Kamasutra Lotus

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Kamasutra Lotus
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This article is about the ancient text. For the 1996 film, see Kama Sutra: A Tale of Love . For other uses, see Kama Sutra (disambiguation) .
Two folios from a palm leaf manuscript of the Kamasutra text (Sanskrit, Devanagari script).
The first English version by Richard Burton became public in 1883, but it was illegal to publish it in England and the United States till 1962. [96] Right: a French retranslation of 1891.

^ Sengupta cites only on the 300/400 BCE dating, with the other authors below citing the dating to occur up until 300 CE

^ Jump up to: a b According to Jyoti Puri, the Burton version of Kamasutra "appears to have borrowed material concerning the functioning of the harem in Damascus (Syria)" as he edited the text for his colonial era British audience in the late 19th-century. [61]




^ Doniger, Wendy (2003). Kamasutra - Oxford World's Classics . Oxford University Press . p. i. ISBN 9780192839824 . The Kamasutra is the oldest extant Hindu textbook of erotic love. It was composed in Sanskrit, the literary language of ancient India, probably in North India and probably sometime in the third century

^ Coltrane, Scott (1998). Gender and families . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 36. ISBN 9780803990364 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , p. xi.

^ Coltrane, Scott (1998). Gender and families . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8039-9036-4 . Archived from the original on 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 .

^ Wendy Doniger (2003). "The "Kamasutra": It Isn't All about Sex". The Kenyon Review . New Series. 25 (1): 18–37. JSTOR 4338414 .

^ Haksar & Favre 2011 , pp. 1–5.

^ Carroll, Janell (2009). Sexuality Now: Embracing Diversity . Cengage Learning . p. 7. ISBN 978-0-495-60274-3 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 .

^ Devi, Chandi (2008). From Om to Orgasm: The Tantra Primer for Living in Bliss . AuthorHouse . p. 288. ISBN 978-1-4343-4960-6 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2015 .

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , p. xi–xiii.

^ Alain Daniélou, The Complete Kama Sutra: The First Unabridged Modern Translation of the Classic Indian Text , ISBN 978-0-89281-525-8 .

^ Jacob Levy (2010), Kama sense marketing, iUniverse, ISBN 978-1-4401-9556-3 , see Introduction

^ Flood (1996), p. 65.

^ Khajuraho Group of Monuments Archived 16 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine UNESCO World Heritage Site

^ Ramgarh temple Archived 9 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine , The British Library

^ Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. pp. 155–157. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ Sengupta, J. (2006). Refractions of Desire, Feminist Perspectives in the Novels of Toni Morrison, Michèle Roberts, and Anita Desai . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-269-0629-1 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2014 .

^ John Keay (2010). India: A History: from the Earliest Civilisations to the Boom of the Twenty-first Century . Grove Press. pp. 81–103. ISBN 978-0-8021-9550-0 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 10 December 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xi-xii with footnote 2.

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. iii-xi-xii.

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. iii.

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xi–xii.

^ Jump up to: a b c Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , p. xii.

^ Daniélou 1993 , pp. 3–4.

^ Varahamihira; M Ramakrishna Bhat (1996). Brhat Samhita of Varahamihira . Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 720–721. ISBN 978-81-208-1060-0 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2022 . Retrieved 27 November 2018 .

^ Hopkins, p. 78.

^ Flood (1996), p. 17.

^ [a] A. Sharma (1982), The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology, Michigan State University, ISBN 978-99936-24-31-8 , pp 9–12; See review by Frank Whaling in Numen, Vol. 31, 1 (Jul., 1984), pp. 140–142; [b] A. Sharma (1999), The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism Archived 29 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine , The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223–256; [c] Chris Bartley (2001), Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy, Editor: Oliver Learman, ISBN 0-415-17281-0 , Routledge, Article on Purushartha, pp 443

^ The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Dharma Archived 26 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine , The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions : "In Hinduism, dharma is a fundamental concept, referring to the order and custom which make life and a universe possible, and thus to the behaviours appropriate to the maintenance of that order."

^ Jump up to: a b Dharma, The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th Ed. (2013), Columbia University Press, Gale, ISBN 978-0-7876-5015-5

^ Jump up to: a b J. A. B. Van Buitenen, Dharma and Moksa, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 7, No. 1/2 (Apr. - Jul., 1957), pp 33–40

^ John Koller, Puruṣārtha as Human Aims, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct., 1968), pp. 315–319

^ James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1 , pp 55–56

^ Bruce Sullivan (1997), Historical Dictionary of Hinduism, ISBN 978-0-8108-3327-2 , pp 29–30

^ Macy, Joanna (1975). "The Dialectics of Desire". Numen . BRILL. 22 (2): 145–60. doi : 10.1163/156852775X00095 . JSTOR 3269765 .

^ Gavin Flood (1996), The meaning and context of the Purusarthas, in Julius Lipner (Editor) - The Fruits of Our Desiring, ISBN 978-1-896209-30-2 , pp 11–13

^ John Bowker, The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-213965-8 , pp. 650

^ See:
E. Deutsch, The self in Advaita Vedanta, in Roy Perrett (Editor), Indian philosophy: metaphysics, Volume 3, ISBN 0-8153-3608-X , Taylor and Francis, pp 343–360;
T. Chatterjee (2003), Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy, ISBN 978-0-7391-0692-1 , pp 89–102; Quote - "Moksa means freedom"; "Moksa is founded on atmajnana, which is the knowledge of the self."

^ See:
Jorge Ferrer, Transpersonal knowledge, in Transpersonal Knowing: Exploring the Horizon of Consciousness (editors: Hart et al.), ISBN 978-0-7914-4615-7 , State University of New York Press, Chapter 10
Andrew Fort and Patricia Mumme (1996), Living Liberation in Hindu Thought, ISBN 978-0-7914-2706-4 ;

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xii–xiii.

^ [a] Daud Ali (2011). "Rethinking the History of the "Kāma" World in Early India" . Journal of Indian Philosophy . 39 (1): 1–13. doi : 10.1007/s10781-010-9115-7 . JSTOR 23884104 . ; [b] Daud Ali (2011). "Padmaśrī's "Nāgarasarvasva" and the World of Medieval Kāmaśāstra". Journal of Indian Philosophy . 39 (1): 41–62. doi : 10.1007/s10781-010-9116-6 . JSTOR 23884106 . S2CID 170779101 .

^ Jump up to: a b Laura Desmond (2011). "The Pleasure is Mine: The Changing Subject of Erotic Science". Journal of Indian Philosophy . Springer. 39 (1): 15–39. doi : 10.1007/s10781-010-9117-5 . JSTOR 23884105 . S2CID 170502725 .

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xi–xvi.

^ Jump up to: a b c Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xiv with footnote 8.

^ Jump up to: a b Sushil Kumar De (1969). Ancient Indian Erotics and Erotic Literature . K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 89 –92.

^ The Early Upanishads . Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 149, context: pp. 143–149. ISBN 0-19-512435-9 .

^ योषा वा आग्निर् गौतम । तस्या उपस्थ एव समिल् लोमानि धूमो योनिरर्चिर् यदन्तः करोति तेऽङ्गारा अभिनन्दा विस्फुलिङ्गास् तस्मिन्नेतस्मिन्नग्नौ देवा रेतो जुह्वति तस्या आहुत्यै पुरुषः सम्भवति । स जीवति यावज्जीवत्य् अथ यदा म्रियते ।१३, – 6.2.13, For the context and other verses: Wikisource Archived 25 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xiii.

^ Y. Krishan (1972). "The Erotic Sculptures of India". Artibus Asiae . 34 (4): 331–343. doi : 10.2307/3249625 . JSTOR 3249625 .

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xi–xvii.

^ Johann Jakob Meyer (1989). Sexual Life in Ancient India: A Study in the Comparative History of Indian Culture . Motilal Banarsidass (Orig: 1953). pp. 229–230, 240–244, context: 229–257 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-0638-2 . Archived from the original on 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 22 November 2018 .

^ Jyoti Puri 2002 , pp. 614–615.

^ Jump up to: a b Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit . DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. 52–54. OCLC 150688197 .

^ Jyoti Puri 2002 , pp. 623–624.

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , p. xxii.

^ Jump up to: a b Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xxii-xxiii with footnotes.

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , p. xxv-xxvi with footnotes.

^ Wendy Doniger (2011). "The Mythology of the Kāmasūtra". In H. L. Seneviratne (ed.). The Anthropologist and the Native: Essays for Gananath Obeyesekere . Anthem Press. pp. 293–316. ISBN 978-0-85728-435-8 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2022 . Retrieved 26 November 2018 .

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. 3–27 (Book 1), 28-73 (Book 2), 74–93 (Book 3), 94–103 (Book 4), 104–129 (Book 5), 131-159 (Book 6), 161-172 (Book 7).

^ Haksar & Favre 2011 .

^ Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit . DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. 68–70. OCLC 150688197 .

^ Puri, Jyoti (2002). "Concerning Kamasutras: Challenging Narratives of History and Sexuality" . Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society . University of Chicago Press. 27 (3): 614–616. doi : 10.1086/337937 . S2CID 143809154 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 18 March 2021 .

^ Rocher, Ludo (1985). "The Kāmasūtra: Vātsyāyana's Attitude toward Dharma and Dharmaśāstra". Journal of the American Oriental Society . 105 (3): 521–523. doi : 10.2307/601526 . JSTOR 601526 .

^ Jump up to: a b Michel Foucault (2012). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction . Knopf Doubleday. pp. 57–73. ISBN 978-0-307-81928-4 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2019 . Retrieved 22 November 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xv–xvii.

^ Jump up to: a b c Daniélou 1993 , pp. 5–6.

^ Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ Albrecht Wezler (2002). Madhav Deshpande; Peter Edwin Hook (eds.). Indian Linguistic Studies: Festschrift in Honor of George Cardona . Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 316–322 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-1885-9 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 28 November 2018 .

^ Daniélou 1993 , pp. 11–12.

^ Daniélou 1993 , pp. 6–12.

^ Jump up to: a b Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. pp. 20–27. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xx–xxi.

^ Jump up to: a b Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xx–xxii.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dinitia Smith (4 May 2002). "A New Kama Sutra Without Victorian Veils" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 3 December 2018 . Retrieved 3 December 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit . DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. 69, 141–156. OCLC 150688197 .

^ Daniélou 1993 , pp. 222–224.

^ Jump up to: a b Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit . DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. 11–12. OCLC 150688197 .

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , p. xviii.

^ Jump up to: a b c Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit . DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. 12–13. OCLC 150688197 .

^ Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit . DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. 11–42. OCLC 150688197 .

^ Rocher, Ludo (1985). "The Kāmasūtra: Vātsyāyana's Attitude toward Dharma and Dharmaśāstra". Journal of the American Oriental Society . 105 (3): 521–529. doi : 10.2307/601526 . JSTOR 601526 .

^ Wendy Doniger (1994). Ariel Glucklich (ed.). The Sense of Adharma . Oxford University Press. pp. 170–174. ISBN 978-0-19-802448-4 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 3 December 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. pp. 21–23. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xxxiv–xxxvii.

^ Daniélou 1993 , pp. 9–10.

^ Daniélou 1993 , pp. 169–177.

^ Jump up to: a b c Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. pp. 114–116 PDF . ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. pp. 120–122. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ Davesh Soneji (2007). Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (ed.). Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions . ABC-CLIO. p. 307. ISBN 978-1-85109-980-1 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2019 . Retrieved 28 November 2018 .

^ Daniélou 1993 , pp. 48, 171–172.

^ P.P. Mishra (2007). Yudit Kornberg Greenberg (ed.). Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions . ABC-CLIO. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-85109-980-1 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2019 . Retrieved 28 November 2018 .

^ Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit . DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). pp. 22–23. OCLC 150688197 .

^ Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. pp. 39–140. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ Kumkum Roy (2000). Janaki Nair and Mary John (ed.). A Question of Silence: The Sexual Economies of Modern India . Zed Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-85649-892-0 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2021 . Retrieved 5 December 2018 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i [a] Sir Richard Burton’s Version of the Kamasutra Archived 22 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine , Wendy Doniger, Literary Hub (March 11, 2016); [b] Wendy Doniger (2018). Against Dharma: Dissent in the Ancient Indian Sciences of Sex and Politics . Yale University Press. pp. 164–166. ISBN 978-0-300-21619-6 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 22 November 2018 .

^ Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ McConnachie (2007), pp. 123–125.

^ Ben Grant (2005). "Translating/'The' "Kama Sutra" ". Third World Quarterly . Taylor & Francis. 26 (3): 509–510. doi : 10.1080/01436590500033867 . JSTOR 3993841 . S2CID 145438916 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d Wendy Doniger (2011). "God's Body, or, The Lingam Made Flesh: Conflicts over the Representation of the Sexual Body of the Hindu God Shiva". Social Research . The Johns Hopkins University Press. 78 (2): 499–505. JSTOR 23347187 .

^ Vatsyayana; SC Upadhyaya (transl) (1965). Kama sutra of Vatsyayana Complete translation from the original Sanskrit . DB Taraporevala (Orig publication year: 1961). OCLC 150688197 .

^ Jyoti Puri 2002 , p. 607.

^ The Complete Kama Sutra Archived 6 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine by Alain Daniélou.

^ Jump up to: a b Daniélou 1993 .

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 , pp. xxxvi-xxxvii with footnotes.

^ Sinha, p. 33.

^ Wendy Doniger & Sudhir Kakar 2002 .

^ Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .

^ Wendy Doniger (2002). "On the Kamasutra". Daedalus . The MIT Press. 131 (2): 126–129. JSTOR 20027767 .

^ Wendy Doniger (1994). Ariel Glucklich (ed.). The Sense of Adharma . Oxford University Press. pp. 169–174. ISBN 978-0-19-802448-4 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2022 . Retrieved 3 December 2018 .

^ Narasingha P. Sil (2018). "Book Review: Wendy Doniger, Redeeming the Kamasutra" . American Journal of Indic Studies . 1 (1): 61–66 with footnotes. doi : 10.12794/journals.ind.vol1iss1pp61-66 .

^ Jump up to: a b Jyoti Puri 2002 , p. 605.

^ Lamar Graham (1995). "A Love Map to His Body". Redbook (May): 88.

^ Jyoti Puri 2002 , pp. 604, 606–608.

^ Jyoti Puri 2002 , pp. 633–634.

^ Wendy Doniger (2016). Redeeming the Kamasutra . Oxford University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-19-049928-0 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2019 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 .



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The Kama Sutra ( / ˈ k ɑː m ə ˈ s uː t r ə / ; Sanskrit : कामसूत्र , pronunciation ( help · info ) , Kāma-sūtra ; lit. 'Principles of Love') is an ancient Indian [1] [2] Sanskrit text on sexuality, eroticism and emotional fulfillment in life. [3] [4] [5] Attributed to Vātsyāyana , [6] the Kama Sutra is neither exclusively nor predominantly a sex manual on sex positions , [3] but rather was written as a guide to the art of living well, the nature of love, finding a life partner, maintaining one's love life, and other aspects pertaining to pleasure-oriented faculties of human life. [3] [7] [8] It is a sutra -genre text
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