Kali Linux Penetration Testing

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Kali Linux Penetration Testing
In this chapter, we will learn about website penetration testing offered by Kali Linux.
Vega is a free and open source scanner and testing platform to test the security of web applications. Vega can help you find and validate SQL Injection, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), inadvertently disclosed sensitive information, and other vulnerabilities. It is written in Java, GUI based, and runs on Linux, OS X, and Windows.
Vega includes an automated scanner for quick tests and an intercepting proxy for tactical inspection. Vega can be extended using a powerful API in the language of the web: JavaScript. The official webpage is https://subgraph.com/vega/
Step 1 − To open Vega go to Applications → 03-Web Application Analysis → Vega
Step 2 − If you don’t see an application in the path, type the following command.
Step 3 − To start a scan, click “+” sign.
Step 4 − Enter the webpage URL that will be scanned. In this case, it is metasploitable machine → click “ Next”.
Step 5 − Check all the boxes of the modules you want to be controlled. Then, click “Next”.
Step 6 − Click “Next” again in the following screenshot.
Step 8 − If the following table pops up, click “Yes”.
The scan will continue as shown in the following screenshot.
Step 9 − After the scan is completed, on the left down panel you can see all the findings, that are categorized according to the severity. If you click it, you will see all the details of the vulnerabilities on the right panel such as “Request”, ”Discussion”, ”Impact”, and ”Remediation”.
ZAP-OWASP Zed Attack Proxy is an easy-to-use integrated penetration testing tool for finding vulnerabilities in web applications. It is a Java interface.
Step 1 − To open ZapProxy, go to Applications → 03-Web Application Analysis → owaspzap.
Step 3 − Choose one of the Options from as shown in the following screenshot and click “Start”.
Following web is metasploitable with IP :192.168.1.101
Step 4 − Enter URL of the testing web at “URL to attack” → click “Attack”.
After the scan is completed, on the top left panel you will see all the crawled sites.
In the left panel “Alerts”, you will see all the findings along with the description.
Step 5 − Click “Spider” and you will see all the links scanned.
sqlmap is an open source penetration testing tool that automates the process of detecting and exploiting SQL injection flaws and taking over of database servers. It comes with a powerful detection engine, many niche features for the ultimate penetration tester and a broad range of switches lasting from database fingerprinting, over data fetching from the database, to accessing the underlying file system and executing commands on the operating system via out-of-band connections.
Step 1 − To open sqlmap, go to Applications → 04-Database Assessment → sqlmap.
The webpage having vulnerable parameters to SQL Injection is metasploitable.
Step 2 − To start the sql injection testing, type “sqlmap – u URL of victim”
Step 3 − From the results, you will see that some variable are vulnerable.
sqlninja is a SQL Injection on Microsoft SQL Server to a full GUI access. sqlninja is a tool targeted to exploit SQL Injection vulnerabilities on a web application that uses Microsoft SQL Server as its back-end. Full information regarding this tool can be found on http://sqlninja.sourceforge.net/
Step 1 − To open sqlninja go to Applications → 04-Database Assesment → sqlninja.
WPScan is a black box WordPress vulnerability scanner that can be used to scan remote WordPress installations to find security issues.
Step 1 − To open WPscan go to Applications → 03-Web Application Analysis → “wpscan”.
Step 2 − To scan a website for vulnerabilities, type “wpscan –u URL of webpage” .
If the scanner is not updated, it will ask you to update. I will recommend to do it.
Once the scan starts, you will see the findings. In the following screenshot, vulnerabilities are indicated by a red arrow.
Joomla is probably the most widely-used CMS out there due to its flexibility. For this CMS, it is a Joomla scanner. It will help web developers and web masters to help identify possible security weaknesses on their deployed Joomla sites.
Step 1 − To open it, just click the left panel at the terminal, then “joomscan – parameter” .
Step 2 − To get help for the usage type “joomscan /?”
Step 3 − To start the scan, type “ joomscan –u URL of the victim”.
Results will be displayed as shown in the following screenshot.
TLSSLed is a Linux shell script used to evaluate the security of a target SSL/TLS (HTTPS) web server implementation. It is based on sslscan, a thorough SSL/TLS scanner that is based on the openssl library, and on the “openssl s_client” command line tool.
The current tests include checking if the target supports the SSLv2 protocol, the NULL cipher, weak ciphers based on their key length (40 or 56 bits), the availability of strong ciphers (like AES), if the digital certificate is MD5 signed, and the current SSL/TLS renegotiation capabilities.
To start testing, open a terminal and type “tlssled URL port“ . It will start to test the certificate to find data.
You can see from the finding that the certificate is valid until 2018 as shown in green in the following screenshot.
w3af is a Web Application Attack and Audit Framework which aims to identify and exploit all web application vulnerabilities. This package provides a Graphical User Interface (GUI) for the framework. If you want a command-line application only, install w3af-console.
The framework has been called the “metasploit for the web”, but it’s actually much more as it also discovers the web application vulnerabilities using black-box scanning techniques. The w3af core and its plugins are fully written in Python. The project has more than 130 plugins, which identify and exploit SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), remote file inclusion and more.
Step 1 − To open it, go to Applications → 03-Web Application Analysis → Click w3af.
Step 2 − On the “Target” enter the URL of victim which in this case will be metasploitable web address.
Step 3 − Select the profile → Click “Start”.
Step 4 − Go to “Results” and you can see the finding with the details.
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Direct access to hardware Customized Kali kernel No overhead
Snapshots functionary Isolated environment Customized Kali kernel Limited direct access to hardware Higher system requirements
Range of hardware from the leave-behind devices end to high-end modern servers System architecture limits certain packages Not always customized kernel
Kali layered on Android Kali in your pocket, on the go Mobile interface (compact view)
Fast deployment Can leverage provider's resources Provider may become costly Not always customized kernel
Low overhead to access Kali toolset Userland actions only Not Kali customized kernel No direct access to hardware
Un-altered host system Direct access to hardware Customized Kali kernel Performance decrease when heavy I/O
Access to the Kali toolset through the WSL framework Userland actions only Not Kali customized kernel No direct access to hardware
SHA256sum ae977f455924f0268fac437d66e643827089b6f8dc5d76324d6296eb11d997fd
SHA256sum 89ad5d66e24a78567970266f8e4631f3ed9e9714317efdf7afd4abaa985027cb
SHA256sum 6fc29055cf293f9f04113ba7b8634de989675a26f85d572dbe055d29b0f59a42
SHA256sum 82f702acf37771ac27355c5f9170bf365a73f0cc9e571fb422f7aa58ca218d48
SHA256sum 725e7a8b264b1f53620dce0442bdd8e10323ec6999ffd0ef03ad2c030c0cfe9e
SHA256sum dc1e3b20cdbaca95030d46c94ab454fe4d8f0ae94668db6bea807997f07ebea3
SHA256sum 1b929f70e570f1f62f0a39900a1e0eb8f6c46bbb0e8996129a9b44d9e28b68c6
SHA256sum 7e3c955fc2e0d184f52608fb64832f8cbeedefd473aeb368b641182422fdaa46
SHA256sum 1d3290d51cab82c3dd0005235e81959ebc9784dd7247e2e84838fcee75b65611
SHA256sum 36be05bff52456dec80edcd4b91b736cba9cba108f43802fbd4788e1dfa13ee8
SHA256sum c91b5b1926ae516952282575cbce3f9e3a03a9bc7da316ae912e0977e39866fd
SHA256sum 43b796f15f57192dd813306938d199871d9d8b881c0124b43412d81585c0efd5
SHA256sum 8f27aac8578f8b948bab3c25f2414189dbd812eb999eab6a7371bbac8ccabe70
SHA256sum a4ee464ef7219ec4b25a8295178874392ef0c3a030d5bd326ff4e5ae421ae1b4
SHA256sum 48f903470fd4fd047c4c0cb5ab1ef1f68a23f3a4ff6848ec98a0ffb89f27f71c
SHA256sum dbd75998991f5174fffa26a0916ccc36ee8f24d7d4a89877250ca494d4b7d11c
SHA256sum 44c141befb6ff8fa085975a964abd11aa458f5475ec4356975de96ce1822d854
SHA256sum af94f04f66c9c47c75d6cfc4187a5060a7141f9c40707fcbc440d80d554a5b54
SHA256sum 1bf421a6902490d789b3059fb5c5877481cceb5134744f628a199cacd7adb706
SHA256sum 72ea4d42a351058af30a1f92b0eb593d8583576614acbab410ffd23798654948
SHA256sum fc65069f2c466daf57c811b373533762a0b87d4b459a59c6d731d4438c9f929a
SHA256sum ba83591342f2d35e404433b712679da7cca98b81ea8c204edeeaab59a77d9f69
SHA256sum 1c8c31459ee63b777dc9679a4f7d6a3feda4785505a3fcf434e0478277117413
SHA256sum 210635bb3dc7876b638a7035cd4dc60e0b134b19a6aec42a75f5995036b45840
SHA256sum ca01b94a1de7707949f3fd306d2cbf57d3ac78bfb59752af8362f0957be06d17
SHA256sum a75904e455c45a3c1f7358634b12fd08de95fcd67f0b1e136a14fa30d0a06f7a
SHA256sum c2c8518948bfa2360154b82e607249ca43042785ff5e410f8b5c9d5e757eb79e
SHA256sum e72ac3202dbe80a57747143c91b8e4045bd6a786ba5d1fd86a0e10b55eddb5d5
A dedicated NetHunter App , providing a touch screen optimized GUI for common attack categories, such as: One-click MANA Evil Access Point setups. USB HID Keyboard attacks , much like the Teensy device is able to do. BadUSB MITM attacks . Plug in your Kali NetHunter to a victim PC, and have your traffic relayed though it. Bluetooth attacks. Full Kali Linux toolset , with many tools available via a simple menu system. Command line interface to the Kali Linux container. Kali desktop EXperience (KeX) Custom, device specific kernel with wireless injection support. HDMI output of Kali desktop to external display for supported devices. USB Y-cable with the Kali NetHunter kernel - use your OTG cable while still charging your device! Software Defined Radio support (SDR). Use Kali NetHunter with your HackRF to explore the wireless radio space. NetHunter app store allowing you to grow the potential of Kali NetHunter.
SHA256sum 49766bd1cb69d991f91c946ba21968fd2adb031a866ffd80f6c9d4e9f8150c6c
SHA256sum 4ae561d02da8bb7cf48533f2c92c3a48bb3846f7493fe060f1ffbec81d83f2d8
SHA256sum 325cfe07aaa29c8e67955e8c435b7e28e0524f36878c70097d0940aae476fc8b
SHA256sum adfcbfc910262f1bf6b5f0ec2e4dbc22a8aa27a119eee6dd1f95d6ceccd68b1c
SHA256sum b93aaa0e3ddd9398cc5120fa9f473737cc0f12a90227eea8bef215f963a515ae
SHA256sum 38f2bc7b68edfb85f30699647fdcd838b6ee4c260be3bfb7d1c42432b852b658
SHA256sum 3bf306a429f1d736ccef84a024f99becb4a40d94f38b667ec700185f23aa2bef
SHA256sum 77792ed60465c2761883748e65f1b49d2f27398b06ee9f7e32abedd5c53abf5b
SHA256sum ea7083e29be2239998fb42bc9109b57b4c04bf08654531c575a2b6a54be7f838
SHA256sum efc3dac1e8612891e4d1011e00d463dd1c5c75b5b0d3a3ca344e323041a17f5d
SHA256sum 34e6e310ef2d3e2c328a5c3b083a4dd8d505fa0289962fc1cd8e2c48e219be1d
SHA256sum 98c22bf1669e65e5d5668549987841e3252c5002475efe9b941bc52a1b7ef942
SHA256sum c6c3b27c3bd7f11001780704a3224282bf8ff551564ff2cd70936663f2c17581
SHA256sum 95f531a2586270b839eaf06531f072a77a11800521db46370002ce530adb2646
SHA256sum 3660cbbf3560c231cc19e6b2f9ea7912391923e64754c370783bd2f5cc02ecf1
SHA256sum bb6c8b398cdefcb53dc5f25e618d00543e7aafa87a46e613f78229770bd3ed21
SHA256sum 42bbc061aeadad1623e0b55073e41695649a703664618b2f60809eeb13f847d0
SHA256sum 015b4e4c1d750f7fb01d17411476d55d46b034a33f093c43c93e7a6041a74b71
SHA256sum 4a53228c81f6f2976666cb19cf5844d541d073c7c5026ddfcc3d13f90ce708cc
SHA256sum 421cc2806eed9f1421c198969d98252498d7d4046a6ba7c6599892bb3c6786f4
SHA256sum 79a11f7eb684ff43f6517f61577e6b9a181ce10ca4075301e9844c2f479cb81d
SHA256sum 319a6960c83dcd6b056180a7eb98ffb5dfcadfa8cfa1b14db84ef7b13ed2e57a
SHA256sum c4f09e975b2c0e71ce500732762d505c7113c2aef1f605d060108d1a37ea067d
SHA256sum 7976237453890b6a88336ad72eb9e67e50b8856db031363d045f6e5f68a77555
SHA256sum 00744e65ab2afb625f10b88c2662377f2cf43e0c9232615b737aa8970268b63b
SHA256sum b814a29b14cc36b5caed4c2585afedf690f7e28866f631ef5cf3d91e234c470f
SHA256sum 85c6424bae951c125f26bcc2846ace3713aa6960a8f591a12c5b7ccb385b4f62
SHA256sum a4b9a4fa07414181df798933207847439820afd100487108c4b9a359b1553e43
SHA256sum 9017beee3722b2a9caa37c457d0e7dd3f07e3673a03d1359b01b39e038ec0dbe
SHA256sum 9f99e54888e64eef9173d38c25c86dc4cb2f93321bd0ff926654efafd9fd158e
SHA256sum 28b40942db5779cc7b4e255aaa46837ac402828f79cb44ef4bef85af03a62420
SHA256sum bc3e8f1d99a7833d3d3aea99d539ae63148fc0c501e504d62f00327305cb87d1
SHA256sum 4d04da91a99060b0815b7ed6787904c2772dab4dc70256433c8f6912e664f2b2
SHA256sum fe48704443e6608bdb996e768ddb8a4596dc7cb3e43c3d9b9fd02c6e4862148a
SHA256sum 4ab4d2d16434bfaa9dbfb5466f79d969cdefe433cb06c6db83e93dc71c6f5ab9
SHA256sum 76c5663b5d9e06e96d0597421da5988e4e06eaabddd6e711308bc39abda22b3a
SHA256sum 2def8ca5558061cd0cd8f56e16ed159c93d1dc1207d6b91333041e2591ec81e5
SHA256sum e736493cd49aad8e315e2e368cdc7e4f234ae604723729f23f2545914e4b1c37
SHA256sum 516935921979e2824eafc607edb9c250269692d9a8d5e432dbe4864d301a0cef
SHA256sum 96b6e33729b58ee03c336b8a5c1bbe7a7a94cf23eaeb88fa433ec9fc404b627a
SHA256sum 2d105f30b6a6e4578890a37f6b4c1643a8355908c3ff068fca113825a58e8bd5
SHA256sum e66d6f6af0b7ba9b31841c8dde552d8462b37c1fb661708acfb77d25b6bc3724
SHA256sum 26c507c15042b5e0a9ac0494313b30f42977780cf1cbfaf53ad2f6daf2ef0d35
SHA256sum f87618a6df20b6fdf4edebee1c6f1d808dee075a431229b3f75a5208e3c9c0e8
SHA256sum ac8abf49fdcdcdcabb6af4d5c88e4aed36e702f2e62e8e6993c270a1434952d4
SHA256sum fb625785a754e883c592026a95fbdc8e17ecd3811a04a0351f98d55125637726
SHA256sum f7b708ae37039963a97ae35444360d6baf7dbc7dc7996ce822501a65e742a485
SHA256sum ccba1b691479884e5cf43074b48fc42046f5461e879d755219e465b43e5bfcc7
SHA256sum 66790e2eeaeb41b1433537693346f8e1eae1535f41e6ce20923d5a12eb316b76
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Single or multiple boot Kali, giving you complete control over the hardware access (perfect for in-built Wi-Fi and GPU), enabling the best performance.
VMware & VirtualBox pre-built images. Allowing for a Kali install without altering the host OS with additional features such as snapshots. Vagrant images for quick spin-up also available.
Works on relatively inexpensive & low powered Single Board Computers (SBCs) as well as modern ARM based laptops, which combine high speed with long battery life.
A mobile penetration testing platform for Android devices, based on Kali Linux. Kali NetHunter consists of an NetHunter App, App Store, Kali Container, and KeX.
Hosting providers which have Kali Linux pre-installed, ready to go, without worrying about infrastructure maintenance.
Using Docker or LXD, allows for extremely quick and easy access to Kali's tool set without the overhead of an isolated virtual machine.
Quick and easy access to a full Kali install. Your Kali, always with you, without altering the host OS, plus allows you to benefit from hardware access.
Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) is included out of the box with modern Windows. Use Kali (and Win-KeX) without installing additional software.
Kali is a rolling Linux distribution, meaning as soon as we have an update, we ship it. Would-be users have a variety of images to choose from. For more information, please see Which Image Should I Download? and Kali Branches . For most users, we recommend the latest “point release” image below , except in cases when a user requires a specific bug patch, in which case the weekly build may be best.
We generate fresh Kali Linux image files every quarter . These become the official "point" releases. These images are tested and subsequently announced with a blog post.
Complete offline installation with customization
Untested images with the latest updates
All packages are downloaded during installation
Untested images with the latest updates
Complete offline installation with customization
All packages are downloaded during installation
Untested images with the latest updates
Complete offline installation with customization
All packages are downloaded during installation
Feeling a little more adventurous? Want to build the latest version of Kali? Want to customize your ISO by adding more tools or change the default settings? Looking for something other than Xfce, GNOME or KDE like Enlightenment, i3mw, LXDE or MATE? Then this is the option for you.
Kali Linux VMware & VirtualBox images are available for users who prefer, or whose specific needs require a virtual machine installation.
These images have the default credentials "kali/kali" .
Vagrant is a tool for building and managing virtual machine environments. With a single configuration file, you can download a base “box” and apply additional configurations like adding an additional network interface, setting the number of CPU cores and memory, or running a script on first boot.
Feeling a little more adventurous? Want to build the latest version of Kali? Want to customize your VM by selecting a different desktop environment, add more tools, change the default settings? Then this is the option for you.
Are you looking for Kali Linux ARM images? We have generated flavours of Kali using the same build infrastructure as the official Kali releases for ARM architecture .
These images have a default credentials of "kali/kali" .
The Kali NetHunter project is the first Open-source Android penetration testing platform for Android devices, allowing for access to the Kali toolset from various supported Android devices. There are multiple unique features not possible on other hardware platforms.
The Kali NetHunter interface allows you to easily work with complex configuration files through a local web interface. This feature, together with a custom kernel that supports 802.11 wireless injection and preconfigured connect back VPN services, make the Kali NetHunter a formidable network security tool or discrete drop box - with Kali Linux at the tip of your fingers wherever you are!
Want to see Kali NetHunter progress? Look at the stats page , to see if your device is supported yet.
Kali Cloud images can quickly be deployed in multiple different cloud provider’s infrastructures. This allows easy access to a Kali install in a modern environment with strong hardware resources. These are often used for short term Kali installs that are quick to deploy and quick to tear down.
Using Container technology such as Docker and LXC / LXD , our Kali containers allow you access to the Kali toolset on your host operating system without the overhead of running an additional full operating system. This does come with limitations, as you won’t have direct hardware access and dealing with inbound connections to tools running in the Kali container can be complicated.
A Kali Linux Live image on a CD/DVD/USB/PXE can allow you to have access to a full bare metal Kali install without needing to alter an already-installed operating system. This allows for quick easy access to the Kali toolset with all the advantages of a bare metal install. There are some drawbacks, as disk operations may slow due to the utilized storage media.
For most users, we recommend the latest “point release” image below , except in cases when a user requires a specific bug patch, in which case the weekly build may be best.
Untested images with the latest updates
Untested images with the latest updates
Untested images with the latest updates
Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) is a software package on modern Windows installs that allow you to run Linux alongside your Windows system in an optimized container. The Kali WSL package allows easy access to the Kali too
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