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Kaltenbach buying ganja

The recommendation would apply to both the existing medical and forthcoming recreational cannabis programs. Draft rules from the state Cannabis Control Division—which the committee is tasked with advising—limit access to dispensaries to people who are 21 or older, or who are at least 18 and have a medical patient or primary caregiver card. Another committee member, Paul Haidle, said it might be difficult for retailers to verify whether a minor was with their parent or guardian. The recommendation—that the state division review and consider incorporation of a rule mirroring the Liquor Control Act—passed on a unanimous vote. Also at its Wednesday meeting, the committee recommended the deadline for the division to create a social and economic equity plan be pushed back from Oct. Skip to main content. Donate Advertising Contests. Home News Kids and Cannabis. Back to Search Results. D Santa Fe, NM facebook instagram twitter youtube rss. Food The Fork Restaurant Reviews.

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Kaltenbach buying ganja

The first step in developing a pest management strategy is to know which pests can be found on the crop. Recently, the legal cultivation of hemp, Cannabis sativa Rosales: Cannabaceae , has begun in Florida, and although hemp harbors one of the most diverse pest complexes globally, growers often do not consider the importance of pest identification until it is too late. This study aims to list arthropod and mollusk species reported on hemp in Florida to date. A total of arthropod and mollusk species are reported on hemp in Florida from 8 insect orders and 2 non-insect orders. We found 78 species in Florida already reported in published literature, and 27 species are reported here on hemp for the first time. Even though species in Florida are reported from hemp, not all can reproduce, complete their life cycle, and cause damage to hemp. Therefore, we divided them into 3 categories based on their pest potential: major 26 , minor 72 , and minor-to-major 7 pests. In addition, we provide representative images, a field guide, and easy-to-follow keys for hemp pest diagnostics. Our study provides the first comprehensive list of hemp pests known to occur in Florida. This will help extension agents, growers, regulators, and researchers scout and inspect hemp regardless of their background and let them know which hemp pest species are commonly found in Florida. We propose and discuss a management plan for pest species on hemp in indoor cultivation with a controlled environment. The pest list and the management plan proposed herein will help aid in the management of hemp pests and the detection of newly introduced hemp pests in Florida. Cannabis sativa , Linnaeus, Rosales: Cannabaceae , also known as hemp or marijuana, is mainly grown for industrial, medical, and recreational uses. The cultivar of C. The cultivation and use of C. The legalization of C. Cannabis sativa is now legalized for recreational and non-recreational uses in 18 states, for only industrial and medical uses in 18 states, and is illegal in 14 states NCSL Florida is 1 of the 18 states where C. Of the 32 states where C. In SB , section The potential demand for hemp cultivation as an alternate crop in Florida is evident, given the success of the inaugural FDACS industrial hemp cultivation permitting process throughout Florida from Pensacola to Homestead. Growers have gone out of their way to complete all required steps and submitted themselves to background checks and regulatory inspections to ensure that their fields would be legally compliant. Although these emerging prospects are exciting for the Florida hemp industry, potential challenges related to pests and their management are still to come. Several pest species have been reported to cause serious economic damage to hemp in the literature Figs. Pest identification for new emerging crops is often the last thing growers worry about until it is too late. In addition, some of the shipments of hemp plants received in Florida are infested with either the cannabis aphid, Phorodon cannabis Passerini, Hemiptera: Aphididae or the hemp russet mite, Aculops cannabicola Farkas, Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae. It is critical to know whether the pest species reported on hemp in other parts of the United States of America and the world exist in Florida. Arthropod pests damaging hemp, Cannabis sativa Rosales: Cannabaceae : a beetle nibbling on a leaf, Shutterstock image ; b leafminer infestation, Shutterstock image ; c lepidopteran larvae infestation, Shutterstock image ; d planthopper infestation on the underside of a leaf, Shutterstock image ; e planthopper infestation on a stem, Shutterstock image ; f spider mites infestation Tetranychus sp. Diversity and prevalence of insect and non-insect pests of hemp, Cannabis sativa Rosales: Cannabaceae in Florida. Possible major insect and non-insect pests of hemp, Cannabis sativa Rosales: Cannabaceae in Florida outdoor and indoor hemp cultivation, and their most common damaging sites on the hemp plant based on the published literature. Note: Different life stages of the same species could feed on different sites on the hemp plant. However, there are no studies about pest species of hemp from Florida. McPartland et al. Over arthropod and mollusk species have been reported on hemp globally McPartland , McPartland et al. However, there is no information on which of these species are present in Florida. For example, Cranshaw et al. Grapholita delineana is native to East Asia and is known to occur in several USA States east of the Mississippi River and south of Missouri but is not known to occur in Florida but could be introduced with hemp or other plant material in the future Gilligan and Epstein In addition, over 2 decades have passed since the publication of McPartland et al. In this time, there have been several revisions in the taxonomy of the relevant species and changes in their geographical distribution and pest status. These circumstances can cause difficulties in implementing pest management and regulations. The overarching goal of our study is to make growers aware of hemp pests in Florida. We conducted outdoor and indoor hemp cultivation surveys during the study and found several new records of pests and non-pests from hemp. The samples were identified by taxonomists in the respective taxonomic groups. For example, some species found for the first time in outdoor hemp cultivation in Homestead, Florida, in included Forelius mccooki McCook, Hymenoptera: Formicidae tending other pest species, Pygospina spinata Caldwell, Hemiptera: Delphacidae , an incidental pest species P. Similarly, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae , which has been known to occur in Florida at least since Williams , was found for the first time in indoor hemp cultivation in Apopka in see Supplementary Table S1 for more examples. We performed literature searches using Web of Science, a global research publication database, which we used to gather the research publications of reports of pests on hemp using various keywords, including Cannabis sativa , Cannabis , ganja, hemp, and marijuana. We also researched the list of pests of hemp from McPartland et al. As a result of hemp pest surveys and literature searches, we determined that pest species reported on hemp are currently in Florida Supplementary Table S1—S8. We provide their scientific names, common names, authority author and year , taxonomy, pest status, geographical distribution, and references in Supplementary Table S1. There were 52 species from McPartland et al. The numbers in the captions of Figs. In addition, we also contacted other researchers around the world for the images. The permissions from the authors of images were granted through email communications. All authors are acknowledged in the figure captions. Images were also shown to respective taxonomists to reconfirm the species, genus, or family. We provided identifications at the genus- or family-level along with the images. Images provided in this study will help with tentative field identification. However, we would still recommend consulting respective taxonomists for the species-level identifications. There are several species for which images were unavailable. If we could not find the image of the exact species, we added another species from the same family or genus to show a look-alike of the species. Images of 25 possible major pests of hemp, Cannabis sativa Rosales: Cannabaceae in Florida based on published literature. Naked-eye view unless otherwise mentioned. The sizes of specimens in the images may not correspond with their actual sizes. The species in bolds v—y are absent and intercepted. Example images of Coleoptera. Naked eye view. The sizes of specimens in the images may not necessarily correspond with their actual sizes. Example images of Hemiptera. Example images of other orders. Example images of Lepidoptera. Example images of non-insects. We pruned our list of species associated with hemp in Florida by confirming i the original reports of the species on hemp, ii its presence in Florida, iii its identity, iv current valid species name, v taxonomic classification, vi geographical distribution, vii pest potential on hemp, and viii legitimacy of the references and records. It would be ideal if the taxonomists confirmed the identity of all species and their physical specimens had been deposited as vouchers; however, most of these records were published decades ago. Unfortunately, almost all the literature lacked voucher information Supplementary Table S9. We summarized our literature review in Supplementary Table S9 , provided 55 examples from 31 species to elaborate on 8 potential issues with hemp pest records in the literature, and provided our recommendations to deal with them in the future. S1 and Supplementary Table S9 for detail. In addition, we discussed 9 possible future challenges related to hemp pest records and provided possible solutions Supplementary Table S The use of old taxonomic names that are no longer valid could result in incorrect identification of pest species. We found cases in the literature where the scientific name, author s , year, or common names used were either incorrect or currently invalid. We used 45 online databases to confirm the updated taxonomic names of pest species Supplementary Tables S11 and Most of these databases contain information based on the published literature. We used the references provided in the online databases. We checked the cross-references wherever they were accessible. The authority author and year of the species is an integral part of taxonomic information. Therefore, we included the correct authority for each species in our list. In addition, it is vital to spell species names correctly. We found several misspelled species names during our searches. Different publications and regions of the world use different common names, and it is crucial to have a correct common name that extension agents and growers are familiar with and will recognize. If common names of the pest species were unavailable, we used a common name of its order or family. Reports of species found on hemp have sometimes been based on erroneous identifications made by non-taxonomists. For example, there are several historical misidentifications of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner, Lepidoptera: Noctuidae and Helicoverpa zea Boddie, Queiroz-Santos et al. Sharma estimated that H. Its correct identification is crucial. In addition, there have been frequent taxonomic revisions over time. Therefore, we only included the records of species identified by a taxonomist and reported by reliable references. There is always a possibility of misidentification in the published literature. The deposited specimens can be revisited in the collection, and their identification can be corrected in the future if needed. We provided a few examples in Supplementary Table S9 to elaborate on the importance of vouchering specimens in the collections. A species record without a voucher deposited in a collection could be misleading. We searched all available taxonomic literature and online databases to explore the global geographical distribution of each species. If the species was reported from the open landscape, not from a nursery or a greenhouse, and not during interdiction or confiscation of plant material imported from outside Florida, it was marked as present. We used published literature and 46 online databases Supplementary Table S11 to confirm the geographical distribution of all species. If the reference was not openly accessible, we contacted the authors or libraries for a copy of the original publication, especially in cases where we found conflicting information among online databases or where information was available in only one database, and we could not search any other online database to compare and corroborate. We dealt with this issue by searching multiple online databases and going through the cross-references cited with geographical regions to reconfirm the geographical distribution with the main emphasis on presence in the United States of America. We provided several examples in Supplementary Table S9. The cross-references and conflicting information among online databases could be misleading. Therefore, we confirmed original references, explored more than one online database for each species, and contacted regulatory agencies for additional confirmation during this study. Another major issue is a misunderstanding between the actual presence of species in the area Florida in this case and the records based on plant material intercepted at a port of entry. This misrepresentation could be caused by several unknown biases, including our incapability to capture all available literature. In addition, since most of the literature published on hemp pests is very old, there is a possibility that the species reported as a pest in the past could have recently been displaced by new invasive species. We provided a few examples in Supplementary Table S9. Not all arthropod species associated with hemp are phytophagous. Some species are predators, parasitoids, fungivores feed on dead or decaying plant matter, pollen, etc. We found the records of some species that are stray species, and that might not be feeding on hemp and may have moved onto the hemp from other crops or trees nearby. We have included it in our list, but it might be feeding on purslane growing as a weed in hemp cultivation. Please see Supplementary Table S7 for more examples. We categorized the pest potential of each pest species as either a minor, major, or minor-to-major pest of hemp based on the published literature. We classified the species as a minor pest if it is a phytophagous species reported to feed on or associated with hemp but not causing symptoms of feeding or economic damage. However, if the species is associated with symptoms of feeding or economic damage, then we classified as a major pest. Therefore, we marked it as a major pest. In addition, if the species were found to be associated with pathogen transmission in hemp, it was marked as a major pest. For example, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, Thysanoptera: Thripidae was found transmitting the hemp streak virus Ceapoiu and Argentine flower virus Traversi For example, Nezara viridula Linnaeus Hemiptera: Pentatomidae feeds on hemp seeds Hartowicz et al. There are several species that were reported as major pests for other crops, but if there was no evidence of their major damage to hemp in published literature, we classified them as minor in our analysis. For example, Brevipalpus yothersi Baker, Trombidiformes: Tenuipalpidae is reported as a major pest of other crops such as citrus Akyazi et al. Minor-to-major pests are those pests that could cause damage, but it was uncertain in the literature if they were associated with any minor or major damage, or we could not find an original reference showing their damage to hemp. For example, several cross-references in McPartland et al. If species were found on hemp, but there was no record of them feeding on plants in general, we did not include them in our list. Hemp cultivated indoors is exposed to different pests than hemp cultivated outdoors. The major hemp pests in indoor hemp cultivation are most commonly aphids, mites, thrips, and whiteflies, whereas the major outdoor pests would be beetles, armyworms, borers, maggots, snails, and stink bugs. For example, only 8 out of 26 possible major pests listed in Figs. Field guide for tentative identification of possible major insect and non-insect hemp pests in Florida. In addition, hemp pest assemblage and pressure will change over time. For example, we reported 26 possible major pests of hemp based on the literature, but only a few of them are considered pests at this stage Cranshaw et al. There are numerous species of caterpillars reported to be damaging hemp, but corn earworm, H. Similarly, numerous hemipteran pests have been reported in the literature. However, the cannabis aphid P. Cross-referenced, incomplete, unpublished, or untraceable citations could be misleading. Therefore, we recommend citing only published and original references while preparing the list of the species reported on hemp or other crops. Here are some examples of issues we faced during the preparation of this list. Paulsen cultured the brown blight fungus, Alternaria alternata Fr. Unfortunately, Paulsen is unpublished, and we were not able to access a copy. Mitchell conducted a thorough review of Heteroptera as vectors and did not mention if N. Most of the cited references in McPartland et al. Unfortunately, most of those cross-references were inaccessible online, which complicated our searches. Bantra is only cited as a cross-reference in McPartland et al. Similarly, Bodenheimer is only cross-referenced in McPartland et al. We could not locate some references such as Alexander a , b. There were some unpublished references that we could not confirm. Its online source is no longer available. Mostafa and Messenger , cited in McPartland et al. However, this list is unpublished, and all our attempts to obtain access to it failed. Most of the non-English references were almost impossible to search. We also tried searching for them after translating them into English. For example, Kovacevic was written in German, and we could not find it in our search. Please see Supplementary Table S9 for more examples. We found evidence of arthropod and mollusk pest species, representing 86 genera, 41 families, 10 orders, and 2 phyla associated with hemp and are either present or intercepted in Florida Supplementary Tables S1 and S4. This would make pest species associated with hemp one of the most diverse communities found on any crop Supplementary Table S4. Species are listed alphabetically by order, then by family, then by genus. Pseudaulacaspis pentagona Targioni Tozzetti, , an armored scale. Pseudococcus longispinus Targioni Tozzetti, , longtailed mealybug. Melanoplus differentialis Thomas, , differential grasshopper. Romalea microptera Palisot de Beauvois, , eastern lubber grasshopper. Pest species diagnostics is critical to pest management, especially since pest species exhibit a high degree of variation in their life cycle, generations per year, and susceptibility to insecticides. Adult female of the longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus with its long, white waxy filaments protruding from the posterior margin, and Icerya purchasi with its fluted egg sacs are examples of 2 scale insect pests that can often be identified reliably with little effort; however, in most cases scale insects need to be processed, mounted on microscopic slides and observed with a compound microscope to see the defining characteristics of the species, which usually do not develop until the adult female stage. However, their immature stages first instar nymphs, also known as crawlers can be confused with those of other groups, such as whiteflies, aphids, or the larvae of mealybug destroyers. Soft scale insects such as Parthenolecanium corni and Saissetia coffeae can sometimes be confused with other small, sessile, brown, barnacle-like pests, such as the black scale S. In addition, differentiating maggots from caterpillars and grubs requires careful inspection. Similarly, leafmining moth eggs can be confused with thrips eggs McPartland et al. Species diagnosis requires knowing the identification steps for both immature and adult stages, especially in the case of species with incomplete metamorphosis. Therefore, we prepared a field key to 8 major insect orders reported on hemp in Florida. This will help identify hemp pests at the order level. Wings present and developed; adults One pair of membranous wings present forewings ; instead of hindwings, small, knobbed halteres present maybe hard to see Diptera flies. Forewings and hindwings dissimilar in texture and thickness; forewings parchment-like, shell-like or hardened or leathery or thickened; hindwings more delicate and membranous Mouthparts designed for piercing-sucking with a single, long, needle-like stylet; forewings of 2 textured, thickened at base, and membranous distally Heteroptera true bugs. Forewings more or less parchment-like with a network of veins; hindwings membranous, usually broad with folds like a fan; hind legs enlarged for jumping jumping legs Orthoptera crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts. Abdomen terminating with a pair of long forceps-like pinchers cerci ; forewings short and leathery, only covering basal segments of abdomen; hindwings membranous; and body elongated and flattened Dermaptera earwigs. Coleoptera beetles. Wings usually covered with flat colored scales; mouthparts in the form of a coiled-up tube beneath head Lepidoptera adults butterflies, moths. Hymenoptera ants, bees, and wasps. Wings slender, rod-like with a long fringe of hairs along their margin, held flat over body when at rest; body long and slender, with rasping mouthparts Thysanoptera thrips. Hemiptera Auchenorrhyncha, Sternorrhyncha aphids, cicadas, leafhoppers, psyllids, treehoppers, and whiteflies. Piercing-sucking or rasping mouthparts Body long, slender, and parallel-sided; with rasping mouthparts; immature or wingless thrips Mouthparts easily visible and appear to arise from front of head and in front of eyes Hemiptera true bugs and hoppers. Hemiptera aphids, mealybugs, scale insects, etc. Body of immature stages nymphs similar to adults in shape; often with wing pads underdeveloped wings ; hind legs enlarged for jumping; abdomen often terminating in a pair of long, tail-like cerci Orthoptera crickets, grasshoppers, and katydids. With legs Adults with 3 distinct body segments head, thorax, and abdomen ; juncture of thorax and abdomen narrow, waist-like; antennae elbowed Hymenoptera ants. Larva grub-like, often C-shaped, with 3 pairs of legs on thorax and no legs or prolegs on abdomen Abdomen with up to 5 pairs of prolegs Lepidoptera butterfly and moth caterpillars. Hymenoptera sawfly larvae. Larva maggot-like, often cone-shaped; no legs; without a head capsule; mouth consisting of a pair of hooks Wireworms Coleoptera: Elateridae feed underground, causing root stunning and chlorosis, which can be confused with damage of millipedes. The damage of grasshoppers and locusts can be confused with the damage caused by caterpillars or flea beetles. The damage caused by crickets could be confused with that of cutworms or damping-off disease. Root damage caused by mole crickets could be confused with that of root maggots or root grubs. Leafmining is a unique damage symptom, but differentiating maggot leafminers from caterpillar leafminers or beetle grub leafminers is important. In addition, early leafmining damage could be confused with skeletonized leaves caused by caterpillars. The grub of chrysomelid beetles Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae makes tunnels in tight spirals, which end in blotches, giving the appearance of mines. The newly hatched caterpillars of G. Hemp borers can also cause hemp leaf rolling and can eat hemp seed. Stem borers usually feed on leaves before boring into the stem. Budworms can occasionally feed on leaves. Some beetles feed on leaves but usually make smaller holes. Slugs make ragged holes. Holes from fungal brown leaf spots and holes from bacterial blight can be confused with holes from leaf-eating insects. Damage symptoms can be very confusing. Therefore, we have prepared a field key to help diagnose pests, their life stages, and associated damage symptoms. Seed and seedlings damage Seeds do not germinate, no seedlings Seeds no longer present in soil; no soil disturbance seen Seedling looks sick without any physical feeding damage Root discoloration with physical feeding damage Without physical damage; no missing parts of the plant Plant with fine webbing; leaves often yellowing Severed seedlings lying nearby borers, crickets, cutworms, flea beetles, grasshoppers, slugs, snails With caterpillars present on plants or nearby in soil Grey or brown caterpillars; rarely spin webs Small holes in leaf; leaf edge rarely notched Below ground damage, roots not including crown Root damage an extension of stalk infestation Caterpillar present green to brown Larvae legless, body cone-shaped Stalks, branches, and leaves damage Lower and upper stalks and branches damage No galls; puncture holes; frass; or insects visible Insects feeding externally Insects sedentary or slow moving mealybugs, scale insects, spittlebugs Insects covered in a froth of spittle Insects small; spindle-shaped; with fringed wings Legless larvae Leaf skeletonized or with holes or notched leaf edges Leaf skeletonized Skeletonization of leaf only Solitary leaf-eating insects Insects with large hind legs Only leaf edges notched; insects with snout Wound punctate often appear as white specks ; plant wilted Insects resembling minute white moths; with a vasiform orifice in center of body towards posterior apex Insects flattened, shield-shaped; often slow-moving Short rasp marks on leaf surface Male flower; petioles swell into galls; flower wilt Holes or edges notched in flowers; fan leaves; developing seeds No webbing in leaves; small holes in leaves Not all pest species on our list were found feeding on hemp. Some of them were reported as incidental. In addition, not all species that feed on hemp can complete their life cycle on hemp. Hemp flowers, leaves, seeds, and their extracts have been used as repellents or pesticides against insects Rothschild et al. Therefore, host plant preference experiments would be needed for species with unknown pest potential for hemp in Florida. Deshmukh et al. Rothschild et al. Most of them survived. The larvae became weakened, stunted, and died before reaching maturity. In addition, Rothschild et al. These 3 species in the above examples A. We developed a field guide for the tentative identification of possible major insect and non-insect hemp pests in Florida Fig. It will help identify pests associated with infestations in outdoor and indoor hemp cultivation and strategize their management. The use of this guide can prevent economic damage to hemp cultivation in Florida. Kriticos et al. Helicoverpa armigera could arrive in Florida in the future and affect hemp cultivation. In addition, hemp cultivation in Florida will provide another host for H. Hemp crops for CBD extraction would require additional vigilance because it is a more expensive crop and would demand pest management decisions at an early stage. Therefore, CBD hemp cultivation needs timely scouting by growers with sufficient knowledge of potential pest species. Most pests on our list would damage plants and cuttings, both rooted and unrooted. There are a few pests that will impact seeds. The primary damage of H. Helicoverpa zea can cause significant damage, particularly to crops grown for the production of large buds to extract CBD or other pharmaceutical compounds. Its potential damage to fiber or seed-producing cultivars is likely to be minimal Cranshaw et al. Many growers will switch from other crops to hemp without any previous knowledge of hemp cultivation, and some people entirely new to agriculture will become interested in hemp cultivation. There is no information on the pests of hemp available in Florida, and most of the literature from other parts of the world is outdated. The pest list in this study will help inexperienced growers understand the potential pests related to hemp cultivation in Florida. The outdoor cultivation of hemp in the presence of other crops in the same proximity demands knowledge of the range of pests that can transfer from hemp to other crops or from other crops to hemp. This study will help vegetable, ornamental, and hemp growers scout the hemp regardless of their cultivation background. This study found at least 8 incidental or non-phytophagous, omnivorous, or stray arthropod species associated with hemp that could feed on dead and decaying plant materials, plant pollen, or fungi. It is essential to know whether the species found in hemp cultivation are phytophagous or non-phytophagous and would mandate identifying them at the lowest possible taxonomic level. Our list and images in this study will help in this context. Plants damaged by herbivorous pests increase secondary metabolites that are either toxic or could mediate signaling pathways to produce plant toxins or volatiles to deter insect pests or recruit natural enemies of insect pests War et al. Similarly, abiotic stressors like cold, drought, heat, nutrients, overwatering, soil salinity, etc. Cannabinoids are the secondary metabolites of C. The concentration of cannabinoids increases in C. Small and Cronquist adopted a level of 0. Jackson et al. They also found out that corn earworm larvae given an artificial diet spiked with cannabinoids, showed reduced growth compared with the larvae fed on a control diet Jackson et al. Corn earworm is one of the major pests of outdoor hemp in the United States of America Cranshaw et al. State agencies must determine if hemp is hot at the initiation of flowering and before harvesting the crop, and all hot hemp must be destroyed. About Our study can help with the early detection and identification of corn earworm and other pests. We provided a list of the major pests in this study that may potentially reach a higher infestation level in hemp Fig. Almost all parts of the hemp plant can be used in different commercial products; phloem cells of stalks for fiber, xylem cells of stalks for hurds, seeds for oil, female flower with seeds for marijuana and without seeds for sinsemilla, and resin glands extracted from female flower for hashish and cannabinoids. Therefore, it is critical to protect all parts of the hemp plant. The best pest management plan for indoor hemp cultivation comprises the following 5 types of controls: i cultural control, including preventative measures like sanitation, washing and sterilizing cultivation equipment, greenhouses, hand tools, etc. We assembled an easy-to-follow management plan for hemp growers in the form of a dichotomous key. This plan will help guide professionals and non-professionals in managing hemp pest species. Hence, they can make the right decision on time. Hemp plants from seeds see DPI hemp seed website Precautions, quarantine measurements, and scouting at an early stage see below for details ; first 4 weeks; before transplanting; no pest detected Diagnosing pest species before its infestation starts building up; use our study for tentative identifications IDs ; contact DPI diagnostic section for the species confirmation; keep monitoring population Pest species is on our list and established in Florida Plants imported from outside of Florida Before receiving plants Communicate with the supplier and give them our list to let them know what is already known in Florida; if there is chance for potential introduction of pests from other states Explore pre-shipment treatment options at the supplier end, e. Scout immediately after arrival; no pest detected Isolate seedlings in a separate greenhouse after arrival and scout further for potential pests in the next couple of weeks No pest detected Use our keys, list and images provided in this study for tentative species IDs; if it is common minor pest specieskeep monitoring with regular scouting. Pest detected is of regulatory concern No sign of damage or infestation build up First and foremost, growers should communicate with the supplier in or out of state to develop a plan to minimize the risk of importing unwanted pests. Suppliers will have regulatory consequences if they ship contaminated hemp plants, so working with growers is always in their best interest. Since the hemp industry is at a very early stage in Florida, the pest management tools that this industry can use are limited and require many pesticide applications to reach non-detectable pest levels. However, it is essential to know that there is no guarantee that suppliers will ever eradicate any pest and ship pest-free plant material. All pests should be identified by the supplier and growers if detected in the plant material. Only heavily infested plant materials or detection of pests not found in Florida will likely result in regulatory action. The supplier should share guidelines and pesticides with growers that seem to work for them to control various potential pests. However, these pesticides would have to meet certain criteria before using them on hemp in Florida. Once plant material has arrived, someplace within the facility should be designated to quarantine new plant material. This allows growers to inspect the new plants for a few weeks, increases the probability of finding problems, and reduces the risk of contaminating their growing facilities. Ornamental and greenhouse vegetable growers have effectively used it for years. In addition, visitors to production facilities and quarantined areas should disinfect themselves to prevent pest problems. Disinfectant-containing footbath before entering hemp greenhouses and spraying the whole body, especially hands, arms, the bottom of shoes, etc. Dipping cuttings before rooting or transplanting them into larger containers is a common practice in the Florida ornamental industry to prevent pests in production facilities. This tactic is just an additional tool in a systems approach to managing the risk of importing unwanted pests into new plant material. In some cases, dipping cuttings in soaps or oils prior to rooting or transplanting them into larger containers prevents pests such as mealybugs, mites, and whiteflies. In general, we found that soaps and oils were both safe and effective for ornamental plant cuttings. Certain pesticides might work better, but the safety of both workers and the plant material is an issue that has limited the interest in evaluating such treatments. Scouting for pests is a foundation for managing them both efficiently and economically. Scouting is essential to detect problems before they are so bad that the grower could risk losing the crop. In addition, scouting helps to determine if the control tactics are working. Knowing what pests are present will dictate what control measures will help mitigate the damage they cause. The list provided in our study can be used to identify hemp pests in Florida. There were no federally approved pesticides for use in hemp cultivation until due to the act of that had continued to define all C. One of the most important parts of the federal pesticide registration process is to analyze the environmental effects of pesticides based on where and at what rate pesticides will be applied. The use of conventional pesticides in hemp cultivation could raise 3 critical concerns: i pesticide exposure from absorption, ingestion, or inhalation of residues on the hemp; ii pesticide exposure to workers cultivating hemp; and iii environmental contamination through insecticide runoff and wildlife effects Feldman Given that the hemp will be grown outdoors and indoors, and with the application rate still to be determined, environmental assessments of the pesticides, including potential effects on non-target plants, wildlife, workers, and the ecosystem, will take some time. In total, 58 of them are biopesticides, and one is a conventional pesticide. Biopesticides are derivatives of natural materials such as animals, bacteria, minerals, and plants. The selectivity, safety, and shorter persistence in the environment of biopesticides provide environmentally safe pest control Lacey and Shapiro-Ilan However, they usually have lower toxicity and susceptibility to unfavorable environmental conditions compared to conventional pesticides Chandler et al. Therefore, they are often not as efficacious as conventional pesticides and, as with many conventional pesticides, cannot be used as stand-alone control against pests in hemp cultivation. Our study lists the pests that growers may find attacking hemp in Florida. It is essential to make a list of pesticides for each major pest that is legal and available for managing them. Each pesticide label lists the pests on which the pesticide has activity, the application rate to be used, and other use directions, precautions, and restrictions. Each state has a different list of pesticides for outdoor and indoor hemp cultivation against hemp pests. Recently, Britt et al. Therefore, it is critical to remain updated with the list of pesticides for hemp pests in Florida by consulting with the local extension office. Biological control is the safest, most effective, and environmentally friendly pest control that can easily be integrated with biopesticides and applied to indoor hemp cultivation. Biological control agents can be purchased from commercial companies and released manually to suppress the pest populations in indoor hemp cultivation. LeBeck and Norman provide updated guidelines for biological control agents and their commercial companies. A banker plant system would be one of the most effective approaches to introducing biological control agents and conserving natural enemies in indoor hemp cultivation. A banker plant system consists of a plant that directly or indirectly provides resources, such as food or prey, to biological control agents either new or already commercially available that are deliberately released within a cropping system Osborne et al. The goal is to provide preventative, long-term suppression of arthropod pests. This derivative of biological control still needs to be explored for hemp pests. Over the past several years, multiple studies have reported on the use of ornamental pepper Capsicum annuum L. The use of the aphid banker plant system of Rhopalosiphum padi Linnaeus, Hemiptera: Aphididae to introduce the Aphidius colemani Viereck, Hymenoptera: Braconidae and manage aphid pests also has been studied Miller and Rebek , Osborne et al. These already available banker plant systems could provide growers with options for long-term control of aphids, mites, thrips, and whiteflies in indoor hemp cultivation Ahmed et al. Banker plant systems targeting other major hemp pests would need to be explored in the future. Hemp pest species diagnostics and management would be a challenge in hemp cultivation in Florida. The species list, diagnostic keys, images, and hemp pest management plan provided in this study will help hemp growers in Florida to be prepared for this upcoming challenge. Hemp receives a huge number of pests and hosts one of the most diverse pest communities. Our study has provided the most comprehensive hemp pest list to date, including 27 species reported for the first time on hemp globally. There is a possibility that hemp might not be a suitable host for most of these species. Host suitability experiments would be needed in the future to determine which species can complete the life cycle and cause economic damage to Florida hemp. We found numerous issues with the records of hemp pests in the published literature. All species reported on hemp or any other crop for the first time should be confirmed by a taxonomic authority in a respective group. Their specimens should be deposited in an easily accessible collection, and their diagnostic and reporting mechanism should follow this study. This work is not endorsed by any government or private organization. The authors thank Zachary Brym University of Florida for his help during hemp field visits. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication solely provides specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the USDA. Using banker plants to control mites. GrowerTalks, Article ; \[accessed Oct \]. New report of Brevipalpus yothersi Prostigmata:Tenuipalpidae on blueberry in Florida. Fla Entomol. Google Scholar. Alexander T. Florida reader relates. Sinsemilla Tips. Indoor sinsemilla tips. Bantra S. Some insects associated with hemp or marijuana Cannabis sativa L in northern India. J Kansas Entomol Soc. Bodenheimer F. Note on the Coccidea of Iran, with descriptions of new species Hemiptera-Homoptera. Google Preview. Britt K , Kuhar T. Evaluation of miticides to control hemp russet mite on indoor hemp in Virginia, Arthropod Manag Tests. Evaluation of biological insecticides to manage corn earworm in CBD hemp, Brogan D. Too hot to handle ; \[accessed May \]. Invasive species compendium. Carter E , Gillett-Kaufman J. Gainesville FL : University of Florida ; Ceapoiu N. Cinepa, studiu monografic. The development, regulation and use of biopesticides for integrated pest management. Philos Trans R Soc B. Cherian M. Pests of ganja Cannabis sativa. Madras Argi J. Chester K. Cotton root rot or Taxes root rot. Oklahoma State University Extension ; Choi J , Lee S. Developing insect pest management systems for hemp in the United States: a work in progress. J Integr Pest Manag. Larval survival of Diacrisia obliqua Walker on several plant species. Indian J Entomol. J Int Hemp Assoc. 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Part 4: the Anthocoridae of Canada and Alaska. In: Canada Research Publication No. Ottawa Canada : Canadian Department of Agriculture ; Kovacevic Z. The potential distribution of invading Helicoverpa armigera in North America: is it just a matter of time? PLoS One. Suitability of ornamental pepper cultivars as banker plants for the establishment of predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii in controlled production. Lacey L , Shapiro-Ilan D. Microbial control of insect pests in temperate orchard systems: potential for incorporation into IPM. Annu Rev Entomol. Lago P , Stanford D. Phytophagous insects associated with cultivated marijuana, Cannabis sativa L in Northern Mississippi. J Entomol Sci. Guidelines for purchasing and using commercial natural enemies in North America ; \[accessed Oct \]. McPartland J. Cannabis pests. Hemp diseases and pests: management and biological control. Miller T , Rebek E. Banker plants for aphid biological control in greenhouses. Mitchell P. Heteroptera as vectors of plant pathogens. Neotrop Entomol. Mostafa A , Messenger P. Insects and mites associated with plants of the genera Argemone, Cannabis, Glaucium, Erythroxylum, Eschscholtzia, Humulus, and Papaver \[Unpublished manuscript\]. Berkeley CA : University of California ; Natural enemies of Papaver spp. Annual report. Cannabis overview. National Conference of State Legislatures ; \[accessed Jan \]. How many acres have farmers lost to hot hemp? Marijuana research report, how does marijuana produce its effects? National Institute on Drug Abuse ; \[accessed Mar \]. Using banker plants to control insects in greenhouse vegetables. Proc Fla State Hortic Soc. Using banker plants to control arthropods. GrowerTalks , Article ; a \[accessed Oct \]. GrowerTalks , Article ; b \[accessed Oct \]. Panthi B , Liburd O. Pate D. The phytochemistry of Cannabis : its ecological and evolutionary implications. In: Ranalli P , editor. Advances in hemp research. Paulsen A. Plant diseases affecting marijuana Cannabis saliva. Kansas State University ; Rao Y. Administration report of the government entomologist for Coimbatore India : Agricultural Research Institute ; Defining hemp: a fact sheet. Storage of cannabinoids by Arctia caja and Zonocerus elegans fed on chemically distinct strains of Cannabis sativa. Senate Bill No. Thrips management using banker plant systems. GrowerTalks , Article ; \[accessed Oct \]. Seigler D. Plant secondary metabolism. Sharma H. Ltd ; Small E , Cronquist A. A Practical and natural taxonomy for cannabis. Sorauer P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten. Berlin Germany : Paul Parey ; Stratii Y. Hemp and the Colorado beetle. Zaslzclzita Rastenii. Development and validation of genetic markers for sex and cannabinoid chemotype in Cannabis sativa L. Traversi B. Estudio inicial sobre una enfermeded del girasol Helianthus annuus L en Argentina. Plant defense and insect adaptation with reference to secondary metabolites. Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Cham : Springer ; Williams DJ. Bull Entomol Res. Ornamental pepper as banker plants for establishment of Amblyseius swirskii Acari: Phytoseiidae for biological control of multiple pests in greenhouse vegetable production. Establishment of a papaya Carica papaya L. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Sign In or Create an Account. Sign in through your institution. ESA Publications. Advanced Search. Search Menu. Article Navigation. Close mobile search navigation Article Navigation. Volume Article Contents Abstract. List of Hemp Pest Species in Florida. Future Challenges and Solutions. Author contributions. Journal Article. Arthropod and mollusk pests of hemp, Cannabis sativa Rosales: Cannabaceae , and their indoor management plan in Florida. Corresponding author, mail: muhammad. Oxford Academic. Cindy L McKenzie. Lance S Osborne. Editorial decision:. Select Format Select format. Permissions Icon Permissions. Abstract The first step in developing a pest management strategy is to know which pests can be found on the crop. Ganja , industrial hemp , medical hemp , pest potential , taxonomy. Open in new tab Download slide. Key to Hemp Pests Management. Google Scholar Crossref. Search ADS. The potential distribution of invading Helicoverpa armigera in North America: is it just a matter of time. Guidelines for purchasing and using commercial natural enemies in North America. Insects and mites associated with plants of the genera Argemone, Cannabis, Glaucium, Erythroxylum, Eschscholtzia, Humulus, and Papaver. Download all slides. Supplementary data. Views 2, More metrics information. Total Views 2, Email alerts Article activity alert. Advance article alerts. New issue alert. In progress issue alert. 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