of access and low cost of synthesis are among the reasons that METH abuse is on the rise 1 , 2. METH can be snorted, smoked, injected or taken orally for therapeutic and recreational purposes. METH use in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and also in short term use in obesity has been approved by the FDA 3. METH abuse can adversely affect health and cause long-term complications 4 , 5. Even in small amounts, METH can lead to loss of appetite, increase in physical activity, confusion and produce wakefulness and euphoria 6. METH also affects the cardiovascular system and increases blood pressure, heart rate and risk for stroke and heart attack 7. Pharmacological and psychological effects of amphetamine derivatives are due to enhanced neurotransmitters serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine release from nerve endings 8. Direct effects of METH on the brain can induce neurological deficits via chemical and molecular changes that may lead to serious health hazard 9. Vitamin B 12 Vit B 12 is a water-soluble vitamin that possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic pro-perties Vit B 12 is reported to attenuate neuronal degeneration. It is the source of a coenzyme that participates in folate metabolism and thus plays a vital role in nucleotide synthesis Therefore, vit B 12 deficiency can lead to serious anemia, neuropathy and impaired brain function. Peripheral neuropathy in vit B 12 deficiency is well established in animal and human studies Therefore, vit B 12 may interfere with some important mechanisms that are involved in METH neurotoxicity. All experimental procedures were conducted according to the ethical standard and protocols approved by the Animal Experiments Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Animals were divided into 4 groups, with 6 mice in each group. During the experiments, all groups were observed for mortality and general appearance. In the next step, the brain tissues were removed and divided into two hemispheres. Two slides per animal were prepared twelve slides in each group and then stained with hematoxylin and eosin. According to the kit instruction, tissue sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated and covered with proteinase K solution for protein digestion. H 2 O 2 solution used to quench the endogenous peroxidase activity. Ten randomly microscopic fields per slide and two slides per animal were studied. Western blot was carried out to detect caspase - 3 and 9 activities. The tissue samples were added to homogenization buffer in ice and mechanically homogenized. After centrifugation, the total protein content was estimated using the Bradford method. The blots were then incubated with primary antibodies caspase-3, abcam, ab; caspase-9, abcam, ab HRP secondary antibody Cell Signaling, was used for chemiluminescent detection. The band size was analyzed using UVtec software UK and normalized against beta actin intensity Within 10 min, the change of absorbance was measured at nm in a spectrophotometer. The amount of GSH is determined using standard curve. The alpha level was set at 0. The pathological findings showed that METH exposure causes marked gliosis in striatum and cortex regions. No pathological finding was observed in the control and sham groups Figure 1. Histolpathogical analysis of brain tissue in mice. Arrows indicate Rosenthal fibers. Vit B12, control or sham groups did not show any pathological effects in both regions B and D. A Representative photograph of the Western blot analysis. Densitometric analysis of caspase-3 B and caspase-9 level C. METH is a neurotoxic drug and induces degeneration on different parts of the brain 17 , The pathological findings revealed that METH exposure causes marked gliosis in striatum and cortex regions. Gliosis refers to the proliferation of glia cells in response to CNS insult and is characterized by increased expression of glial-specific markers and morphological changes In an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model in rat, treatment with vit B 12 and honey bee venom decreased the inflammation and gliosis level B-group vitamins including B 1 , B 6 and B 12 are considered for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Vit B 12 plays an important role in nervous system structure and function 21 - The acute and chronic IP injection of METH is also associated with oxidative DNA damage and programmed cell death in the brain, especially in the nucleus accumben, a part of ventral striatum Studies have shown that METH causes damage to striatal dopaminergic and non-monoaminergic cortical neurons 25 , Activation of caspase-3 and 9 especially in the striatum indicated a role for intrinsic pathway in METH neurotoxicity. Other investigations also confirmed the mitochondrial pathway activation by METH toxicity. The result of one study showed that the administration of vit B 12 in separate or combined with diclofenac and celecoxib can exert neuroprotective effect in tibial nerve-crushed model in rats. Vit B 12 recovered the motor function and reduced the axonal degeneration and glial cell proliferation Wallerian degeneration response It is reported that vit B 12 increases the number of regenerating neurons and attenuates neuronal damage after sciatic nerve injury METH can damage neurons by causing dopamine-dependent oxidative stress. Additionally, antioxidants and spin trapping agents can protect against METH-induced toxicity 30 - The reduced GSH content in the current study was decreased by METH administration in the striatum and cortex and was restored to normal levels by vit B 12 pretreatment. Vit B 12 exerts its antioxidant activity in different ways. It is able to inhibit nitric oxide production, intracellular oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis Interestingly, it has been reported that vit B 12 can preserve GSH status and the thiol groups of enzymes in the reduced state The current study suggests that parenteral vit B 12 at safe doses may be a promising treatment for METH-induced brain damage via inhibition neuron apoptosis and increasing the reduced GSH level. Research focusing on the mechanisms involved in protective responses of vit B 12 can be helpful in providing a novel therapeutic agent against the METH-induced neurotoxicity. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Iran J Basic Med Sci. Find articles by Mohammad Moshiri. Find articles by Seyed Mojtaba Hosseiniyan. Find articles by Seyed Adel Moallem. Find articles by Farzin Hadizadeh. Find articles by Amir Hossein Jafarian. Find articles by Ameneh Ghadiri. Find articles by Toktam Hoseini. Find articles by Mahmoud Seifi. Find articles by leila Etemad. Received May 5; Accepted Sep Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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