Język Japoński
🔞 KLIKNIJ TUTAJ, ABY UZYSKAĆ WIĘCEJ INFORMACJI 👈🏻👈🏻👈🏻
Język Japoński
Falls die Wiedergabe nicht in Kürze beginnt, empfehlen wir dir, das Gerät neu zu starten.
Videos, die du dir ansiehst, werden möglicherweise zum TV-Wiedergabeverlauf hinzugefügt und können sich damit auf deine TV-Empfehlungen auswirken. Melde dich auf einem Computer in YouTube an, um das zu vermeiden.
Bei dem Versuch, Informationen zum Teilen abzurufen, ist ein Fehler aufgetreten. Versuche es bitte später noch einmal.
0:02 / 11:10 • Vollständiges Video ansehen Live
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Javanese language .
"Nihongo" redirects here. Not to be confused with Nihonga .
The kanji for Japanese (read nihongo )
"Standard Japanese" redirects here. For other dialects, see Japanese dialects .
This section includes a list of references , related reading or external links , but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations . Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
^ Book of Song 順帝昇明二年，倭王武遣使上表曰：封國偏遠，作藩于外，自昔祖禰，躬擐甲冑，跋渉山川，不遑寧處。東征毛人五十國，西服衆夷六十六國，渡平海北九十五國，王道融泰，廓土遐畿，累葉朝宗，不愆于歳。臣雖下愚，忝胤先緒，驅率所統，歸崇天極，道逕百濟，裝治船舫，而句驪無道，圖欲見吞，掠抄邊隸，虔劉不已，毎致稽滯，以失良風。雖曰進路，或通或不。臣亡考濟實忿寇讎，壅塞天路，控弦百萬，義聲感激，方欲大舉，奄喪父兄，使垂成之功，不獲一簣。居在諒闇，不動兵甲，是以偃息未捷。至今欲練甲治兵，申父兄之志，義士虎賁，文武效功，白刃交前，亦所不顧。若以帝德覆載，摧此強敵，克靖方難，無替前功。竊自假開府儀同三司，其餘咸各假授，以勸忠節。詔除武使持節督倭、新羅、任那、加羅、秦韓六國諸軍事、安東大將軍、倭國王。至齊建元中，及梁武帝時，并來朝貢。
^ Nihon shoki Chapter 30: 持統五年 九月己巳朔壬申。賜音博士大唐続守言。薩弘恪。書博士百済末士善信、銀人二十両。
^ Nihon shoki Chapter 30: 持統六年 十二月辛酉朔甲戌。賜音博士続守言。薩弘恪水田人四町
^ Shoku Nihongi 宝亀九年 十二月庚寅。玄蕃頭従五位上袁晋卿賜姓清村宿禰。晋卿唐人也。天平七年随我朝使帰朝。時年十八九。学得文選爾雅音。為大学音博士。於後。歴大学頭安房守。
^ "Världens 100 största språk 2010" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010), in Nationalencyklopedin
^ Wade, Nicholas (4 May 2011). "Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2022-01-03 . Retrieved 7 May 2011 .
^ Frellesvig & Whitman 2008 , p. 1 .
^ Frellesvig 2010 , p. 11.
^ Seeley 1991 , pp. 25–31. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSeeley1991 ( help )
^ Frellesvig 2010 , p. 24.
^ Shinkichi Hashimoto (February 3, 1918)「国語仮名遣研究史上の一発見―石塚龍麿の仮名遣奥山路について」『帝国文学』26–11(1949)『文字及び仮名遣の研究(橋本進吉博士著作集 第3冊)』(岩波書店)。
^ Jump up to: a b Frellesvig 2010 , p. 184
^ Labrune, Laurence (2012). The Phonology of Japanese . The Phonology of the World's Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 89–91. doi : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545834.003.0003 . ISBN 978-0-19-954583-4 . Archived from the original on 2021-10-27 . Retrieved 2021-10-14 .
^ Miura, Akira, English in Japanese , Weatherhill, 1998.
^ Hall, Kathleen Currie (2013). "Documenting phonological change: A comparison of two Japanese phonemic splits" (PDF) . In Luo, Shan (ed.). Proceedings of the 2013 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-12-12 . Retrieved 2019-06-01 .
^ Japanese is listed as one of the official languages of Angaur state, Palau ( Ethnologe Archived 2007-10-01 at the Wayback Machine , CIA World Factbook Archived 2021-02-03 at the Wayback Machine ). However, very few Japanese speakers were recorded in the 2005 census Archived 2008-02-16 at the Wayback Machine .
^ "IBGE traça perfil dos imigrantes – Imigração – Made in Japan" . Madeinjapan.uol.com.br. 2008-06-21. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19 . Retrieved 2012-11-20 .
^ "American FactFinder" . Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12 . Retrieved 2013-02-01 .
^ "Japanese – Source Census 2000, Summary File 3, STP 258" . Mla.org. Archived from the original on 2012-12-21 . Retrieved 2012-11-20 .
^ "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table" . 2.statcan.ca. 2010-06-10. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03 . Retrieved 2012-11-20 .
^ "Census 2000 Summary File 1 (SF 1) 100-Percent Data" . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 1 July 2021 . Retrieved 8 July 2018 .
^ The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia - Google Books Archived 2020-01-14 at the Wayback Machine . Books.google.com. Retrieved on 2014-06-07.
^ [1] Archived October 19, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
^ [2] Archived July 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ 法制執務コラム集「法律と国語・日本語」 (in Japanese). Legislative Bureau of the House of Councillors. Archived from the original on 25 December 2018 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 .
^ Pulvers, Roger (2006-05-23). "Opening up to difference: The dialect dialectic" . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on 2020-06-17 . Retrieved 2020-06-17 .
^ "Constitution of the State of Angaur" . Pacific Digital Library. Article XII. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . The traditional Palauan language, particularly the dialect spoken by the people of Angaur State, shall be the language of the State of Angaur. Palauan, English and Japanese shall be the official languages.
^ "2005 Census of Population & Housing" (PDF) . Bureau of Budget & Planning. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2014 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Yamagiwa, Joseph K. (1967). "On Dialect Intelligibility in Japan". Anthropological Linguistics . 9 (1): 4, 5, 18.
^ See the comments of George Kizaki in Stuky, Natalie-Kyoko (8 August 2015). "Exclusive: From Internment Camp to MacArthur's Aide in Rebuilding Japan" . The Daily Beast . Archived from the original on 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 .
^ Coulmas, Florian (1989). Language Adaptation . Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp. 106 . ISBN 978-0-521-36255-9 .
^ Patrick Heinrich (25 August 2014). "Use them or lose them: There's more at stake than language in reviving Ryukyuan tongues" . The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 2019-01-07 . Retrieved 2019-10-24 .
^ Kindaichi, Haruhiko (2011-12-20). Japanese Language: Learn the Fascinating History and Evolution of the Language Along With Many Useful Japanese Grammar Points . Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462902668 . Archived from the original on 2021-11-15 . Retrieved 2020-11-12 .
^ Robbeets 2005 , p. 20.
^ Robbeets 2005 .
^ Vovin, Alexander (2008). "Proto-Japanese beyond the accent system" . Current Issues in Linguistic Theory . 294 : 141–156. doi : 10.1075/cilt.294.11vov . ISBN 978-90-272-4809-1 . Archived from the original on 2022-03-27 . Retrieved 2017-12-20 .
^ Vovin 2010 .
^ Kindaichi & Hirano 1978 , pp. 30–31.
^ Shibatani 1990 .
^ "Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal" . ResearchGate . Archived from the original on 2019-02-19 . Retrieved 2019-03-28 .
^ Ann Kumar (1996). "Does Japanese have an Austronesian stratum?" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-11-03 . Retrieved 2017-09-28 .
^ "Kanji and Homophones Part I - Does Japanese have too few sounds?" . Kuwashii Japanese . 8 January 2017. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021 . Retrieved 28 May 2021 .
^ Bullock, Ben. "What is Japanese pitch accent?" . Ben Bullock. Archived from the original on 2 July 2017 . Retrieved 17 July 2017 .
^ Vance, Timothy J. (April 1993). "Are Japanese Particles Clitics?". Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese . 27 (1): 3–33. doi : 10.2307/489122 . JSTOR 489122 .
^ Miyagawa, Shigeru. "The Japanese Language" . Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on July 20, 2009 . Retrieved January 16, 2011 .
^ Koichi (13 September 2011). "Yamato Kotoba: The REAL Japanese Language" . Tofugu . Archived from the original on 2016-05-31 . Retrieved 2016-03-26 .
^ 金田一京, ed. (2001). 新選国語辞典 . 小学館. ISBN 4-09-501407-5 .
^ " Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine ," Asia Society Museum.
^ " Kanji Archived 2012-05-10 at the Wayback Machine ," JapanGuide.com.
^ " Pottery Archived 2009-05-01 at the Wayback Machine ," MSN Encarta.
^ " History of Japan Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine ," JapanVisitor.com.
^ Heinrich, Patrick. "What leaves a mark should no longer stain: Progressive erasure and reversing language shift activities in the Ryukyu Islands," Archived 2011-05-16 at the Wayback Machine First International Small Island Cultures Conference at Kagoshima University , Centre for the Pacific Islands, 7–10 February 2005; citing Shiro Hattori . (1954) Gengo nendaigaku sunawachi goi tokeigaku no hoho ni tsuite ("Concerning the Method of Glottochronology and Lexicostatistics"), Gengo kenkyu ( Journal of the Linguistic Society of Japan ), Vols. 26/27.
^ Shunpei Mizuno, ed. (2002). 韓国人の日本偽史―日本人はビックリ! (in Japanese). Shogakukan. ISBN 978-4-09-402716-7 . Archived from the original on 2020-12-09 . Retrieved 2020-08-23 .
^ Shunpei Mizuno, ed. (2007). 韓vs日「偽史ワールド」 (in Japanese). Shogakukan. ISBN 978-4-09-387703-9 . Archived from the original on 2021-04-15 . Retrieved 2020-08-23 .
^ Jump up to: a b Vovin, Alexander. "Is Japanese Katakana Derived from Korean Kwukyel?". Contemporary Korean Linguistics . Archived from the original on 2022-03-27 . Retrieved 2020-10-28 – via www.academia.edu.
^ Burlock, Ben (2017). "How did katakana and hiragana originate?" . sci.lang.japan . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 .
^ Ager, Simon (2017). "Japanese Hiragana" . Omniglot . Archived from the original on 19 November 2016 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 .
^ Beate Sirota Gordon commencement address at Mills College , 14 May 2011. "Sotomayor, Denzel Washington, GE CEO Speak to Graduates," Archived 2011-06-23 at the Wayback Machine C-SPAN (US). 30 May 2011; retrieved 2011-05-30
^ Jump up to: a b c "Survey Report on Japanese-Language Education Abroad" (PDF) . Japan Foundation. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2019 . Retrieved 6 January 2019 .
^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Japanese (Nihongo)" . United Nations. Archived from the original on 2022-01-07 . Retrieved 2022-01-07 .
^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" . United Nations. Archived from the original on 2021-03-16 . Retrieved 2022-01-07 .
Bloch, Bernard (1946). Studies in colloquial Japanese I: Inflection. Journal of the American Oriental Society , 66 , pp. 97–130.
Bloch, Bernard (1946). Studies in colloquial Japanese II: Syntax. Language , 22 , pp. 200–248.
Chafe, William L. (1976). Giveness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics, and point of view. In C. Li (Ed.), Subject and topic (pp. 25–56). New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-447350-4 .
Dalby, Andrew. (2004). "Japanese," Archived 2022-03-27 at the Wayback Machine in Dictionary of Languages: the Definitive Reference to More than 400 Languages. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11568-1 , 978-0-231-11569-8 ; OCLC 474656178
Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). A history of the Japanese language . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65320-6 . Archived from the original on 2022-03-27 . Retrieved 2021-11-17 .
Frellesvig, B.; Whitman, J. (2008). Proto-Japanese: Issues and Prospects . Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science / 4. John Benjamins Publishing Company. ISBN 978-90-272-4809-1 . Archived from the original on 2022-03-27 . Retrieved 2022-03-26 .
Kindaichi, Haruhiko; Hirano, Umeyo (1978). The Japanese Language . Tuttle Publishing . ISBN 978-0-8048-1579-6 .
Kuno, Susumu (1973). The structure of the Japanese language . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-11049-0 .
Kuno, Susumu. (1976). "Subject, theme, and the speaker's empathy: A re-examination of relativization phenomena," in Charles N. Li (Ed.), Subject and topic (pp. 417–444). New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-447350-4 .
McClain, Yoko Matsuoka. (1981). Handbook of modern Japanese grammar: 口語日本文法便覧 [ Kōgo Nihon bumpō ]. Tokyo: Hokuseido Press. ISBN 4-590-00570-0 , 0-89346-149-0 .
Miller, Roy (1967). The Japanese language . Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Miller, Roy (1980). Origins of the Japanese language: Lectures in Japan during the academic year, 1977–78 . Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-95766-2 .
Mizutani, Osamu; & Mizutani, Nobuko (1987). How to be polite in Japanese: 日本語の敬語 [ Nihongo no keigo ]. Tokyo: The Japan Times . ISBN 4-7890-0338-8 .
Robbeets, Martine Irma (2005). Is Japanese Related to Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic? . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05247-4 .
Okada, Hideo (1999). "Japanese". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 117–119.
Shibamoto, Janet S. (1985). Japanese women's language . New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-640030-X . Graduate Level
Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). The languages of Japan . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36070-6 . ISBN 0-521-36918-5 (pbk).
Tsujimura, Natsuko (1996). An introduction to Japanese linguistics . Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-19855-5 (hbk); ISBN 0-631-19856-3 (pbk). Upper Level Textbooks
Tsujimura, Natsuko (Ed.) (1999). The handbook of Japanese linguistics . Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 0-631-20504-7 . Readings/Anthologies
Vovin, Alexander (2010). Korea-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 978-0-8248-3278-0 . Archived from the original on 2020-08-23 . Retrieved 2015-10-18 .
Japanese edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia
Wiktionary has definitions related to Japanese
Welcome to a sneak preview of the new design for Wikipedia!
We would love your feedback on our changes
Japanese ( 日本語 , Nihongo , [ɲihoŋɡo] ( listen ) ) is spoken natively by about 128 million people, primarily by Japanese people and primarily in Japan , the only country where it is the national language . Japanese belongs to the Japonic or Japanese- Ryukyuan language family. There have been many attempts to group the Japonic languages with other families such as the Ainu , Austroasiatic , Koreanic , and the now-discredited Altaic , but none of these proposals has gained widespread acceptance.
Little is known of the language's prehistory, or when it first appeared in Japan. Chinese documents from the 3rd century AD recorded a few Japanese words, but substantial Old Japanese texts did not appear until the 8th century. From the Heian period (794–1185), there was a massive influx of Sino-Japanese vocabulary into the language, affecting the phonology of Early Middle Japanese . Changes in Late Middle Japanese (1185–1600) brought it closer to the modern language, and the first appearance of European loanwords . The standard dialect moved from the Kansai region in the south, up to the Edo region (modern Tokyo ) in the Early Modern Japanese period (early 17th century–mid 19th century). Following the end of Japan's self-imposed isolation in 1853, the flow of loanwords from European languages increased significantly, and words from English roots have proliferated.
Japanese is an agglutinative , mora -timed language with relatively simple phonotactics , a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent . Word order is normally subject–object–verb with particles marking the grammatical function of words, and sentence structure is topic–comment . Sentence-final particles are used to add emotional or emphatic impact, or form questions. Nouns have no grammatical number or gender , and there are no articles . Verbs are conjugated , primarily for tense and voice , but not person . Japanese adjectives are also conjugated. Japanese has a complex system of honorifics , with verb forms and vocabulary to indicate the relative status of the speaker, the listener, and persons mentioned.
The Japanese writing system combines Chinese characters , known as kanji ( 漢字 , ' Han characters') , with two unique syllabaries (or moraic scripts) derived by the Japanese from the more complex Chinese characters: hiragana ( ひらがな or 平仮名 , 'simple characters') and katakana ( カタカナ or 片仮名 , 'partial characters'). Latin script ( rōmaji ローマ字) is also used in a limited fashion (such as for imported acronyms) in Japanese writing. The numeral system uses mostly Arabic numerals , but also traditional Chinese numerals .
Proto-Japonic , the common ancestor of the Japanese and Ryukyuan languages , is thought to have been brought to Japan by settlers coming from the Korean peninsula sometime in the early- to mid-4th century BC (the Yayoi period ), replacing the languages of the original Jōmon inhabitants, [2] including the ancestor of the modern Ainu language . Because writing had yet to be introduced from China, there is no direct evidence, and anything that can be discerned about this period must be based on internal reconstruction from Old Japanese , or comparison with the Ryukyuan languages and Japanese dialects . [3]
The Chinese writing system was imported to Japan from Baekje around the start of the fifth century, alongside Buddhism. [4] The earliest texts were written in Classical Chinese , although some of these were likely intended to be read as Japanese using the kanbun method, and show influences of Japanese grammar such as Japanese word order. [5] The earliest text, the Kojiki , dates to the early eighth century, and was written entirely in Chinese characters, which are used to represent, at different times, Chinese, kanbun , and Old Japanese. [6] As in other texts from this period, the Old Japanese sections are written in Man'yōgana , which uses kanji for their phonetic as well as semantic values.
Based on the Man'yōgana system, Old Japanese can be reconstructed as having 88 distinct syllables. Texts written with Man'yōgana use two different sets of kanji for each of the syllables now pronounced き (ki), ひ (hi), み (mi), け (ke), へ (he), め (me), こ (ko), そ (so), と (to), の (no), も (mo), よ (yo) and ろ (ro). [7] (The Kojiki has 88, but all later texts have 87. The distinction between mo 1 and mo 2 apparently was lost immediately following its composition.) This set of syllables shrank to 67 in Early Middle Japanese , though some were added through Chinese influence. Man'yōgana also has a symbol for /je/ , which merges with /e/ before the end of the period.
Several fossilizations of Old Japanese grammatical elements remain in the modern language – the genitive particle tsu (superseded by modern no ) is preserved in words such as matsuge ("eyelash", lit. "hair of the eye"); modern mieru ("to be visible") and kikoeru ("to be audible") retain a mediopassive suffix - yu(ru) ( kikoyu → kikoyuru (the attributive form, which slowly replaced the plain form starting in the late Heian period) → kikoeru (all verbs with the shimo-nidan conjugation pattern underwent this same shift in Early Modern Japanese )); and the genitive particle ga remains in intentionally archaic speech.
Early Middle Japanese is the Japanese of the Heian period , from 794 to 1185. It formed the basis for the literary standard of Classical Japanese , which
Kazirodztwo Porno
Oglądanie Darmowego Porno
Kazirodztwo Porno