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Its 25, square-mile area is about the size of West Virginia in the U. Grassland, marshy meadows, low hills, and rolling plains make up most of the country, which has an average elevation of feet above sea level. Pine, oak, and birch forests cover about one quarter of the country. Latvia is rich in lakes and rivers. It has a coastline of miles, half lying on the Baltic Sea and half on the Gulf of Riga. During most of December and January, the sun does not rise until after 9 am and sets as early as 3 pm. On the other hand, to compensate, the longest day of summer lasts almost 18 hours. In spite of its northern location, daytime winter temperatures average only slightly below freezing because of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf Stream. The maritime climate also accounts for the country's frequent cloud cover and considerable precipitation average per year is about 25 inches. Latvia's population is estimated at 2. It is situated in the middle of the country from east to west and has an active and potentially major international seaport. In order to protect their unique language, a law was passed in giving Latvian the status of an official state language. Competency in Latvian is required for a variety of official and public safety positions. Most Latvians also speak Russian. Many people speak English, particularly in Riga, less so in the countryside. As of May , the Justice Ministry had registered over 1, congregations. While exact figures are unavailable, there are approximately , Lutherans, , Orthodox, , Catholics, , Old Believers and 9, Jews in Latvia. The Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia declared full independence on August 21, , after 50 years of Soviet occupation. Latvia had lost its ancient independence in the 13th century and was ruled successively by Germans, Poles, Swedes, and Russians. A brief period of Soviet rule was followed by four years of German occupation until Latvia was again incorporated into the former Soviet Union in Tens of thousands of Latvians were deported to Siberia both during and after the war, and Russians and people from other Soviet Republics began migrating to Latvia. In , an independence movement emerged, with independence being restored in September The Parliament or the Saeima holds the supreme state power. Latvia's Chief of State is the President. The Saeima is authorized to accept for trial and decide on any cases of social and state significance. The Council of Ministers, headed by a prime minister, is the highest executive body in the country. It oversees 13 ministries and a variety of state committees and other departments. Major concerns and priorities of the government include the need for a continuing energy supply. Latvia had been almost totally dependent on the former Soviet Union for oil and gas. Now, with the transition to world market prices, new sources are being sought. Electricity is purchased from Lithuania, which has its own generating plants. Latvia's parliamentary elections were the fourth since the resumption of independence. The successful integration of all of Latvian society - regardless of ethnic or linguistic background is a fundamental goal of the Government of Latvia. To date, Latvian efforts to promote social integration have been relatively successful. Ethnic Russians 25 percent of the population , Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles and Lithuanians hold positions of influence and power throughout all sectors of society. By nearly 60, persons have naturalized. To further ease the process, the government has reduced the necessary fees and now accepts high school diplomas as sufficient for naturalization purposes. Finally, Latvia has implemented an ambitious mass advertising campaign to promote the benefits of citizenship. These efforts must continue if Latvia is to achieve its goal of creating a unified, yet diverse, civil society. Folklore has had a strong influence on Latvian culture both because of the population's close ties to the land and also because of the country's late introduction to Christianity by German crusaders in the 13th century. Many ancient customs, blended with Christian rituals, are still practiced today, and the geometric symbols of mother Earth, the sun, thunder, fate, etc. Because of its long periods of foreign domination, Latvian literature did not come into its own until the midth century. This is when most notably Krisjanis Barons, who published almost 36, verses over a period of 40 years, first collected the ancient oral 'dainas'. Janis Rainis is widely regarded as the greatest Latvian writer. Imants Ziedonis, perhaps the most famous living Latvian poet, established the Latvian Culture Fund-an organization promoting the development of all Latvian art forms. Latvia has 10 theaters; most of them are located in Riga. They include a beautifully restored opera house and ballet theater, a Russian theater, a puppet theater, a permanent circus, and many drama theaters. There are 13 movie theaters in Riga: five of these regularly show English-language movies with Latvian and Russian subtitles. There is a philharmonic orchestra and a chamber philharmonic orchestra with concert halls for both. Concerts and recitals are held almost daily. Noted organists come regularly from the world over to give concerts there. Song festivals are a Latvian tradition; choirs and folk dance groups perform year long, and there are occasional international festivals with folk singing and dancing in regional costumes. A representative collection of classic Latvian painters can be seen at the National Fine Arts Museum, and numerous art galleries in Riga exhibit contemporary Latvian paintings, tapestries, sculpture, and ceramics. There are 20 museums in Riga with a variety of collections, such as the Museum of History and Navigation and the Museum of Natural History. Latvians are avid readers. More than Latvian and Russian newspapers are published in Latvia, as well as numerous magazines and periodicals. The city has public libraries, although they have not been able to purchase new books or periodicals for several years due to under-funding. The Latvian Academy of Sciences is the most prestigious academic organization and encompasses 14 research institutes. It is now working toward greater contact and cooperation with the West. Research in medicine and technical fields, begun in the years of independence before , continued under the Soviets with internationally acknowledged results in microbiology, polymer mechanics, wood chemistry, semiconductor physics, and medicine. Now these research institutes are undergoing considerable restructuring and revision of priorities. Education levels in Latvia are high. There are 16 institutions of higher learning located in Riga. Throughout the country, there are also 55 technical colleges. It offers a three-year bachelors' degree to Baltic citizens. This success has been expanded with the establishment of the Graduate School of Law in Latvian financial and economic policies remain consistently growth and market-oriented. Latvia's investment and reform continued to bear fruit with rapid economic growth. GDP growth averaged 6. Stellar growth of 9. Inflation remains low. Core inflation reached 3. The government continues to maintain a tight monetary policy with the Lat tied to the SDR. The Central Bank continues to resist calls for a switch to a Euro base calling the move 'premature. The deficit was reduced to 2. Latvia's move toward EU membership remains the powerful driving force towards economic reform and discipline and Latvia's entrance into the European Union remains projected for The government continues to work closely with the foreign chambers of commerce and major foreign investors through the Foreign Investor's Council to improve the business and investment climate. The Foreign Investor's Council has reestablished itself as an independent NGO with a separate administration from the corporate sponsors. Latvia's primary export market is the EU, which combined, absorbs Latvia's largest export markets are Britain Latvia's economic expansion is due to its move into new markets. Key export products are wood, metals, and textiles. Latvia's primary imports are machinery and electrical equipment Imports come mainly from Germany Privatization of small and medium state enterprises is virtually complete. The only exceptions currently are Latvia's energy utility Latvenergo, the postal service, the state-owned railway company, the Riga international airport and approximately 40 small and medium-sized companies in the health care sector, social services, and road maintenance. Driving in Latvia is on the right side. Generally speaking, roadways are in fairly good repair, although the absence of shoulders occurs frequently in the countryside. Most of the highways are two lane. In the country, unless a kilometer-an-hour speed limit is posted, the limit is 90 kph. In town, the limit is 50 kph. Aggressive drivers, poorly maintained roads and drinking have given Latvia one of the highest accident rates in Europe. In the countryside, bicyclists on the highways are a particular hazard, especially at night. They typically wear dark clothes and have no reflectors on their bicycles. In Riga itself, many of the streets are in ill repair, poorly lit, or not lit at all, and it is essential to be on the alert for unmarked potholes and darting pedestrians. Small street signs are affixed to buildings and are not visible at night. Driving in Riga has become more hazardous and frustrating due to the boom in car ownership. During rush hours main thoroughfares move at a snail's pace. The increase in the number of cars has also made parking very difficult. The parking situation has been alleviated to some extent by the development of parking structures in the downtown area. Most of the American employees at post have their own cars in Riga. Since housing is usually within walking distance of the Embassy, personal cars are used primarily for recreational purposes and more frequently in the warmer months since there are so few hours of daylight in winter. Car alarms are necessary and can be purchased and installed locally. Bring a 'Club' steering wheel lock with you, as a backup to the alarm. Such locks are also available locally. Automobile insurance is available in Riga although some employees buy coverage from U. All executive branch U. The cost of theft insurance is high and may not fully cover the value of the vehicle. The insurance industry is a new concept in Latvia; make sure you deal with a reputable company. The Embassy has a list of local insurers. The required documentation to operate a vehicle in Latvia are a US driver's license, the red or yellow diplomatic card, and the Latvian vehicle registration. The Embassy does not permit private use of its government vehicles. However, rental cars are available at several agencies. Prices for repairs and spare parts can be higher than in the U. Most members of the international community drive either Scandinavian or German cars. Both leaded and unleaded gasoline is sold at local stations. In addition to selling high-octane gasoline, Statoil, Neste, and Shell sell tires and spare parts, and do oil changes and repair work at some of their stations. Statoil and Neste have their own credit cards and also accept MasterCard. Gas is still cheap by European standards--about 43 santimes per liter for 98 octane-unleaded gas in April Diplomats pay about half of this after taxes are deducted. If you have a US spec automobile, bring a few basic parts such as filters and bulbs in your effects. Local law requires a fire extinguisher and automobile first-aid kit. Always carry a flashlight, reflective triangle, flares, lug wrench, and jack as well. Riga has an extensive public transportation network. Buses, trolleys, and trams are all inexpensive by Western standards. They are frequently crowded, but there are an increasing number of new buses and trams donated by the Scandinavian countries. Trolleys, trams, and buses run 24 hours daily, but between midnight and 5 am, routes usually run only one per hour. Tickets can be purchased from the ticket collector on the bus or tram and cost 20 santimes about 30 cents US. A monthly transportation pass can also be purchased inexpensively. Taxis are numerous and can be found at one of the many taxi stands. Prices vary, so agree on the fare before departure. Police cars and vans are grey and white, with a blue light on top and are labeled 'Policija. Although some personnel use Latvia's extensive rail system for official and personal trips, driving is more common for getting around the country. Trains in Latvia are slow, overcrowded, lacking in food services and occasionally dangerous because of theft. Most highways are hard surfaced, but less-traveled roads are gravel or dirt. Bus schedules are generally reliable, and buses are popular modes of transportation for inter-country to Estonia, Lithuania, and Poland. Be aware that a reservation and a ticket do not always guarantee a seat. For example, Americans have reported standing on buses for the 4-hour trip to Vilnius. It is possible to make private arrangements to rent a car and driver for trips to Lithuania or to Estonia. A four-lane highway extends to the airport and on to the coastal resort area of Jurmala. There are other four-lane stretches in the country, for example, on the Baltic highway connecting Riga to Lithuania to the west and to Estonia to the east. Frequent encounters with farm machinery and heavy truck traffic can slow progress on the roadways. Riga Airport is about a minute drive from the Embassy. Six international airlines service Riga. Air Baltic flies to London four times a week, Frankfurt daily, Stockholm daily twice a day during the week , to Copenhagen twice a day, and to Helsinki daily Monday through Friday. Riair flies daily to Moscow; Belair flies daily to Kiev. In the past, there has been weekly boat traffic to Stockholm and Norrkoping in Sweden, to Kiel in Germany, and to the Island of Gotland off the east coast of Sweden. There is also now a ferry directly to Stockholm that runs about every other day. These do not run during the winter. You can drive to Tallinn and take the car ferry from there to Helsinki or take the train to Tallinn and ride the hydrofoil across to Helsinki. The hydrofoil makes the trip several times a day and takes less than 90 minutes. The car ferries cross in about 3 hours. Telephone communications within Latvia are fairly reliable. The Embassy has touch-tone phones, which can be used for both local and long-distance calls. Employees will be billed for personal long-distance calls made at the Chancery. The local telephone number for the Embassy is There is telefax service available at the Embassy. The fax number is Fax service is also available in several locations in downtown Riga. One page faxed to the U. Telex service is also available. This is the standard toll for calls to the U. No insurance or registration is possible on outgoing APO. The truck also carries supplies ordered from Helsinki, i. Bring a supply of U. Forms are available in the Community Liaison Office for ordering more from the U. Postal Service. The cost of mailing a letter to the U. Weight allowances are less than the U. There is also registered mail service operating out of the Central Post Office. The cost is double the normal rate, and delivery time is about the same. DHL Express is also available. The cost of a g letter to the U. Overweight letters are slightly higher. Delivery is two days. Pickup service is free between am and 5 pm. UPS service is available as well. Envelopes up to 1kg. Free pickup is arranged by telephone. UPS service to Latvia from the U. FedEx is also available. Eleven FM stations on Latvian radio play Western popular and rock music almost around the clock. BBC is also available on FM radio. Satellite dishes can be purchased in Latvia at costs are similar to the U. TVs and VCRs will work with transformers. These are available from a variety of sources, such as the tax-free company of Peter Justesen, which delivers to Riga weekly by truck from Copenhagen. Mixing U. Besides several regular newspapers, there are specialized publications dealing with literature, the arts, sports, business, and fashion. Even those without specialized knowledge of the language might find some of these papers useful for information on entertainment, concerts, sports, movies, theater, and television programming. A weekly advertising publication entitled Reklama carries information about items for sale and reasonably priced charter tours to such places as Turkey, Israel, Cyprus, and Greece. The Baltic Times is a weekly English-language newspaper covering news in all three Baltic countries. These contain very useful information on dining, entertainment, and transportation. The daily Public Diplomacy wireless file contains an excellent summary of important international and U. Most subscriptions to the U. A few bookstores carry a limited number of books in English. Prices are higher than in the U. The Embassy has a medical unit staffed by a part time American nurse. The regional medical officer, stationed in Warsaw, visits the Embassy every three or four months. The regional psychiatrist is stationed in Moscow. The Embassy maintains a list of English-speaking doctors and dentists, along with a list of the better-stocked pharmacies. Some of the English-speaking dentists in Riga have up-to-date Western equipment and have received high recommendations from the diplomatic community. One of these dentists is Canadian. If needed, Helsinki, Stockholm, and Copenhagen are a couple of hours away by plane. The official medevac location for serious medical problems is London. Landstuhl for DOD. If you take prescription medicine regularly, bring an ample supply to post and arrange to use the services of a mail prescription plan. The regional medical officer can write prescriptions that can be filled via U. In Washington, you can write to the following pharmacies:. Louis, MO www. Some medicines are not readily available in pharmacies, and it can be time-consuming to locate particular nonprescription items. It should be noted, however, that more and more western manufactured drugs are available, and they are occasionally cheaper in Latvia. If you have a favorite brand, you may want to consider bringing a supply with you. Drinking water in Riga is sporadically chlorinated. City water has an unusually high iron content resulting from old, low-grade pipes. Tests of a double filtering system have been found to remove most pollutants and heavy metals from the water. Because of occasional seepage of sewage into the water pipes, there have been outbreaks of typhoid and infectious hepatitis in the past. However, no pathogenic bacteria or viruses have been reported in city water since Diphtheria, tuberculosis, and influenza also occur because of inadequate public cleanliness and food handling techniques. Vaccines for both hepatitis A and B are available. It is possible to contract tick-borne encephalitis if you spend any time near forests or even city parks. The vaccine available through the Embassy Health Unit is strongly recommended. There are significant numbers of large, aggressive dogs in Latvia, and dog bites are not uncommon, even from leashed animals. An extensive public awareness campaign is in progress with a hour hotline. Colds, flu, and infectious diseases of the respiratory organs are the most common ailments here, especially during the winter months. All immunizations should be up to date. Bring blood-type records for all family members. The blood bank in Riga has been found to be acceptable in terms of screening and sterility but the availability of blood products is limited. Infection control in hospitals and clinics is not yet up to Western standards, due mostly to inadequate teaching, supplies, supervision, and time. The local water does not contain fluoride; so bring a supply of vitamins with fluoride if you have small children or arrange to have regular fluoride treatments at local dentists. Prescription eyeglasses and contact lenses can be replaced locally through the joint venture optical companies in Riga. Bring a copy of your prescription to post, although up to date ophthalmologic and optometric exams are available. Depressive symptoms typically occur in the fall when the days become significantly shorter and continue through the winter when heavy cloud cover obscures the sun for weeks at a time. Specially marketed high-intensity fluorescent lights reportedly reduce the symptoms. The Embassy has a limited supply of these lights. They may also be purchased in Finland. In the summer, the symptoms are reversed: hyperactivity and sleeplessness. In winter, people sustain serious injuries when they slip and fall on Riga's icy sidewalks. Downtown sidewalks are usually covered with thick sheets of ice during winter, especially in areas around markets and shops. Remember that you will be doing much outdoor walking here, often while carrying packages. Spouses and dependents of representatives of the U. Government are permitted to work for pay in Latvia. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs must be officially notified. However, employment opportunities are limited, even for bilingual job applicants. At the Embassy part-time positions are a Community Liaison Office coordinator, Consular Associate, administrative assistant, protocol assistant and nurse. For more specific information, write or e-mail the Community Liaison Office coordinator at post. Riga is the capital of Latvia and is located on the Daugava River, just nine miles before it reaches the Baltic Sea. Founded by Teutonic crusaders in A. The Old Town of Riga is its cultural heart and has retained much of its medieval atmosphere. The Old World architecture ranges from Romanesque and Gothic to renaissance and baroque and is now undergoing careful renovation. This acre area is composed of tiny, winding, cobbled streets; churches with tall, medieval spires; richly decorated portals and tile roofs; old guild halls; a 13th-century wall; a 14th-century castle; and an abundance of tiny coffee houses, good restaurants, museums, art galleries, and handicraft shops. Outer Riga, aside from a few Soviet-style buildings in the center and some dreary bloc-housing developments beyond , is graced with ornate 19th-century Jugenstil buildings; extensive, wooded parks; and boulevards lined with Dutch lime trees planted in the 19th century. Its harbor, airport, and rail and highway networks all contribute to making Riga a major trade and commercial center for all of the Baltic countries. The Embassy was built in as an eye hospital and later served as the Mayor's Office and the Ministry of Architecture and Construction. It is architecturally significant due to the fact that is was one of the first masonry buildings built outside the city walls. The building was leased to the U. Government six months after independence was declared. It is located in the heart of Riga on the edge of a semicircular park, which serves as a buffer between Old Town and the rest of the city. The City Canal formerly a moat in Riga's early history winds through the tree-filled park and connects to the wide Daugava River at both ends. Many cafes and restaurants are within walking distance, both in old and new Riga, including fast food for lunch. There is a McDonalds across the canal park on the edge of Old Town and a pizza parlor about two blocks down the street. Public Diplomacy offices are in a restored 19th-century building in Old Town. There is a kitchen and dining area in the basement of the Embassy for breakfast, lunch, and social functions. There are about local employees at the Embassy. The Public Diplomacy Section has a local staff of nine. Embassy hours are a. The local daytime telephone number is As in many urban areas, houses are rare in central Riga; all Embassy employees are housed in apartments. A fairly stable leasing pool has been established and most newcomers are placed in permanent housing as soon as they arrive. Riga has undergone and is continuing a restoration stage and most Embassy apartments are located in beautifully restored buildings, some with elevators. The State Department will furnish all apartments with carpets, furniture, some drapes, refrigerator, range, microwave, washer, dryer, and vacuum cleaner. Two transformers will be provided for appliances and incidental use. Dishwashers are usually supplied. The Ambassador's residence is completely furnished, including items such as china, glassware, silver, and serving pieces for representational purposes. Bring dishes, glasses, flatware, kitchen utensils, and pots and pans, as well as bathroom rugs, shower curtain and hooks. Bring linens-flannel sheets would be welcome in winter, as would electric blankets, which will work with a transformer. Fitted sheets are available but may not fit American beds exactly and they tend to be more expensive compared to the U. Consider bringing a crockpot or electric skillet with a tight-fitting lid. Ovens in Riga can be extremely erratic, and some ranges will not adjust low enough to simmer food. Bring wall hangings and artwork, extra lamps, small throw rugs, books and bookcases, records, and a stereo 50 cycles, v -whatever will help individualize your home. The Embassy provides an initial supply of v light bulbs; thereafter, you must purchase your own, which are easily obtainable in Riga. There are no undue climatic influences, but dirt and grime accumulate quickly in the central part of the city. If you move into an apartment before your airfreight arrives, a Welcome Kit will be provided. Many embassy-leased buildings filter the water. Electricity is v, cycle, AC. The Embassy will provide transformers for use with larger appliances but consider purchasing one or two small transformers in the U. It may be necessary to adapt your stereos and CD players to 50 cycles. Use v irons and other small appliances. These can be purchased locally or ordered from Stockman's in Helsinki or the export companies in Denmark. Most appliance plugs now have 6 mm prongs Western European style. Electric adapters and multiple wall plugs but not transformers are available in Riga or can be purchased before your departure at:. General Electronics, Inc. Washington, D. Heating is usually centrally controlled and not turned on until late in autumn. Because of the cost of fuel, central heating is being reduced, which makes many apartments cool in winter, especially those with high ceilings and old windows that do not close properly. The Embassy will provide a limited number of space heaters. Consider bringing several small flashlights for carrying in handbag or briefcase. You may find stairways unlighted, especially in winter generally does not apply to embassy-leased apartment buildings. Many buildings do not have elevators, and it is common to do frequent stair climbing in Riga. The trains and station corridors are sometimes unlighted as well. A Riga landmark is its Central market, which is housed along the Daugava River in five zeppelin hangars that were used by the Germans during World War I. It is one of Europe's largest markets, and the selection, even in winter, is always good. The northern staples of beets, cabbage, potatoes, carrots, celery root, and pumpkin are always available, along with basic herbs, such as parsley and dill. In winter, fresh produce from Western Europe includes cauliflower, tomatoes, mushrooms, peppers, and cucumbers. As the weather warms, an abundance of local garden vegetables begins to appear, starting with sorrel, radishes, and peas. In summer, fruits and berries appear at the markets. Leaf lettuce and broccoli are usually available at the larger outdoor markets and supermarkets but not in shops. Spinach, iceberg lettuce, and sweet corn are rarely available. Imported fruits are available year round, including apples, oranges, coconuts, and bananas. Pineapples, kiwis, mangoes, lemons, pears, and avocados are usually available at prices high even by U. For locally produced foods, prices are about the same as in the U. The quality of fresh meat varies. All varieties, beef, veal, pork, lamb and chicken, are available year round in the outdoor markets. Locally raised rabbit, duck, turkey, and goose are usually on sale at the central market. There is inconsistent refrigeration at Central market for meats, so shoppers should be wary in warm months. There is a separate zeppelin hangar for fish. The variety is good. Canned fish products and caviar can be purchased there as well. Cold cuts, smoked sausages, fish, and chicken are a popular quick meal for Latvians; these are easily found in shops all over Riga. Many foreigners buy long-life shelf milk, which comes in several varieties, including. Dairy products such as sour cream, fresh cream, cultured sour milk, butter, and cottage cheese are of good quality. Be aware of handlers' hygiene when buying in bulk at the markets, especially with dairy products like sour cream and cottage cheese. Local cheese is soft and spoils quickly, but there is good variety. Many imported cheeses such as Swiss, Roquefort, Camembert, cheddar, and Brie are available but expensive. Excellent dark rye, sweet-sour caraway rye, and a coarse white bread, along with a range of pastry items, can be found at the many bread shops, bakeries, and markets. Hot dog buns and sesame seed hamburger buns are also available. Most meats, vegetables, bakery, and dairy products can be found in one of the many large Western-style supermarkets that have sprung up around Riga. Quality control and service tend to be good in these stores. Availability of products still varies, but shoppers have more sites in which to look for that special ingredient. As in the States, supermarkets make it easy to do all of your shopping in one place. You can join the commissary at the Embassy in Helsinki. It will ship goods on the weekly truck that delivers APO mail from Finland. The truck will also deliver food items purchased from Stockmann Department Store, where you can set up an account with their Export Service and order by telephone or fax. The store has a series of catalogs, and their Export Service is attentive and prompt but expensive. Fresh vegetables and frozen items can be ordered, unless the weather is unusually warm, since they are packaged in dry ice at the store. Peter Justesen ships to Riga by truck from Copenhagen. The CLO office has catalogs for Embassy use. They offer discounts for case lots and sell duty-free wine, cigarettes, liquor, canned goods, cassettes, electronic equipment, some clothing, and children's toys. It may be less expensive if a large group order is made from post. Its drawback is that you can never be certain what will be available at any given time. Their best-selling items are liquor and wine. Month by month, more joint venture food and wine shops are springing up in Riga primarily with goods from Western Europe , with a surprising number of new products. For example, Indonesian prepared sauces and some Mexican items are now available. Local prices for liquor and wine are generally comparable to the U. Clothing in Riga is similar to that worn in the northern U. In winter women wear hats or berets, well-tailored coats, dress boots, leggings, or skirts. You will notice a difference in styles if you visit Scandinavia, where women are more likely to wear parkas and slacks in winter. Include warm winter clothing, a variety of scarves and vests, and silk or thermal underwear for under-heated rooms in winter: When the heating systems are off, public buildings can also be cold in spring and fall. There are many chilly and rainy days, so raincoats with linings, umbrellas, and waterproof footwear are necessities. The sidewalks in Riga are sometimes rough, so have sturdy and waterproof walking shoes. Several joint-venture clothing stores sell attractive but expensive blouses, sweaters, skirts, suits, and coats. Do not plan on building up a wardrobe here. Clothing in the nearby Scandinavian countries is attractive but, aside from the luck of catching a good sale, usually very expensive. There are many skilled tailors and dressmakers in Riga who can copy just about anything. Prices are going up but are still reasonable. A wide variety of fabric exists. There is a good store with imported fabric, but prices are high. Larger shops now accept Visa and MasterCard. Children's clothing is available, but can be ordered from by phone or internet through catalogs; shoes, and especially boots, are expensive. Hand-knit children's hats, scarves, and mittens are inexpensive and attractive. Likewise, these hand-knit items made for men and women are beautifully done, often in striking and imaginative color combinations employing ancient folk patterns. Women's fashion boots and shoes are available, as are exercise shoes, but in limited size selections. Shoe repair and dry-cleaning are available and well done. Dry-cleaning can be bit more expensive than in the U. Invitations that specify 'formal' generally require no more than dark suit for men since many Latvians in government positions have yet to acquire formal wardrobes and dressy cocktail dresses, not necessarily long, for women. On the other hand, some Latvians do wear black tie, so formal dress can be worn. It should be noted that balls have become quite popular, as they were in the years of independence before the war. For receptions and national days, the standard dark suit for men and tailored dresses or suits for women would be the correct attire. Latvians generally do not dress as casually as Americans. Stores in Riga are carrying more and more items at equivalent U. Bring cosmetics, toiletries, some home medicines, drugs, favorite brands of household needs, and any other conveniences used for housekeeping, household repairs, entertaining, etc. Ship some items in your airfreight and include a supply of your preferred brands in your HHE goods. If you are not particular as to brand, you can often find an equivalent usually German product e. A chain of drugstores Drogas in Riga sells these items with a typically western inventory. Stockmann's Department Store carries durable and attractive household items at much higher prices than in the U. The commissary in Helsinki has a limited selection of toiletries, laundry supplies, and paper products. Bring party supplies and wrapping paper both for gifts and for mailing packages. Gift wrapping is an art form here and there are gift wrap locations in many commercial malls and large stores. Ship audio and photo equipment. An interesting selection of Halloween, Easter, and Christmas decorations, toys, art supplies, candles, and sewing needs is available in Riga. Basic services, such as tailoring, dressmaking, shoe repair, dry-cleaning, beauty- and barbershops, and automobile repair, are available here. The shoe repair services and the joint-venture dry-cleaners are good. Tailoring and dressmaking are also done with care, and prices are reasonable. The hotels have moderately priced beauty- barbershops, and many others, even less expensive, are located in central Riga. Automobile repair of Western automobiles is improving. Household repairs electrical, plumbing, etc. Good domestic help is available in Riga. The employment of domestic help paid by the hour is the easiest to obtain and is adequate. The scheduling of wages and benefits is in a transitional period. There are few areas in Europe where such a variety of religious denominations exist as in the Baltics. The Church has an active congregation composed of both Latvians and the growing international community in Riga. Vilandes International Church holds services in English at a. Catholic mass in English is held at Mary Magdalene church each Sunday. Both schools have US trained and educated teachers as well as teachers from the host nation and third countries. Transportation by bus is provided by each school for a fee. The International School of Latvia is located in the coastal resort area of Jurmala, about a half-hour's drive from Riga. The approximately students from 29 nations include about 20 Americans. There is a half-day preschool for 4- and 5-year-olds, from am to 1 p. Kindergarten through grades 12 start at am and finish at p. Instruction is in English. Teachers are certified in the U. Starting with grade one, students choose to study either French or German as a foreign language. Extracurricular instruction is offered in art, music, physical education, and computers. The school leases space from the Bulduri Horticultural College. There is an indoor gym, sports hall, swimming pool, and auditorium. Current enrollment at the school is Pre-school for toddlers aged 18 months to 3 years is two-three times per week from — Pre-school for ages 3—5 is offered 2—5 days per week from — All fees are based on current exchange rates. Swimming is offered as part of the regular curriculum for all children in grades K and up and French and German is part of the regular curriculum for 2nd grade and up. Swimming, Music and Art are offered as after-school activities. If you wish to arrange a correspondence course, one possibility is through the University of Nebraska. The address is:. A complete listing of schools abroad used by American students can be obtained from:. The Office of Overseas Schools U. More information is available from the European Council of International Schools, which describes each member school, its fees, enrollment, curriculum, etc. There are no established sports clubs for diplomats in Riga. Western style commercial gyms have new weight machines, free weights, aerobics classes, sauna, and massage. Biking can be dangerous; it is often necessary to navigate heavy traffic. There are no bike lanes in Riga. There is a bike trail from the Riga suburbs to Priedane and another to Jurmala, which is quite nice on summer weekdays, when there are fewer baby carriages and dog walkers on it. A bike helmet is a must, but you will attract a lot of attention; Latvians do not wear them. The hard-packed sand of the beach in Jurmala attracts a number of cyclists. There are also a number of bike routes throughout the country. A meter indoor pool with two saunas and a weight room belonging to Riga Technical University is located on Kipsala Island. It is possible to swim there for a nominal fee, and there are secure lockers. The Radisson Daugava Hotel also has a nice pool and offers monthly or yearly membership discounts for Diplomats for the pool only or in combination with aerobics and weight training. A tennis club with covered courts is near the airport and in Jurmala. Seasonal clay courts are available at reasonable cost in Riga and Jurmala. Billiards and bowling are available at the Seaman's Center and at the Boulinga center. The Boulinga center also has a few squash courts. Both facilities can be rented for parties. Bowling has become very popular. In Riga alone there are currently about 10 bowling centers. Many have up to date and very modern facilities. Cross-country skiing is popular, and there are many suitable trails. Equipment can be purchased locally but the best prices are available in Parnu, a seacoast town just over the Estonian border. Spectator sports are offered throughout the year, including soccer, ice hockey, motorcycle racing, skiing, basketball, and volleyball. The closest tourist attraction to Riga is the coastal resort area of Jurmala, about half an hour's drive northwest of the city. Its mile stretch of white, sandy beach and pine-covered dunes are a welcome respite from city life. The water can be quite cold and has a high iron content but it is much cleaner than in Soviet times and most areas are now considered safe for swimming. The Bay of Riga is very shallow so the water does warm up over the summer months; you can wade out for 30 yards before it gets even chest deep. The Latvian countryside, with its dense pine and birch forests, rivers and lakes, and gently rolling hills, is especially beautiful in the spring, summer, and early autumn. There are two 13th-century castles near the medieval town of Sigulda, 52 kilometers from Riga. One of Latvia's outstanding examples of baroque architecture is the Castle of Rundale 70 km from Riga. Built by the same architect who built the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, it is located in the Province of Zemgale, an area rich with plains and woods, perfect for biking and car trips. On the outskirts of Riga, the internationally known open-air ethnographic museum on the shores of Lake Juglas has more than 90 buildings, including two 16th-century timber churches, a fishing village, windmills, and a peasant school. Midsummer night, celebrated on June 23 and 24th, is a very special holiday in Latvia. Called Jani or St. John's Eve, it incorporates many ancient customs as it calls upon the spirits of the home, the fields, and the forests. Special beer is brewed; special cheese is served; wreaths of flowers for women and oak leaves for men are woven. Farm animals and farm buildings are adorned with flowers. Fires are lit on hilltops as dancing, singing, eating, and drinking go on through the 'white night' until sunrise. There are excellent operas, ballets Alexander Gudonov and Mikhail Baryshnikov began their careers here , recitals, and concerts in Riga, and tickets are relatively inexpensive. The symphony and opera season runs between October and June, but concerts are held year round. Both amateur and state-sponsored theater are well attended, and some theaters offer earphones for English translations; and several, like the opera offer subtitles. There is also a permanent circus in Riga. Folk music is popular, and there is a variety of folk groups-men, women, mixed-some featuring various traditional instruments, some including dance in their repertoires. Choral singing is a specialty of the country, and international song festivals are held every few years in the early summer when tens of thousands of Latvians from all over the world come to sing together. Riga has many museums and art galleries, along with more diverse collections, such as the pharmaceutical museum, the automobile museum, and the military museum. In addition to the Public Diplomacy Library and the British Council Library, other libraries in Riga are also open to Embassy personnel and dependents. The Foreign Literature Library has the largest collection of fiction in English, along with American and British periodicals. The National Library of Latvia receives many English-language magazines and newspapers, including the New York Times, within a few days of publication. Latvian independent TV presents a complete report of the country's news, sports, and weather in English every evening. The weekly English-language newspaper, The Baltic Times, provides in-depth and up-to-date information on political, business, and cultural events in all three Baltic countries. Restaurants in all price ranges can be good in Riga. More are opening each month, as are bars, discotheques, and casinos. The CLO office has information about current activities and events. There is a growing American community outside the Embassy, most of them involved in business and consulting work. The diplomatic community is sociable and small enough so that there is considerable international contact. The International Women's Club of Riga holds monthly luncheons and various weekly activities. Volunteer activities are most welcome here as the country struggles out of its painful economic situation. Visits to hospitals and orphanages by Embassy personnel bearing books and clothing, visits to schools to assist in English-language training, and offers to speak to clubs and to professional organizations are all gratefully received. Embassy officers are expected to attend official functions when requested and take an appropriately active role at representational affairs that concern their sections and the Mission as a whole. Other American personnel at post have few or no official social obligations of an official nature. Arrival of all officers with secretary rank and above is announced to the diplomatic community. Soon after arrival, officers are expected to make the rounds of important contacts in the Latvian Government and the diplomatic community. An officer should bring a supply of at least calling cards to post. Officers with spouses may find it convenient to have a supply of 'Mr. Cards and invitations can be printed at post, but it is somewhat more expensive here than in the U. The Embassy should be notified in advance when U. Government employees are traveling to Latvia on official business. Visitors who will be in Latvia for an extended period of time should register with the Consular Section. The Riga Airport is about a minute drive from the Embassy, which is located in the center of the city. Embassy personnel coming from Washington, D. Make certain that travel to post complies with the Fly America Act and 'city pair' regulations. You can drive to post from other parts of Europe. Your vehicle should be in excellent condition, and it is necessary to carry extra gas, since full-service stations can be difficult to locate in some Eastern European countries. Do not count on using credit cards or travelers' checks to purchase gas. Winter driving can be hazardous, so it is better to avoid driving at night, since lighting and road conditions are poor in some areas. If you drive to post, notify the Embassy of your itinerary and obtain all necessary visas in advance. Diplomatic personnel may import personal HHE and automobiles duty free. Import and export of currency is not restricted. The Embassy has no storage facilities, so shipments should not arrive before the employee. Shipments will be held in Antwerp or Helsinki until the employee is at post and is occupying permanent quarters. Obtain appropriate information from the State Department's Division of Transportation before making arrangements with a commercial firm for packing, storing, and transporting your personal and HHE. Holders of diplomatic passports encounter minimal formalities entering Latvia. Treatment is courteous, and inspections at the airport have not been lengthy. No special immunizations are required other than hepatitis, due to the high incidence of this disease in Latvia. No regulations or quarantines restrict importing cats and dogs. Pet owners should have immunization records, especially rabies vaccination within 1 year , and health certificate records certified by a veterinarian within 2 weeks of departure. Make sure that international certificates are used. Since most departures transfer in Germany, the certificate should be translated into German if an international certificate is not available. The German and Swedish customs agents are very strict; do not take any chances. Germany requires the pet's health certificate be signed by your vet not more than 10 days before the flight. Sweden requires an animal import license, even to transfer your pet to a connecting flight. Call the respective Embassy or airlines if you have any questions. They can supply international certificate blanks. Taking a pet from Latvia is subject to new restrictions due to the existence of rabies here. It is necessary to get a yearly rabies vaccination for your pet while it is here and then wait 30 days for a followup health inspection and certificate. Only then will you be allowed to take the pet from Latvia. Only non-automatic and semiautomatic firearms may be brought to post when authorized by the Ambassador. Anyone wishing to import firearms must send a description of weapons, ammunition, and their intended use to the administrative officer and receive written approval before shipping. The official monetary unit is the lat. Bills are in denominations of , , 50, 20, 10, and 5. Nominal values of coins are: 2 Ls, 1 L, and 50, 20, 10, 5, 2, and 1 santime. Be aware that the 2 and 1 lat coins resemble U. Latvia uses the metric system of weights and measures. American Embassy personnel are exempt from personal and income taxes and from customs duties in Latvia. No limit is placed on the amount of dollars or travelers checks that can be brought into the country. Personnel on temporary duty TDY or similar assignments not officially attached to the Embassy are not accorded diplomatic privileges such as duty-free entry of effects and cars or exemption from taxes. Five local banks for a fee accept American Express travelers' checks. They cannot be used elsewhere in Latvia. These titles are provided as a general indication of the material published on this country. The Department of State does not endorse unofficial publications. Clemens, Walter C. Baltic Independence and Russian Empire. Martin's Press, Eksteins, Modris. Houghton Mifflin Co. Garber, Larry and Eric Bjornlund, eds. The New Democratic Frontier. National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, Kaslas, Bronis. Euramerica Press, Lieven, Anatol. Yale University Press, Misiunas, Romuald J. Plakans, Andreijs. Hoover Institute Press, Rodgers, Mary M. Latvia: Then and Now. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, Skultans, Vieda. Routledge, Smith, Graham, ed. The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union. Longman, Thaden, Edward C. Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, Princeton University Press, The Association for the Advancement of Baltic Studies publishes a newsletter and a quarterly journal. For more information contact:. The following U. Government and local national holidays are observed dates for Electric adapters and multiple wall plugs but not transformers are available in Riga or can be purchased before your departure at: General Electronics, Inc. A complete listing of schools abroad used by American students can be obtained from: The Office of Overseas Schools U. Bird walks and other nature tours can be arranged by local tourist associations. Latvian Encyclopedia Publishers, Bilmanis, Alfred. Latvia as an Independent State. Latvian Legation: Kalnins, Ingrida, ed. A Guide to the Baltic States. Inroads, Inc: Katz, Zev, ed. Handbook of Major Soviet Nationalities. The Free Press: Nesaule, Agate. A Woman in Amber. University of Wisconsin Press, Spekke, Arnolds. History of Latvia. Goppers, Veti Vitauts Simanis, ed. The Book Latvia, Inc. Baltic States: Insight Guides. Houghton-Mifflin Company, Boston: Department of State. While some of the information is specific to U. Adapted from material published by the U.
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