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Amphetamine Validity Reliability Factor Analysis. Illegal use of psychotropic drugs has become a great problem around the world 1. According to the statistics from the united nations office on drugs and crime in , the abuse of amphetamine compounds has been an increasing epidemic. According to this report, the number of amphetamine compound-producer laboratories has increased from 12, in to 14, in This paper reported that 35 million people all over the world use amphetamine compounds regularly. Iran was introduced as a country with an increasing rate of abuse and production of amphetamine compounds 2. Illicit drug use in Iran and associated problems have been present for a long time in the Iranian society 3. Historically, in Iran recreational drug abuse dates back to the 17th century 4. Iran is currently facing a transition from traditional drugs to the industrial production of illicit drugs, including amphetamines. The abuse of these materials in previous decades was negligible, yet is increasing in the recent years 5. According to a recent study using the rapid situation assessment RSA of drug abuse in Iran, the frequency of amphetamine use makes up 5. Other studies have reported that amphetamine use occurs in Reasons for the abuse of drugs may be the low price of industrial materials, easy access, and the increasing price of traditional opiates Investigations have shown that parallel to the increasing abuse of such drugs, there has been an increase in the demand for treatment A questionnaire with proper validity and reliability is an important part of a good treatment plan. Withdrawal symptoms occur in individuals with an established history of drug use. McGregor et al. Observed symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal could include fatigue, drowsiness, depression, aggression, disorder, excitability, pain, lack of enjoyment, and reduction in concentration 14 - Unfortunately, most studies investigating amphetamine withdrawal processes lack adequate sample size or include participants, who are experiencing simultaneous drug withdrawal interactions potentially creating confounding results. Additionally, most studies lack the use of a validated scale measure to evaluate withdrawal symptoms 15 , Several questionnaires are currently available to measure symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal, including the amphetamine withdrawal questionnaire AWQ 20 , the severity of amphetamine dependence questionnaire SAMDQ 21 , and the amphetamine cessation symptoms assessment ACSA The new measure purports to assess withdrawal symptoms more accurately, and its validity and reliability have been proved in assessment and evaluation of amphetamine abuse withdrawal symptoms The present study was done to determine the reliability and validity of Persian Version of amphetamine cessation symptom assessment ACSA questionnaire in patients of residential medical center in Alborz province of Iran. A cross sectional study was completed using the ACSA The ACSA evaluates 3 factors over 16 questions, including anxiety and mood 11 , fatigue 3 , and amphetamine craving 2. The Persian-version of the ACSA questionnaire was translated from English to Persian language and proofed using the backward-forward translation method To explore the face validity of the questionnaire, 10 experts provided direction for the writing, translating, and arrangement of questions. A group discussion was facilitated through individual sessions where amphetamine withdrawal symptoms were discussed and the questionnaire was provided. While the translated ACSA contributed to minor changes in wording, no question was deleted or added. Patients in residential medical center of the Alborz province of Iran, provided treatment for amphetamine withdrawal, were enrolled in this study. All participants in the study were male. The inclusion criteria in this study required participants to be male being at least 15 years old, having been diagnosed with amphetamine dependence as listed in the DSM-IV, and having provided positive urine test for amphetamine compounds. Also, Psychotic patients, patients with acute medical diseases requiring psychotherapy, and patients, who were hospitalized for issues related to opiates use were excluded from this study. One-hundred and six individuals that received care at the residential medical center of Alborz province were enrolled in the study through the convenience sampling method. An informed consent form was completed by all participants. Exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis were used to assess construct validity. The questionnaire was given to experts working in the field of amphetamine abuse. A content validity index CVI was used to assess the content validity of the questionnaire. In the first method, a CVI index was calculated for the overall questionnaire. The number of questions identified by each expert as completely related or greatly related was divided by all questions and the result was translated to a percentage: the average of all summed expert percentages was then calculated. In the second method, CVI was calculated for each question, where each question was assigned one point by each expert that qualified it as completely related or greatly related to assessing amphetamine withdrawal. The total points for each question were then summed and divided by the total number of scoring experts to generate a percentage Analyses were completed using SPSS software version One-hundred and six male patients were enrolled in this study. The average and median age of participants was Of the total participants, Overall, 1. Demographic features of these people are presented in Table 1. Participants reported no problems responding to the Persian version of the ASCA, and both patients being treated for amphetamine withdrawal and administrators appeared engaged during the questionnaires administration. Face validity was demonstrated through both patients and administrators reporting that the questionnaire addressed amphetamine withdrawal Content validity index CVI for the overall questionnaire was Results demonstrated adequate sampling index Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin at 0. According to both criteria, it could be concluded that an appropriate factor analysis was applied for this study Specific value index and the variance determination percentage were used to determine that evaluation of amphetamine withdrawal symptoms constituted of several components. The justified variance for the first, second, and third factor was To select questions, functional loads higher than 0. According to the results of the rotated component matrix, 11 questions loaded on the first factor 1, 3, 4, 5, 78, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 , 3 questions loaded on the second factor 2, 6, 9 , and 2 questions 15 and 16 loaded on the third factor. Labeling for the factors was completed based on the original questionnaire. First, second, and third factors were named by anxiety and mood, fatigue, and craving for use of amphetamine, respectively Table 3. Assessment of reliability was done for the entire group and individually for each of the 3 factors. When a questionnaire is translated for use with a different society and culture, it is necessary to examine its validity and reliability 27 , In this study, the face, content, and construct validity and reliability of the Persian version of ASCA questionnaire was examined. Results demonstrated that this version of the questionnaire had appropriate validity and reliability and that the questions retained their relevance for involved participants Content validity was appropriate, and this version of the questionnaire appeared to assess symptoms and natural processes of amphetamine withdrawal. Through factor analysis, 3 factors were determined for the Persian version of the ACSA questionnaire. These results were consistent with that of McGregor et al. The 3 factors justified Variance for the first anxiety and mood , second fatigue , and third craving factor were Findings of the current study are relatively consistent with that of McGregor et al. The results of the current study showed that the first factor covered questions 1 problem in concentration , 3 excitement , 4 unpleasant nightmares , 5 getting angry , 7 agitation , 8 suicide thoughts , 10 anxiety , 11 lack of enjoying life , 12 suspicion , 13 sadness , and 14 slow movements , the second factor covered questions 2 drowsiness , 6 feeling fatigue , and 9 non-activity , and the third factor coversed questions 15 craving and 16 severity of craving. The results of the current study are consistent with those of McGregor et al. A possible reason for this difference might be due to behavioral differences among the participators in both studies and difference in the justifiable sample. Therefore, it could be concluded that the reliability of the Persian version of this questionnaire was appropriate. These differences may be explained by cultural and population differences and also translation procedures The results of this study demonstrated that the Persian version of amphetamine cessation symptom assessment questionnaire had appropriate validity and reliability and had usability in related studies and activities in Iran. Hence, it is recommended for researchers and therapists, who work in the addiction field, to seek use of this questionnaire in amphetamine withdrawal treatments. Costa e Silva JA. Evidence-based analysis of the worldwide abuse of licit and illicit drugs. Hum Psychopharmacol. World Drug Report. Mohamadi K. Survey the changing pattern of drug use than the traditional low risk to industrial high risk of Iran. Moharreri MR. NIDA research monograph. Mokri A. Brief overview of the status of drug abuse in Iran. Arch Iranian Med. Rapid situation assessment of drug abuse and drug dependence in Iran. A survey of Ecstasy use among year-olds in five areas of Tehran. A Study of Birjand University students' knowledge and attitude towards taking Ecstasy pills. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. Prevalence and factors associated with Ecstasy use among college undergraduates in north of Iran Asian J Psychiatr. Prevalence and predictive factors of psychoactive and hallucinogenic substance abuse among college students. J Fund Ment Health. Comprehensive textbook of addiction treatment. Iranian National Drug Control Headquarters; Jenner L, McKetin R. Prevalence and patterns of psychostimulant use. Models of intervention and care for psychostimulant users. National Drug Strategy Monograph Series. Psychometric evaluation of the Amphetamine Cessation Symptom Assessment. J Subst Abuse Treat. Angrist B, Sudilovsky A. Central nervous system stimulants: historical aspects and clinical effects. Springer; Self detoxication by amphetamine dependent patients: a pilot study. Drug Alcohol Depend. Oral use of stimulants obtained from inhalers. J Am Med Assoc. Abuse of methylamphetamine. Br Med J. Methamphetamine abstinence syndrome: preliminary findings. Am J Addict. Clinical relevance of the distinction between alcohol dependence with and without a physiological component. Am J Psychiatry. Amphetamine withdrawal: I. Reliability, validity and factor structure of a measure. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. Measurement of the severity of amphetamine dependence. Reliability and validity of the Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment. Addict Behav. Process of translation and adaptation of instruments. World Health Organization; Munro's statistical methods for health care research. Measurement in nursing and health research. Springer Publishing Company; Survey on validity and reliability of diagnostic questionnaire of internet addiction disorder in students users. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. Patient Educ Couns. Michaeli Manee F. Internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of Wells and Davis Thought control questionnaire. Iran J Psychiatr Clin Psychol. Essentials of nursing research. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Background: Illegal use of psychotropic drugs has become a great problem around the world. Change in the traditional pattern of drug abuse to industrial drugs is one of the challenges faced today in Iran. Objectives: The present study was performed to determine the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the amphetamine cessation symptom assessment ACSA questionnaire in patients of residential medical center in Alborz province of Iran. Patients and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients accepted to participate from patients enrolled in the residential medical center of Alborz province. After the questionnaire was translated to Persian, face, content, and construct validity was assessed. Exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysis were used to assess the construct validity. Content validity index CVI was used to assess the content validity of the questionnaire. The face validity step was based on the opinion of experts and patients that had just withdrew from the study and limited changes were inserted in the questionnaire. Results: Content validity for the entire of questionnaire was In factor analysis 3 acceptable factors with higher than 1 were identified that justified Conclusions: Results of this study showed that the questionnaire had appropriate reliability and validity in the evaluation of amphetamine withdrawal symptoms and could be used in similar activities and studies in Iran. Background Illegal use of psychotropic drugs has become a great problem around the world 1. Results One-hundred and six male patients were enrolled in this study. Table 1. Table 2. Table 3. Rotated Component Matrix for Questions. Table 4. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.

A Review Study of Substance Abuse Status in High School Students, Isfahan, Iran - PMC

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