Japanese Spread

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Japanese Spread
Asia Pacific | Japan’s Secret to Taming the Coronavirus: Peer Pressure
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The country has never mandated masks or vaccinations, but it’s evaded the worst of Covid, thanks to a fear of public shaming and the “self restraint police.”
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This article is part of our Daily Covid Briefing
TOKYO — To understand how Japan has fared better than most of the world in containing the dire consequences of the coronavirus pandemic, consider Mika Yanagihara, who went shopping for flowers this past week in central Tokyo. Even when walking outside in temperatures in the mid-90s, she kept the lower half of her face fully covered.
“People will stare at you,” Ms. Yanagihara, 33, said, explaining why she didn’t dare take off her mask. “There is that pressure.”
Japan’s Covid death rate, just one-twelfth of that in the United States, is the lowest among the world’s wealthiest nations . With the world’s third-largest economy and 11th-largest populace, Japan also tops global rankings in vaccination and has consistently had one of the globe’s lowest infection rates.
Although no government authority has ever mandated masks or vaccinations or instituted lockdowns or mass surveillance, Japan’s residents have largely evaded the worst ravages of the virus. Instead, in many ways, Japan let peer pressure do a lot of the work.
Even now, as average daily cases have fallen to just 12 per 100,000 residents — about a third of the average in the United States — a government survey in May found that close to 80 percent of people working in offices or enrolled in school wear masks and about 90 percent do so when using public transit. Movie theaters, sports stadiums and shopping malls continue to request that visitors wear masks, and for the most part, people comply. The term “face pants” has become a buzzword, implying that dropping a mask would be as embarrassing as taking off one’s underwear in public.
Many factors have undoubtedly contributed to Japan’s coronavirus outcomes, including a nationalized health care system and severe border controls that have outlasted those in many other countries.
But social conformity — and a fear of public shaming that is instilled from the youngest ages — has been a key ingredient in Japan’s relative success in Covid prevention, experts say. Unlike in many other countries, Japanese law does not permit the government to order lockdowns or vaccinations. The majority of the population followed each other in heeding guidance from scientific experts who encouraged people to wear masks and avoid situations where they would be in enclosed, unventilated areas with large crowds.
After a slow start , once Japan ramped up the distribution of vaccines, most people followed advisories to get them. Even without mandates, close to 90 percent of all people over 65, the most vulnerable population, have received booster shots, compared with 70 percent of seniors in the United States.
In Japan, “if you tell people to look right, they will all look right,” said Kazunari Onishi, an associate professor of public health at St. Luke’s International University in Tokyo.
“Generally, I think that being influenced by others and not thinking for yourself is a bad thing,” Dr. Onishi added. But during the pandemic, he said, “it was a good thing.”
Unlike in the United States, wearing a mask or getting a vaccine never became ideological litmus tests. Although trust in government has fallen during the pandemic , in a country where the same party has governed for all but four years since 1955 , the public put pragmatism over politics in the approach to Covid.
Often, people policed each other or businesses seen to be violating municipal requests to close early or stop serving alcohol during periods designated as states of emergency.
“We got so many reports about shops being open that we started joking about the ‘self restraint police,’” said Yuko Hirai, who works in the emergency response department in Osaka, Japan’s third-largest prefecture. “People were definitely aware that society’s eyes were on them.”
The practice of keeping in line with peers is inculcated in schoolchildren, who wear uniforms in most public schools and are shamed into following institutional expectations. “Just being removed from the group is such a big deal for Japanese kids,” said Naomi Aoki, associate professor of public management at the University of Tokyo. “They always want to belong to a social group and don’t want to feel isolated.”
Children are taught to act for the collective benefit. Students clean classroom floors and school grounds and take turns serving lunch in cafeterias.
Japanese culture also depends on an ethic of public self-restraint that can be marshaled into group action. When Emperor Hirohito was dying in 1988, pop singers postponed weddings and schools canceled festivals .
After the 2011 nuclear disaster in Fukushima led to serious power shortages, the public cut back on electricity use voluntarily . (With temperatures rising in Tokyo this past week, residents are being asked to do so again.)
During the pandemic, politicians tapped “into this collective idea of self-restraint for the public good,” said James Wright, an anthropologist at the Alan Turing Institute in London who has studied Japan’s coronavirus response .
When the coronavirus emerged from China in early 2020, Japan was among the first countries where it showed up, spreading in small clusters and aboard the Diamond Princess, a cruise ship that docked in Yokohama and suffered a large outbreak . Japanese experts quickly realized the virus was airborne and that the best way to reduce its spread was to keep people from gathering in small, unventilated spaces or having close contact with others.
With few legal options for enforcing the guidance, authorities hoped the population would voluntarily comply with pleas to stay home, said Hitoshi Oshitani, a professor of virology at Tohoku University in northeastern Japan and a government adviser.
Despite Japan’s culture of collectivism, Dr. Oshitani was surprised when businesses quickly closed and people refrained from going out. Companies that had never allowed telecommuting sent employees home with laptops. Families canceled visits to older relatives. Close to 200 industry groups representing theaters, professional sports teams , and venues that hosted weddings and funerals issued lengthy protocols for preventing infections.
The public embraced the guidelines, and the overall death rate actually fell below that of the year immediately preceding the coronavirus outbreak.
Those who tried to buck the guidance were subjected to public condemnation. Toshio Date, who operates a venue in Osaka devoted to the board games Go and shogi, initially tried to stay open when the city requested that restaurants, bars and other entertainment businesses shut down.
When local television stations started asking to film the club as an outlier, Mr. Date, 58, got the message and quickly closed. Even after infections settled down in Osaka, which recorded the highest death rate in Japan, and businesses reopened, he said strangers frequently scolded him for hosting too many customers.
Although the public has provided most of the sticks, the government has offered carrots in the form of economic subsidies for businesses.
In 2020, the country paid out over $40.5 billion to more than 4.2 million small- to medium-size companies and individual business owners, according to statistics from the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry.
Larger businesses received “cooperation money” based on their pre-pandemic revenue, as much as 200,000 yen — just under $1,500 — a day.
The incentives were not universally effective. In the first summer of the pandemic, clusters of infections began appearing in nightlife districts in central Tokyo, as visitors to bars and cabarets ignored the experts’ advice.
When businesses flouted guidance on ventilation, masking and alcohol sanitizing, city officials were dispatched to convince them to fall in line. Only as a last resort were businesses fined or cut off from economic subsidies. In Tokyo, according to the city’s Bureau of Industrial and Labor Affairs, between 96 and 98 percent of businesses ultimately agreed to follow the rules.
Experts warn that voluntary compliance is no guarantee of indefinite success.
“The response is like an Othello game,” said Dr. Oshitani, comparing Japan’s coronavirus results to the board game where one move can change a winning outcome to a losing one. “All of a sudden, the most successful countries can become the worst country in the world,” he said.
For now, residents continue to bow to peer pressure.
Kae Kobe, 40, a receptionist at an office in Shibuya, said that because her job is client facing, she always wears her mask at work.
“Everyone around is still wearing it,” she said. “So it’s hard to get rid of it.”
Hisako Ueno and Hikari Hida contributed reporting.

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Knotweed Help



 Japanese Knotweed Guide  Japanese Knotweed: How Does It Spread?





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By Paolo Martini on 19th December 2019 (updated: 27th July 2022) in Japanese Knotweed News | Knotweed Help
Japanese Knotweed spreads via dispersal of its rhizome fragments, stems and crown. UK Japanese Knotweed is typically spread when soil or water infested with knotweed fragments is relocated to a new area that was previously uninhabited by knotweed. This can happen accidentally or intentionally.
Japanese Knotweed can produce seeds, but it does not spread through seed dispersion because it is extremely rare for these seeds to germinate. Despite not being able to propagate via its natural method, Japanese knotweed has been able to spread throughout most of the UK via its stems, roots and crown since its introduction in 1840.
Introduced to the country via horticulturists in the late 19th-century from Japan [1], the plant has no controlling organisms to keep it in check. Whilst the climate in the UK is different from that of its native land, Japanese knotweed has been able to spread unchecked at the expense of native species, often commandeering large swathes of land.
Each Japanese knotweed plant is supported by an underground system comprised of stems, crowns and rhizomes which spread underground and periodically send shoots to the surface in order to fuel further growth. An entire plant can grow from a fragment of rhizome fragments as small as 10mm, therefore, if any soil beneath a Japanese knotweed patch is moved or dumped, a new crop can be expected to grow on the new site.
We can answer your Japanese knotweed questions!
Japanese knotweed doesn’t appear from thin air. Like any other plant, its origins should always be able to be traced back to an original place. Discovering the source of a Japanese knotweed infestation is almost as important as making the initial positive Japanese Knotweed identification . In order to determine where the plant has come from and when it first entered your land, you may need to consider whether the plant can be found anywhere in your local vicinity (in a neighbour’s garden or on adjacent publicly owned land). If there’s no sign of any knotweed near your land, then it’s possible that the plant may have originated from a batch of contaminated soil that was dumped on the land, or accidentally transferred from footwear or a vehicle.
Japanese knotweed spreads by seed dispersal in its native home of Japan, however, it does not have the capacity to do this in the UK. Japanese Knotweed is a gynodioecious plant, comprising both female and hermaphrodite variants, both of which are required in order to reproduce in the usual fashion.
Although rare cases have been reported of the plant spreading by seed dispersal, it is widely accepted that Japanese knotweed is not able to spread by seed within the UK, due to the fact that only the female of the species was imported. Whilst seeds of the plant may be produced by Japanese knotweed here, these seeds are sterile and will not lead to new growth.
Japanese knotweed does not spread via cross-breeding. This process can only occur when both species of plants are related closely enough and are capable of producing viable seeds. There are two species in the UK capable of hybridisation: Fallopia sachalinensis (Giant knotweed) and Fallopia japonica var. Compacta .
Giant knotweed is capable of growing up to 5 metres tall, whereas compacta are smaller in stature (1 metre at its tallest). There are many plants that look like it, so it’s important to brief yourself properly on how to identify Japanese knotweed before jumping to any incorrect conclusions.
Whilst hybrids, such as Fallopia bohemica are living proof that crossbreeding is possible, this is never the cause behind the spread of Japanese knotweed as hybrid seeds do not produce new growth.
We can answer your Japanese knotweed questions!
Japanese knotweed can easily be spread by transferring from shoes or clothes, this can happen when people walk through a contaminated area. One of the most common methods of Japanese knotweed spreading is when land is redeveloped or treated in some way, leading to increased human traffic.
The plant can be easily spread when contaminated boots, vehicle tracks or tires travel off the infested site and into new territory. When any excavations or clearing takes place on infested lands, rhizome fragments can be easily broken down and then compacted into the treads of shoes, vehicles or can even stick to clothes.
As Japanese knotweed can grow from the smallest of rhizome fragments, given enough time and space, new growth can then occur once fragments have been deposited on fresh ground. The ease with which the plant can be spread by people makes careful demarcation of contaminated grounds imperative, especially when attempting to contain and get rid of Japanese knotweed .
Some animals, such as sheep, cattle, horses, and goats can spread Japanese knotweed via their droppings. Although their droppings are unlikely to contain any rhizome fragments, there is the possibility that new growth could develop from stems or canes that have passed through an animal’s digestive system.
When animals eat Japanese knotweed they are more likely to consume young shoots, as the plant becomes mostly inedible once it matures and becomes harder, and more difficult to digest. It is also possible for these creatures to spread any Japanese knotweed plant matter that happens to be stuck to their fur or hoofs. In cases where infestations are being excavated animals can easily disturb the soil and then walk fragments from one site to another, which may lead to the plant spreading further afield.
There is no limit to how far a Japanese knotweed infestation can spread; if it is given the space and nutrients then it can grow indefinitely. Japanese knotweed spreads naturally via its underground network of roots, which are made up of rhizomes.
Under the surface of the ground, roots can grow as far as 7 metres horizontally and up to 3 metres deep [2] from each Japanese knotweed shoot. Due to the speed and ease with which Japanese knotweed is capable of spreading, the plant has been labelled as invasive by the UK government.
Since its introduction in the late 19th-century, Japanese knotweed has spread to large swathes of the UK, to the point where there are few regions of the country that have not been affected by it in some way. A Government-approved scheme [3] has been created to track the spread of this invasive plant.
The Environment Agency, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency and Natural Resources Wales have collaborated to locate incidences of invasive plants across the UK, including Japanese knotweed. The crowd-sourcing campaign led to Japanese knotweed infestations being reported across the country and displayed on a map, revealing the extent to which the plan has dispersed across the UK.
We can answer your Japanese knotweed questions!
During the summer Japanese knotweed has been reported to grow as quickly as 10cm a day, however, there is no research to support how fast it spreads underneath the ground. The spread of Japanese knotweed can be increased by unwitting breakage or disturbance of the ground.
Any stems, crowns or rhizomes that are cut and left to sit in the ground can potentially grow new shoots and lead to an expedited spread of Japanese knotweed.
Japanese knotweed has been labelled as an invasive plant by the government because of the ease with which it can spread both above and below the ground. The plant has proved to be resistant to many common forms of weed removal.
Gardeners who have attempted to dig up, hack away or burn their Japanese knotweed infestations have found that any gains they have been made are short-lived, as new growth has appeared once more, even from the ashes of bonfires. Public waterways and railway lines have acted as conduits for the spread of Japanese knotweed across the UK, whilst abandoned construction or industrial sites are also common locations for the plant to thrive.
There are a few methods that have been proven to stop Japanese knotweed from spreading further, however many of these techniques require professional experience and equipment in order to be successful. Getting rid of Japanese knotweed usually involves a combination of methods sometimes including herbicidal spray, excavation, burning and burial using layers of material to prevent any rhizomes from successfully surfacing shoots.
There are dozens of DIY methods that have been suggested to decrease the spread of Japanese knotweed, with many gardeners eager to try any cost-effective method of treatment. The only way for a property owner to guarantee that their Japanese knotweed infestation will be efficiently treated is by opting to use a PCA-accredited treatment firm that can offer an insurance backed certificate with their work. This will ensure that treatment of the land will continue, even in the case of the firm closing for business.
We can answer your Japanese knotweed questions!
The best way to stop Japanese knotweed spreading from a neighbour’s garden is by opening up a line of communication with them, so that they are aware of the infe
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