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Kant buy cocaine

As more and more states in the United States have legalized the recreational use of marijuana in recent years, these arguments have come into prominence and I am sure all of them will seem familiar. There are a number of arguments that are typically given against the legalization of certain controlled substances that are currently prohibited for recreational use. All three are often used to justify official federal policy in the USA and other countries as well and all have been challenged by states and countries that have recently legalized the recreational use of marijuana. The use of drugs for recreational purposes is in itself wrong. In addition it has a corrupting effect on non-users when some people use drugs. One of the roles of law is promoting public and moral order. This argument no doubt raises controversial points. Is the recreational use of drugs in itself wrong? If so, why exactly is it wrong? It would seem that utilitarianism would reject this idea, insofar as the recreational use of drugs might be pleasurable. So what moral theory does this claim then depend on? But, as we saw in the earlier, Natural Law Theory faces some serious problems as an account of right and wrong. Hence this approach seems to many people to be suspect. On the other hand , suppose it were true that the recreational use of drugs was inherently wrong from a moral perspective, what then? Does it follow that because it is wrong it should thus be illegal? It almost seems to be taken for granted in official policy making circles that this is the case. But is it? Is the role of the criminal law to police public morality? We will return to this question of consistency in more detail later. The next argument, however, considers in greater detail the issue of broader, more public social harm suggested by the second premise of this first argument. But it also an argument that has been used against those who claim that marijuana is different than other drugs, since it is physically less harmful and generally less debilitating in its effects on the user, and so should be legalized. If we legalize marijuana more people will smoke it at a younger age. So legalizing marijuana will increase the use of hard drugs. After all, most heroin users do not start out with injecting heroin into their veins. They probably started drinking alcohol and then moved on up the scale of more serious drugs that provide a more powerful effect. But this is not enough to get the argument off the ground, since what it needs is a relationship of cause and effect. It is because you use marijuana that you are much more likely to use other drugs later — that is the claim that is being made in the argument. But is that true? It is clearly true that marijuana users are more likely to use heroin that non-marijuana users, but that does not by itself mean that marijuana use causes heroin use. In fact, the causal relation between marijuana use and heroin use is undermined even more by a simple fact about usage rates. Even though large numbers of people have smoke marijuana on a regular basis, many fewer are regular heroin users. Compare the claim that smoking causes cancer — if only one percent of smokers ended up with cancer, then this claim would clearly seem to be stretching the evidence. So then, how do we explain why non-marijuana users are far less likely to use heroin than marijuana users? It seems clear that there may be some common third factor that is the cause of both. Perhaps I have a physiological weakness for addictive substances, or come from a background that leads me to drug use in general. Whatever the case may be, whether it is nature or nurture that leads me astray, it would be this third factor that leads some people to smoke marijuana and some others to both smoke marijuana and use heroin. But this is not at all what the gateway argument claims and significantly weakens its attempt to show that marijuana is far too dangerous to be legalized. Our next argument takes a more modest approach — the approach of limiting harms to acceptable levels without trying to make unsupported claims about the unique features of certain currently illegal substances. The abuse of alcohol and tobacco are an enormous social problem — they lead to huge public health costs, lead to lower productivity, and endanger others through the effects of second-hand smoke, DUI accidents and bad behavior under the influence. If drugs were legalized, this would add to the problems created by alcohol and tobacco. This argument seems fair enough. The question, however, is why set up the boundary between illegal and illegal exactly where it currently happens to lie? There is nothing in principle to prevent it from being the case that the legal drugs should be alcohol and marijuana, with tobacco being classed with heroin and cocaine as too risky to the public. But that seems contrary to the inherently conservative character of this argument. We must now, finally confront the issue of consistency. Alcohol and tobacco are risky in much the same way that illegal drugs are risky. So why then is it legal for adults to use them? The next argument, which addresses this issue of consistency, deserves consideration on its own, since it is neither strictly prohibitionist nor strictly against prohibition. It just demands like treatment for like harms and thus, depending on our assessment of the potential harms of the use of drugs may or may not support their legal prohibition. There is, however, a catch to this provocative argument — if currently illegal drugs pose too much of a threat to be legalized, and alcohol and tobacco pose the same threat, then the latter should also be made illegal. Alcohol and tobacco are just as risky to individuals and society as currently illegal drugs are. So the same arguments should apply to both. Rational policy should be consistent. So currently illegal drugs should remain illegal if and only if alcohol and tobacco are made illegal. This argument clearly rests on an appeal to the idea that we should have a single set of legal standards that apply across the board in cases that are relevantly similar. So the question that we must ask of supporters of this argument is: are currently illegal drugs really so similar in their personal and social effects to currently legal drugs? If the answer is yes, and there is a good reason to have a consistent social policy, this argument seems fairly strong. Note that it is not necessarily an argument for the legalization of drugs. It simply points out that our policies concerning alcohol and tobacco are inconsistent with our policies towards other drugs. If both are equally harmful then either both should be permitted or both should be forbidden. Failure to treat both the same amounts to irrational social policy. As a parallel example consider the recent legislation that permits motorcycles in the state of Pennsylvania to ride without helmets. This legislation was introduced at the same time that measures were enacted to stiffen penalties for not wearing set belts while driving. If adults are legally permitted to assume the added risk that comes from riding a motorcycle with out a helmet why then are we not allowed to assume the added risk of driving without a seat belt? Likewise, if our own safety is the motivation for the state to enforce seat-belt laws strictly, why then are not motorcycle riders compelled to wear an obvious enhancement to their own safety? Inconsistent social policy it seems has little defense. The first argument against prohibiting drug use by adults, takes us back to our earlier discussion of libertarianism. Libertarianism, we remember, is the view that adults should have the maximum possible amount of liberty. This argument, with suitable modifications, applies to many social issues. It has been successfully used to defend the wider legalization of gambling, a lack of restrictions on the access of adults to pornography, the legalization of prostitution, not to mention revisions of motorcycle helmet laws. Liberty is an overriding good, so adults should have as much of it as possible. It is possible to use drugs without directly harming others. If you found libertarianism at all compelling in our discussion above, you will no doubt find this argument plausible. The burden of proof certainly rests on the third premise. Is it truly possible to use drugs without directly harming others? According to the image of drug users in the media and in official policy presentations of the issue we may have reason to doubt this. In response, we may simply point out that alcohol, in spite of its powerful effect on human behavior, is allowed precisely because of the judgment that it can be used in such a way that others are not harmed. This certainly does not mean that it cannot be used in a way that puts others directly at risk. But those cases, such as DUI cases, for example, are severely punished and are not considered acceptable uses of alcohol. Once again, if we would like to be consistent and judge the liberty to drink alcohol as an important freedom, not be be restricted except in cases of overt and direct harm to others, why not then extend this liberty to other substances as well? Does it perform as advertised? Prohibiting adults from taking drugs legally has high costs: It is expensive, organized crime runs the trade, it leads to corruption in law enforcement and it undermines civil liberties. In spite of the War on Drugs, drugs are widely available. This provocative line of reasoning is certainly far from being taken seriously in any official policy making circles. It seems that the premises are true. Rates of drug use and drug availability have been fairly steady for at least the last few decades, yet record numbers of Americans now sit in jail as a result of drug law violations. Other countries, such as the Netherlands, Great Britain, Germany and Canada have in recent years sought alternatives to criminalizing drug use. Might that be an option here as well? The recent proliferation of drug law reform efforts on the state level indicates that this argument is being taken more seriously in the USA as well. A difficult case 1. Further exploration 3 Fallacies and Biases 3. Implications of psychological egoism 6. What agreement? The prisoners dilemma 7. Implications Persons and things 9. Philosophical Ethics. Against legalization There are a number of arguments that are typically given against the legalization of certain controlled substances that are currently prohibited for recreational use. So currently illegal drugs should remain illegal. So marijuana should not be legalized. Consistency We must now, finally confront the issue of consistency. Against prohibition The first argument against prohibiting drug use by adults, takes us back to our earlier discussion of libertarianism. So adults should be allowed to use drugs as they see fit. So other methods for dealing with the problems of drug use should be sought.

PROF. MORRIS ON KANT'S 'CRITIQUE.'

Kant buy cocaine

There were many fascinating comments to my previous post on drugs , and are evidence for why Cal Newport has called readers of this blog 'freakishly smart. Lindsey of Crooked Lines left this comment :. Many of the drugs at the University of Michigan, where I went to school, for example — especially the ever popular marijuana — made their way there from Detroit, and while the affluent drug users in Ann Arbor are, for the most part, safely insulated from the effects of the trade, the people who live in and around the earlier links of the supply chain whether or not they are part of the trade itself are not so privileged…. Lindsey is elevating the societal impact of her behavior — the funding of narco-violence — above personal preferences in deciding not to buy drugs on ethical grounds. The tricky part is that there is essentially zero societal impact of a single person buying or not buying a drug. Economists argue that it's irrational to vote in an election because it's essentially impossible that your vote will affect the outcome. As the old joke goes, if an economist sees another economist at the voting booth, they say, 'I won't tell if you won't tell. Why yes, but everybody does not think this way. What are the ethics surrounding decisions that, if universalized, would make a big difference, but which, at the margin, make essentially zero difference? In Kant's Categorical Imperative he includes this moral maxim of universality: 'Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law without contradiction. The implications of Kant to non-voters would be, 'If everyone chose not to vote, the democracy wouldn't function. So vote! That seems like a fine aspirational ethic — a principled stance applied to things like democracy and drug buying — but the more realistic approach would to weigh the probability of universal adoption of the action. If it's insanely low — like in the case of non-voting or drug-buying — then ignore it. If, on the other hand, there were only five total drug buyers in the world, and if you stopped buying drugs that would drastically shrink demand and perhaps result in less drug violence, you would be right to incorporate societal implications more seriously in your decision as they much greater. Bottom Line : In the case of buying drugs, since the personal impact positive and negative so vastly outweighs the societal impact, I believe solely a personal consideration of costs and benefits is an ethical way to think about it. But ethics is simply a basis for making individual decisions, and to each his own. Just one of many, right? Voting is irrational because it is a winner take all event. However, buying drugs and other aggregated activities is not like voting. Even though this bit is tiny, it is somewhat proportional to your tiny demand. Voting is like a step function — its derivative is 0 so marginal behavior is irrelevant. But for all other aggregate functions of human behavior no matter the curve , they will have nonzero derivatives. Moral of story: voting is an exceptional case because the effects of the margins truly are 0. But for many other things in life, the effects of the margins are not 0. Though not sure I understand your first point — I don't think most people think about 'supporting the artists' — maybe. The issue is more complicated because if drug-use reached majority levels it would surely be turned into a legal substance via the mechanism of democracy or at least, that is what one could expect. I dont actually know how it is elsewhere, but in Chile a great deal of college students simply grow their own. I actually heard it as an argument towards stripping the violent-drug-culture impact that consuming marihuana creates as an illegal drug. Instead of buying it from a seedy violent drug subculture, exposing yourself to crime, violence and police enforcement, you grow a couple of plants and sell it at a very low cost to only your weed-friendly acquaintances. Im pretty sure most would quickly forget their pledge for responsible drug use, but in essence the whole thing doesnt seem like a terrible idea. Particularly since it seems kant-ish. Would I do this if everyone did it? Send the whole rotten pack of drug dealers to hell. And it only applies to drugs you can grow easily in your backyard Chile being a very good place for it — there used to be hemp plantations by the dozen. Her opinions are far, far from the everyday reality of hundreds of thousands of pot smokers who get their weed through small distribution channels of growers and their friends with extended networks. Lindsey is profoundly disconnected from the reality of buying weed, so how would she know anything about it? This may apply to drug crops like opium poppies and coca only because they are illegal , but where is the data to support her sweeping assumption otherwise known as bullshit concerning marijuana? Just as the violence and corruption engendered by the prohibition of alcohol was promptly eliminated by its repeal, so should we demand the repeal of the unjust and socially destructive prohibition of marijuana and all other illegal psychoactive substances. If drugs were legalized, these problems would go away, just like Kennedy and Capone went away when prohibition ceased or at least found some other activity other people had problems dealing with on their own. You think Americans would rather buy heroin grown in Kansas or Canada, or freaking Kabul? In fact, restricting the freedom of individuals to access substances seems to violate most of the more fundamental Kantian principals. Many drugs are a social thing, and especially smokers like to encourage their friends to join them. This means that often each smoker spreads it to their friends, and maybe a few of their friends spread it to their friends. The individual impact for drug use can reach farther than voting which is a more personal affair other than debating politics with politically interested people. Wow, Ben, thanks—both for starting a really interesting discussion about this, and for the link to my embarrassingly crude and underdeveloped blog! I wanted to clarify my comment a bit, and then hopefully add something to the discussion. Vince, I truly apologize if anything I wrote sounded self-righteous—that was not my intention at all. I have had the opportunity and been in countless social situations where everyone around me was doing drugs, and I had to make the same decision that Ben is now making—and in a lot of those cases and no, this was not middle school it was the expected social norm. And Ted, thank you so much for your useful analysis—the fact that drug usage is not a step function so much more eloquently describes why I made the choice I made…because my choice does have an impact. I think the points about local growers are really good ones, and as T points out, it seems that in some instances there may be a socially-responsible way to procure drugs. If you can find a way to do this, Ben, perhaps my point is then not relevant to your decision. Unfortunately that is enough money on corrupt hands to fund a constant bloody war through Mexico. Not to mention the destabilizing effects of Narco money going into corrupt government officials and the Narco assassinating those that go against them. Not to mention the Cartels have been moving up into the U. I think that makes it a pretty strong case for the serious global cost to black market drug use. Definitely suggests the importance for either legalization or buying from American growers to weaken the Mexican Cartels. Lindsey, thanks for your reply. Ben, fascinating discussions in the last few posts. Indeed, you raised this question many months ago, and I have had it in my 'draft posts' folder ever since. Would love to hear your theories at some point. As Scott notes, if we follow the principle of universality and will that all of mankind purchases drugs, then drug illegality ends or becomes unenforceable and societal harm plummets. Let us suppose that government intervention is immoral and responsible for the negative social externalities associated with private drug use. Let us also suppose that the universality principle would suggest that drug use is moral in the absence of government and immoral if government exists. Following Kant, should a moral actor apply the universality principle with the assumption that other agents are acting morally? Yes — I brought up the Categorical Impereative as a refernece point, not that it is the compass for my own moral system. Thanks guys. Ben, your blog is a truly a wonderland to me— a perpetual source of stimulation and entertainment, and a fun place to grow some new neurons. Kant was solely interested in what we as rational beings, can will. He derived proper motive from a priori knowledge — logical operators and so on, rather than empirical data or observations. So you cannot will not voting because that would mean willing rational creatures to universally not express reason — a logical rabbithole. This is actually a very shallow understanding of Kantian ethics. They fundamentally are wrong under Kantian ethics:. The inordinate gratification of our bodily wants is that abuse of aliments which blunts the operations of the intellect : drunkenness and gluttony are the two vices falling under this head. The drunkard renounces, for the seductive goblet, that rationality which alone proclaims the superiority of his rank; and is, while in his state of intoxication, to be dealt with as a brute only, not as a person… The former state of degradation, abject even beneath the beasts, is commonly brought about by the excessive use of fermented liquors, or of stupefying drugs, such as opium, and other products of the vegetable kingdom; the betraying power whereof lies in this, that for a while a dreamy happiness, and freedom from solicitude, or perhaps a fancied fortitude, is begotten, which, after all, concludes in despondency and sadness, and so unawares, and by insensible and unsuspected steps, introduces the need and want to repeat and to augment the stupefying dose. Gluttony must be reputed still lower in the scale of animal enjoyment; for it is purely passive, and does not waken to life the energies of Fancy,—a faculty susceptible for a long time of an active play of its perceptions during the obstupefaction of the former, upon which account gluttony is the more beastly vice. Are ethics reducible to personal decisions, as Kant says? What is the difference between that position as a human goal and that of a sociopath, who has reached it? Instead, we are social animals, and thus we are inclined to look to others for comfort and consolation in despair of not having final answers. That is the basis of ethics, and not the flight from others to an illusory autonomy. Even if Kant says different. Just my 2 cents. The basics of ethics and piety too is determining right from wrong regardless of what everyone else does. In fact, a corollary of the teachings of Jesus is that the greater the percentage of people taking the path, the more likely it is the less worthwhile. I respectfully disagree. Prophets like for instance Giordano Bruno followed their understanding of nature to their death. Well i am new here. I am an engineer and right now working with a software company. I believe that certain type of drugs like Maryjuana,Hash are not that harmfull but well addicted and i have gone through the same things as ted have mentioned above. But i am not in to this any more. I believe it gives you a greater ability to think in a wide area whether you are high or not. Car Buyers. Your email address will not be published. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email. Skip to content There were many fascinating comments to my previous post on drugs , and are evidence for why Cal Newport has called readers of this blog 'freakishly smart. I disagree with your comparison of voting and drug buying. Please pass the bong. Michael, I think you need a big fat toke. Track that down and get back to me. Thank God I have a cure for that. Thanks for your speedy reply and the research, Michael. Cheers, Dario. Dario, Indeed, you raised this question many months ago, and I have had it in my 'draft posts' folder ever since. Jake Bryant, Exactly. Leave A Comment Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. And Should I?

Kant buy cocaine