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i

SS. OOMWELL'S EDUCATIONAL 8EBIE8.

A

SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY.

BY

JAMES CORNWELL, Ph.D., F.R.G.S.,

»

AUTHOB OF THE SCHOOL ATIAS, OEOGBAPHT FOB BEGINNEBS,

HAP BOOK FOB BEGimrBBS,

ANP THE YOUKO COMPOSEB, ETC. ;

jonrr authob of allen akv coiarwKLL'a school gbammab,

6BAHMAB FOB BEOINNEBS, THE SCIENCE OF ABITHMETIC,
SCHOOL ABITHMETIC Ain> KEY, ETC.

SIZTT-EI6HTH EDITION.

LONDON r ^^^ '^-^2 •

BIMPKIN, MARSHALL, & CO., STATi^9?,S'^^^a^0URT ;

HAMILTON, ADAMS, AlTD CO., PAT^

W, KENT AND CO., PATEBNOSTEB BOW.
£DINBUBaH: OLIYEB AND BOYD.

1881.

QOI . ^ . f 37.

lovDOv:
1. urn w. sxsas, pioi

BAXTHOLOXSW OLOfll

SCHOOL GEOGEAPHY.

68th edition.

In this new and enlarged edition the important
changes that have been made in Eastern Europe
have been described. South Africa has been rewritten,
bringing down the information to the present time,
as far as the unsettled state of that part of the world
will permit. There has been a general revision,
additions being made, as in Belgium and Germany;
the numbers dependent on the ever-changing science
of statistics have been corrected, while the more
accurate information of later travellers has here and

there been made use of.

«

May, 1881.

PREFACE.

Thb following are among the charactaiiatic fea^urei of thia
work : —

(1.) The distinction is eVexywhere broadly marked between
Physical and Political Geography. The Phyncal ocndition of a
country is given before the Political, because if the ilrtt is well
understood, the last may be deduced as a consequence. For instance,
when a child is acquainted with the ]|^tion of the great eoal-fialda
of our island, he can determine for himself the seat of its manufac-
tures, and account for the rapid growth of Manchester and Qlasgow
in recent times, and the comparatire decline of Norwich and Sud-
bury. In the (vder of the Physical Facts, too, those are placed first
which stand in the relation of causes to ouier Physical Facts. Thus
the rooimtidn system always precedes the water systeuL

(2.) The Etymology of a ^retX number of names is giyen, where
siich names are themselves significant. Thus, when the pupil ha s
leamt that ttan is the Persian word for landy he knows the meaniug
9f J' ndostan, Afghanistan, Beloochistan, fto. Afm is eiyen as the
old British word for water, and it is then at once seen why we have
so many rivers Avon in England. When the Anglo-Saxon dun and
the Danish fell are said to mean hill, the pupil not merely under-
stands the meaning of the names the Downs and Cross Fell, fte., but
he learns the historical fact that, as the name/r// occurs only in the
N. of oui island, the permanent conquests of the Northmen T>r Daneh
were almost confined to that part The Spanish word SUnrm and
the Portuguese Serra, applied to mountains, are significant to one
who knows they are only the altered form of the Latin f#rr0, a saw ;
inasmuch as it describes the saw-like appearance of the summits of a
distant range. The conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese might
be traced, too, by observing the parts of the world in which Sevra
and Sierra are respectively used for the mountain chains.

(3.^ Every fact is ranged under its proper head. Dejmite informa-
tion IS furnished in its proper place. The large type should be com-
mitted to memory ; the notes and the smaller type should be read,
and the information elicited by questions. A good deal of attention
has been given to clearness of arrangement and definiteness of infor-
mation, for a discursive SGhool4>ook doubles the labour of the teaehei
and retards the progress of the scholar.

(i.) The exercises are unusually long. A question is put respect-
ing iidfy fact stated. A test is thus famished to the pupil hiinself,
by which he can ascertain whether he has acquired his assigned task.
He can neithnr penuade himself nor his teacher thai he *-
PabaovaT... Political Facts
Pataoovxa. Politieal Facts
BsAZiL ... Political Facts
OvTAVA ... Political Faots
Wbst Ibdxbb

••• t«« ... ••.

tA«B

. 138
. 311
. 316
, 318
319

OCBANIA ... Physical Featorss
DUTOB Pos-
■BsszoKB ... Political Facts ...

POBTVOUBBB

PossBSBioiTB Political Facts ...
Bfavibh Pes-

BBBSXOirB... Political Facts ...
Fbbhch Fob-

8B8SXOV8 ... Political Facts ...
Bkolxsh Pobsbssiovs—

AusTBALiA. Political Facts ...

New Soath Wales

Victoria

South Australia...

Queensland

West Australia ...

Australian Colonies Generally

Tasmania ...

New Zealand

(irX>BPBBl>-

■BV IsLBB Political Facts ...
Sandwich Islands ...

••• •«•

••• ••• ••• •••

••• #••

••s •••

••I svs

••• •••

••• ••• sts est

Index.

Ml ••«

828
832

831

83»

833
333
834
334
836
338
339
339
339
340
841

341»
S41*

342

MATHEMATICAL GEOGEAPHY.

1. Geography^ is the science which describes the
Surface of the Earth.

The knowledge we possess of this science ma,j be ranged nnder
three heads, — ^Mathematical, Physical, and Political.

Mathematical Gbogbapht treats of the earth as a whole, its
shape and size, and the position of places on its surface.

Physical Gsoobapht treats of its natural features ; such as
continents and oceans, animals, vegetables, and minerals, as found
in a state of nature.

Political Geogbafht relates to all circumstances and condi-
tions which have been hroiight ahotit by man; such as the division
of the world into various states, degrees of civ^ization, governments,
commerce, &c.

Thus, — ^that the earth is round, is a mathematical fact ; -&at
Switzerland is a mountainous country, is a phyaieal fact; that
Sweden is a kingdom, is a political fact*

2. The Earth is round.

The roundness of the earth is proved by the appearance of vessels
as they approach and leave the shore. At a certain distance the
whole is visible ; at a greater distance the hull or bod^ of the vessel
is not to be seen ; at a still greater, the top-mast only is visible ; and
further yet, the whole ia out of sight. Now, H tiie earth were flat,
the hull, being the largest part, would remain longest visible; but
as the lower pazt disappears while the rigeing is yet to be seen, there
must be something intervening between tike eye and the lower i)art
of the object, and that something is, — the roundness of the ea^rth.
This appearance is similar to that of a man g^oing over the top of a
hill, where the feet are first lost to the spectator, then the body, and
at last the head. The circumnavigation of the globe, and the circu-
lar shadow which it always casts on the moon when the latter body
is eclipsed, are other proofs of its globular form.

^ From ge (in)» the earth, and grapho (foa^tt), I write.

B

10 nSTTRODUCnON.

3. The exact shape of the Earth Is an Oblate
Spheroid.'

Tlia earth is not perfectly round, or it would be a ichere ; but it
differs 00 little from a perfect sphere that it is called a spheroid. The
earth is, howeyer, mudi more like a sphere than an orange is ; for ii
an observer could be placed so as to see the whole earSi, it would
appuar to him to be periectly round.

4. The Earth turns round once in 24 hours.

5. The Line upon which the Earth appears to
turn is called its Axis. The ends of the Axis are
the Poles.

6. The Line going round the large part of the
tSarth, midway between the Poles, is the Equator.

Qbxbkal Explajtation. — If an orange be held in the hand, so
that the thumb is in the centre of one of the flattened parts, and one
of the fingers in the centre of the other, then will a line, supposed to
ion from the thumb to the finger, represent the axis; the points
under the thumb and finger, the poles ; while a circle running round
the orange, half-way between the thumb and finger, will represent
the equator.

The circumference of the earth at the equator is 24,900 mUes, and
ita diameter, 7,926. The axis is the shortest diameter of the earth,
iuid is 26 miles less than at the equator.

7. There are four Cardinal' Points: North,
South, East, and West,

In order to know these points of the horizon, let the pupil turn
towards the sun at noon. He is then facing the south, his back is
towards the north, the east is on his left hand, and the west on bis
li^ht hand. Witliout Uiese and other points, the position of places
with regard to each other could not be pointed out ; but b^ their
means, tiie situation of one place being known, if it is said that
another is south of it, or etui of it, every one knows in what direction
to look for the place. In maps, the top is generally the nor^ the
bottom the south, ^e right-hand the east, and the left hand the
west

1 From §phaira (##aipa), a 9pher§, and Mot (ttiot), form or mppoaranee.
Oblate, from laiut, oxtended, and ob, i»/roni» A proUte spheroid is one extended
Imtgthmtkj; like a lemon.

s From eardinali§, c4te/;— these being the chief points of the horizon. There
are other points not cardinaL Thus the point midwej between the north end
east is north-oatt; that between sunth and east, touth^attf end the oorre.
•ponding poinu are §ouih-w»§t and north»we$l.

AIATHEBLITICAL GEOQRAPHT. 11

S. Latitude * is distance from the Equator, Nortb
or South.

EyexT ^laoe ii either on the equator, or north or louth of it. If it
be nortn, it ie in north Utitude ; if aouth, it ia in loiith latitude.

Every circle ia divided into 860 equal parte, called degreea. As
the diitance of each pole from the equator ia just a quarter of a circle,
it must be 90 deg^reea. In other worda, the north pole is 00^" nor
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