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How To Install an Upstream Version of Node.js on Ubuntu 12.04
How To Install And Run A Node.js App On Centos 6.4 64bit
Published on December 12, 2019 · Updated on September 23, 2020
Developer and author at DigitalOcean.
Developer and author at DigitalOcean.
Developer and author at DigitalOcean.
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Imagine you are working on an API endpoint to create a new user. User data—such as firstname , lastname , age , and birthdate —will need to be included in the request. A user mistakenly entering their name in as the value for the age field when you are expecting a numeric value would not be desirable. A user typing out their birthday for the birthdate field when you are expecting a particular date format would also not be desirable. You do not want bad data making its way through your application. You can address this with Data Validation .
If you have ever used an ORM (object-relational mapping) when building your Node application—such as Sequelize, Knex, Mongoose (for MongoDB)—you will know that it is possible to set validation constraints for your model schemas. This makes it easier to handle and validate data at the application level before persisting it to the database. When building APIs, the data usually comes from HTTP requests to certain endpoints, and the need may soon arise to be able to validate data at the request level .
In this tutorial, you will learn how we can use the Joi validation module to validate data at the request level. You can learn more about how to use Joi and the supported schema types by checking out the API Reference .
At the end of this tutorial, you should be able to do the following:
To complete this tutorial, you’ll need:
This tutorial was verified with Node v14.2.0, npm v6.14.5, and joi v13.0.2.
For this tutorial, you will pretend that you are building a school portal and you want to create API endpoints:
You will create a REST API for this tutorial using Express to test your Joi schemas.
To begin, open your command line terminal and create a new project directory:
Run the following command to set up a new project:
And install the required dependencies:
Create a new file named app.js in your project root directory to set up the Express app:
Here is a starter setup for the application.
First, require express , morgan , and body-parser :
Next, add morgan logging and body-parser middlewares to the request pipeline of your app:
These middlewares fetch and parse the body of the current HTTP request for application/json and application/x-www-form-urlencoded requests, and make them available in the req.body of the request’s route handling middleware.
Your app.js file is complete for the moment.
From your application setup, you specified that you are fetching your routes from a routes.js file.
Let’s create the file in your project root directory:
Require express and handle requests with a response of "success" and the data in the request:
Next, establish endpoints for people , auth/edit , and fees/pay :
Now, when a POST request hits either of these endpoints, your application will use the genericHandler and send a response.
Finally, add a start script to the scripts section of your package.json file:
Run the app to see what you have so far and that everything is working properly:
You should see a message like: "App running on port 3000" . Make a note of the port number that the service is running on. And leave your application running in the background.
You can test the API endpoints using an application such as Postman.
Note: If this is your first time using Postman, here are some steps on how to use it for this tutorial:
Then click Send to view the response.
Let’s consider a scenario where an administrator is creating a new account for a teacher named “Glad Chinda”.
You will receive this example response:
You will have received a "success" status, and the data you submitted is captured in the response. This verifies that your application is working as expected.
A simplified example may help give you an idea of what you will achieve in later steps.
In this example, you will create validation rules using Joi to validate an email, phone number, and birthday for a request to create a new user. If the validation fails, you send back an error. Otherwise, you return the user data.
Let’s add a test endpoint to the app.js file:
This code adds a new /test endpoint. It defines data from the request body. And it defines schema with Joi rules for email , phone , and birthday .
The constraints for birthday include:
Next, handle passing and failing validation:
This code takes the data and validates it against the schema .
If any of the rules for email , phone , or birthday fail, a 422 error is generated with a status of "error" and a message of "Invalid request data" .
If all of the rules for email , phone , and birthday pass, a response is generated with a status of "success" and a message of "User created successfully" .
Now, you can test the example route.
Start the app again by running the following command from your terminal:
You can use Postman to test the example route POST /test .
You should see something similar to the following response:
Here is a demo video accomplishing this:
You can specify more validation constraints to the base schema to control the kind of values that are considered valid. Since each constraint returns a schema instance, it is possible to chain several constraints together via method chaining to define more specific validation rules.
It is recommended that you create object schemas using Joi.object() or Joi.object().keys() . When using any of these two methods, you can further control the keys that are allowed in the object using some additional constraints, which will not be possible to do using the object literal method.
Sometimes, you may want a value to be either a string or number or something else. This is where alternative schemas come into play. You can define alternative schemas using Joi.alternatives() . It inherits from the any() schema, so constraints like required() can be used with it.
Refer to the API Reference for detailed documentation of all the constraints available to you.
After familiarizing yourself with constraints and schemas in Joi, you can now create the validation schemas for the API routes.
Create a new file named schemas.js in the project route directory:
The /people endpoint will use personDataSchema . In this scenario, an administrator is creating accounts for teachers and students. The API will want an id , type , name , and possibly an age if they are a student.
id : will be a string in UUID v4 format:
type : will either be a string of STUDENT or TEACHER . Validation will accept any case, but will force uppercase() :
age : will either be an integer or a string with a value greater than 6 . And the string can also contain shortened formats of “year” (like “y”, “yr”, and “yrs”):
firstname , lastname , fullname : will be a string of alphabetic characters. Validation will accept any case, but will force uppercase() :
A string of alphabetic characters for firstname and lastname :
If fullname is specified, then firstname and lastname must be ommitted. If firstname is specified, then lastname must also be specified. One of either fullname or firstname must be specified:
Putting it all together, peopleDataSchema will resemble this:
The /auth/edit endpoint will use authDataSchema . In this scenario, a teacher is updating their account’s email and password. The API will want an id , email , password , and confirmPassword .
id : will use the validation defined earlier for personDataSchema .
email : will be a valid email address. Validation will accept any case, but will force lowercase() .
password : will be a string of at least 7 characters:
confirmPassword : will be a string that references password to ensure the two match:
Putting it all together, authDataSchema will resemble this:
The /fees/pay endpoint will use feesDataSchema . In this scenario, a student is submitting their credit card information to pay an amount of money, and the transaction timestamp is also recorded. The API will want an id , amount , cardNumber , and completedAt .
id : will use the validation defined earlier for personDataSchema .
amount : will either be an integer or a floating point number. The value must be a positive number greater than 1 . If a floating point number is given, the precision is truncated to a maximum of 2 :
cardNumber : will be a string that is a valid Luhn Algorithm compliant number:
completedAt : will be a date timestamp in JavaScript format:
Putting it all together, feesDataSchema will resemble this:
Finally, export an object with the endpoints associates with schemas:
Now, you have created schemas for the API endpoints and exported them in an object with the endpoints as keys.
Let’s create a middleware that will intercept every request to your API endpoints and validate the request data before handing control over to the route handler.
Create a new folder named middlewares in the project root directory:
Then, create a new file named SchemaValidator.js inside it:
The file should contain the following code for the schema validation middleware.
Here, you have loaded Lodash alongside Joi and the schemas into the middleware module. You are also exporting a factory function that accepts one argument and returns the schema validation middleware.
The argument to the factory function is a boolean value, which when true , indicates that Joi validation errors should be used; otherwise a custom generic error is used for errors in the middleware. It defaults to false if not specified or a non-boolean value is given.
You have also defined the middleware to only handle POST and PUT requests. Every other request methods will be skipped by the middleware. You can also configure it if you wish, to add other methods like DELETE that can take a request body.
The middleware uses the schema that matches the current route key from the Schemas object we defined earlier to validate the request data. The validation is done using the Joi.validate() method, with the following signature:
Finally, in the callback function of Joi.validate() you return the formatted error as a JSON response with the 422 HTTP status code if there are errors, or you simply overwrite req.body with the validation output data and then pass control over to the next middleware.
Now, you can use the middleware on your routes:
Modify the routes.js file as follows:
Let’s run your app to test your application:
These are sample test data you can use to test the endpoints. You can edit them however you wish.
Note: For generating UUID v4 strings, you can use the Node UUID module or an online UUID Generator .
In this scenario, an administrator is entering a new student named John Doe with an age of 12 into the system:
Example POST /people success response:
In this failed scenario, the administrator has not provided a value for the required age field:
In this scenario, a teacher is updating their email and password:
Example POST /auth/edit success response:
In this failed scenario, the teacher has provided an invalid email address and incorrect confirmation password:
In this scenario, a student is paying a fee with a credit card and recording a timestamp for the transaction:
Note: For test purposes, use 4242424242424242 as a valid credit card number. This number has been designated for testing purposes by services like Stripe.
Example POST /fees/pay success response:
In this failed scenario, the student has provided an invalid credit card number:
You can complete testing your application with different values to observe successful and failed validation.
In this tutorial, you have created schemas for validating a collection of data using Joi and handled request data validation using a custom schema validation middleware on your HTTP request pipeline.
Having consistent data ensures that it will behave in a reliable and expected manner when you reference it in your application.
For a complete code sample of this tutorial, check out the joi-schema-validation-sourcecode repository on GitHub.
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December 27th, 2016 Views: 766998 Starring: Jade Jantzen
This video is just small example of the whole story. Each story is made out of 3 scenarios!
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