James Baldwin Civil Rights Movement

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James Baldwin Civil Rights Movement


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James Baldwin (1924–1987) was a writer and civil rights activist who is best known for his semi-autobiographical novels and plays that center on race, politics, and sexuality. 
James Baldwin was born in Harlem, New York, in 1924. He was reared by his mother and stepfather David Baldwin, a Baptist preacher, originally from New Orleans, Louisiana. During his early teen years, Baldwin attended Frederick Douglass Junior High School, where he met his French teacher and mentor Countee Cullen, who achieved prominence as a poet of the Harlem Renaissance. Baldwin went on to DeWitt Clinton High School, where he edited the school newspaper Magpie and participated in the literary club.
In 1948, feeling stifled creatively because of the racial discrimination in America, Baldwin traveled to Europe to create what were later acclaimed as masterpieces to the American literature canon. While living in Paris, Baldwin was able to separate himself from American segregated society and better write about his experience in the culture that was prevalent in America. Baldwin took part in the Civil Rights Movement, becoming close friends with Medgar Evers, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Maya Angelou, Nina Simone, and Lorraine Hansberry. The deaths of many of these friends influenced his novels and plays and his writing about race relations in America.
Cover of BLK magazine featyring an image of James Baldwin. 
Baldwin’s works helped to raise public awareness of racial and sexual oppression. His honest portrayal of his personal experiences in a national context challenged America to uphold the values it promised on equality and justice. He explored these topics in such works as Go Tell It on the Mountain , Notes of a Native Son, The Fire Next Time, Giovanni’s Room, If Beale Street Could Talk , and Another Country . Baldwin firmly believed sexuality was fluid and should not be divided into strict categories, an idea that would not be acceptable until modern day. Through his popularity and writings produced at home and abroad, Baldwin contributed as an agent of change to the artistic and intellectual traditions in American society.
Baldwin remained an outspoken observer of race relations in American culture. He would branch out into other forms of creative expression, writing poetry and screenplays, including treatments for the Autobiography of Malcolm X that later inspired Spike Lee’s feature film, Malcolm X . He also spent years as a college professor at University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Hampshire College. Baldwin died at this home in St. Paul de Vence, France, on December 1, 1987, of stomach cancer at age 63. Baldwin’s unfinished manuscript Remember This House was the subject of the critically acclaimed 2016 Raoul Peck film, I Am Not Your Negro.


James Baldwin: The literary voice of the Civil Rights movement



Watch James Baldwin's mic-drop moment when he’s asked ‘Why concentrate on colour?'


I don't know what most white people in this country feel but I can only include what they feel from the state of their institutions


Raoul Peck and Bonnie Greer on his relevance




Contemporary writing inspired by Baldwin


He would have to spend the rest of his life convincing people he wasn't too black


Author and activist James Baldwin joined Frank Delaney in 1984, where he discussed many subjects, including race and the “crisis of identity”.



By genre:
Factual > Arts, Culture & the Media > Arts

James Baldwin's appearance on The Dick Cavett Show in 1969, in which he responded to the suggestion from Yale professor Paul Weiss that the impact of race was overemphasised, features in I Am Not Your Negro.
In this excerpt Baldwin described to Weiss the systemic oppression that forced him to leave America in 1948.
Baldwin said: "I don't know what most white people in this country feel but I can only include what they feel from the state of their institutions".
He first moved to Europe in 1948 and in 1970 he settled in Saint-Paul-de-Vence in the south of France - where he welcomed guests including Miles Davis, Stevie Wonder and Nina Simone .
Watch the film on BBC Two and BBC iPlayer on Sunday 3 October
James Baldwin's unfinished manuscript is being released as a film
Speaking on the Today programme in 2017, Raoul Peck, the director of I Am Not a Negro, explained why he set the words of James Baldwin against contemporary footage.
Despite Baldwin dying in 1987, Baldwin's words remain extremely relevant.
Peck said: "It shows how current and precise Baldwin's thoughts were. Watching these images of Ferguson [Missouri, USA] or the killings of young black men today in America or elsewhere. Those words ring so truthful, as if they were written on the same morning."
Sara Collins considers David's unspoken desire in the Parisian-set fifties classic
For BBC Radio 4's Open Book, writer Sara Collins examined the passage of Baldwin's 1956 novel Giovanni's Room in which the protagonist David first meets the titular character. She said: "The scene is a marvel of interiority. Nothing happens. Nothing is said. Yet it encapsulates the themes and the trajectory of the entire novel."
Open Book's celebration of the BBC's 100 Novels That Shaped Our World, zooming in on Love, Sex and Romance
Paul Mendez reads a short extract from his novel Rainbow Milk and reflects on its message
In Paul Mendez's 2020 novel Rainbow Milk, Jesse, a young black man from Wolverhampton, comes to the realisation about the impact of race on his life while reading Giovanni's Room, concluding, "He knew he would have to spend the rest of his life convincing people he wasn't too black".
Francesa Wade and Paul Mendez join Shahidha Bari
Magdalena Zaborowka on the humanism at the heart of James Baldwin's writing
Professor Magdalena Zaborowka makes the case for Baldwin's humanism. She said: "I think his legacy is that he created a kind of humanism within American culture that has been unparalleled... The very often cited conclusion of his essay Here Be Dragons tells us 'Each of us, contains the other - male in female, female in male, white in black and black in white'".
A conversation between contemporary writers and activists with archive recordings
The chef and co-founder of The River Cafe, Ruth Rogers, picks the life of the writer and activist James Baldwin
Eddie Glaude Jr and Nadia Owusu discuss the relevance of James Baldwin's writing to understanding Donald Trump's America
Clarke Peters recalls the 1987 production of James Baldwin's The Amen Corner
Rajan Datar and guests discuss the renowned American novelist, essayist and thinker
How 'coming out' scenes on screen reflect changing social attitudes towards sexuality
Art That Made Us explores dramatic moments of artistic change from across the centuries
70 great books from across the Commonwealth, to coincide with the Queen's Platinum Jubilee
Watch the RSC's spectacular new production of Much Ado About Nothing, set in an imagined futuristic world



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