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A sand storm. Visibility is about two meters, and the whole car is surrounded by sand; it creeps through small gaps and drums on our leather jackets. The old man nods, takes one, and starts to smoke as if it was the most natural thing in the world, then passes it over and steps on the gas. By the time we reach the first military checkpoint, the car is reeking of the stuff, and we are high on it, but nobody cares. Although Egypt has strict narcotics laws, such as the death penalty for possession of large quantities of drugs, they are not generally enforced. Unlike in some Asian countries, where many foreigners await execution on death row, here users are rarely apprehended, and then, generally for political reasons. Egypt is most famous, apart from its tourist sights, for being the greatest drug distributor in the Middle-East. While alcohol consumption is part of the culture in Europe, it is almost non-existent in the Middle-East. The reason is a religious one: The prophet Mohammed peace be upon Him forbade the consumption of fermented grain, but he did not mention tobacco or cannabis, so the Middle-East has inclined towards THC derivatives and opiates. Islam has three categories of consumables: Haram sinful including pork and alcohol; Makruh disliked including tobacco, cannabis and opium; and Halal permissible covering everything else. Although the spread of Salafiyyah ideologies has started heated arguments among Muslim theologians about what the prophet would say about smoking dope, the majority do not consider it a serious offence — as distinct from members of some extremist movements who would prohibit even tobacco and every mind-altering or harmful substance. An Arabic youth would probably smoke dope long before trying alcohol, which they would possibly never use in their whole life. In Egypt, as in the whole Middle-East, the most popular recreational drug is cannabis. Everyone smokes bango which means weed in Egypt. We were taking pictures of houses destroyed by shells, and dead donkeys lying on the road in Khan Yunes, a few kilometres from Rafah in Palestine, when an old Palestinian farmer, who came to pick up drinking water, started puffing a sizeable cigarette in between filling two water pots, and, being a generous soul, immediately passed it around among the khauega foreign youths. I guess he was hoping that we would work more enthusiastically. His reply perfectly illustrates the cannabis situation in the Sinai Peninsula. Whole cannabis fields grow in the demilitarised zone next to the border between Israel and Egypt, and the local Bedouin tribes Tarabin, Suwarka, Armilat happily distribute it in the big cities — Alexandria, Ismailia, Cairo and Port Said — or Israel itself. Last November, I had the opportunity to spend some time among the Bedouin living near the border, so I know quite well the exact price of bango in and around El Arish. My Bedouin driver told me that a bag of bango — around a kilogram — is about to Egyptian pounds, and one joint is 5 pounds. Weed doesn't cost much more in the big cities. But before you make plans to export high quality Egyptian weed to the Hungarian market, you should bear in mind that no dealer would buy it. The THC content of ganja coming from the Sinai Peninsula doesn't even come close to that of the weed you can buy in Europe, because weed grown in the Middle-East — as opposed to the stuff you can buy in Hungary — has rarely been cross-bred to increase its effect. While you can get high on 0. Bango, though, is the substance of choice only for the lower classes. The more well-off use hashish. In Egypt, hashish isn't often made from weed. It comes to the big cities in great greasy lumps, bearing the seal of its Moroccan producer. Although Egypt uses the metric system, dealers don't use grams to measure hashish. I never made the effort to measure this quantity precisely, but I would guess it must be around 4 or 5 grams. The price is between 50 and Egyptian pounds; the darker the colour, the better the quality. While bango is mostly smoked by the Bedouin of the Sinai Peninsula and the poor of the cities, who cannot afford the relatively expensive hashish, the latter is the most popular recreational narcotic among the middle classes, who use it the same way Europeans drink alcohol. And then, not in public, because alcohol consumption is stigmatised by society. During the years I spent in the Middle-East, I saw several modes of hashish consumption, in different company. The most interesting case, however, happened at a wedding in Alexandria in In Sidi Gaber, where I was living, the locals separated part of a street with colourful canvas. There was nothing surprising in it, street weddings are quite usual in Egypt. What I was fascinated by, was the recreational drug consumption of the wedding party, the way they used hashish. Traditionally, hashish is not smoked in cigarettes, mixed with tobacco though this is becoming more common, especially among young people but drunk. But how? The method is very simple: They cut a thin piece, the size of a matchstick, from the hashish block, and set it in a cigarette. Then they put the cigarette into a glass, light the protruding hashish and cover the glass. Since hashish smoke is heavier than air, it collects in the bottom of the glass, and when the glass is full of thick white smoke, they simply raise the cover for example a sheet of paper , and suck the smoke out of the glass. I saw old men of about 60 or 70 consume it in this way. According to a survey by the Egyptian Ministry of Health, around 25 to 30 percent of the population use drugs regularly. This number includes alcohol and hashish consumption, but hard drug users are counted separately. Access to this article is free - but to produce articles and videos is not. Drugreporter is a non-profit website that needs your support to provide you with high quality contents. Email: rightsreporter rightsreporter. The Rights Reporter Foundation. Room for Change Campaign. Room in the 8th District Campaign. A Day in the Life movie website. Skip to main content Skip to secondary menu Skip to primary sidebar Skip to footer. The Moroccan connection In Egypt, hashish isn't often made from weed. Related articles:. Related videos:. Search Search this website.

A Bag of Bango

Ismailia buy ganja

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Ibrahim El-Safty: elsafty54 yahoo. Licensee African Health Sciences. The use of illicit drugs has become a worldwide health problem. Substances with the potential to be abused may have direct or indirect effects on physiologic mechanisms that lead to organ system dysfunction and diseases. The present study aims to investigate the structural and reabsorption integrity of the nephron among Egyptian addicts of tramadol alone and coabused with cannabis. In addition, urinary levels of tramadol and tetrahydrocannabinol were estimated. Among the two addicted groups, all measured parameters were not significantly different in comparison with the control group except for urinary calcium excretion which was found to be significantly increased among the two addicted groups. Both tramadol addiction alone or coabused with cannabis causes increased urinary excretion of calcium, indicating reabsorption dysfunction of calcium without affecting structural integrity along the nephron. Keywords: Enzymuria, copper, zinc, calcium, reabsorption impairment, tubular structural integrity. It leads to numerous consequences at the health, economic, social and legal levels. These consequences interfere with the development of the countries and their efforts to respond to the needs of their populations. Apart from its economic cost, drug abuse leads to social problems among family members, abnormal behavior, crime, health and psychological problems as well as economic difficulties 1. Tramadol Tr is a synthetic opioid from the aminocyclohexanol group and is commonly used in clinical practice as analgesic for treatment of moderate to severe pain 2. Tramadol is free of side effects of traditional opioid such as the risk for respiratory depression 3 and drug dependence 4. So, the abuse potential of tramadol is considered low or absent 5 , which is in contrast to other opioids. Cannabis was used a long time ago for both recreational and medicinal purposes. The plant Cannabis sativa Indian hemp is the source of different psychoactive products. Marijuana comes from leaves, stems, and dried flower buds of the plant. Hashish is a resin obtained from flowering buds of the hemp plant 6. Calcium is reabsorbed along all segments of the nephron. The proximal tubule is the primary tubular segment where most of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed. Any calcium that is not reabsorbed then passes into what is now urine and into the bladder. Copper Cu is important for all functions of many cellular enzymes They are both expressed in the glomeruli in minor amounts. The two copper transporters work together to maintain copper balance within this tissue. The ability of ATP7A to traffic to basolateral membrane an event associated with copper export in response to copper elevation strongly suggests that ATP7A plays the major role in exporting copper from renal cells for reabsorption into the blood and in protecting renal cells against copper overload Previous data suggest that copper may be reabsorbed by the same pathway as that involved in iron reabsorption 13 , which occurs between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, interpreted as the loops of Henle. The kidney epithelium is the site of urinary zinc excretion and reabsorption. Zinc reabsorption occurs in all the downstream segments of the nephron; proximal tubule, Loop of Henle, and terminal nephron segments Most of the filtered Zn is reabsorbed along kidney proximal tubule The kidney is considered the primary eliminator of exogenous drugs and toxins; impairment of excretion predisposes it to various forms of injury. Development of new biomarkers is needed for the specific diagnosis of nephrotoxicity at earlier stage Renal tubular cells, in particular proximal tubule cells, are vulnerable to the toxic effects of drugs because their role in concentrating and reabsorbing glomerular filtrate exposes them to high levels of circulating toxins Although most nephrotoxicity occurs in the proximal part of the nephron, some chemicals damage distal tubules. The function of these structures facilitates their vulnerability to toxicants Drug addiction has been associated with various forms of renal diseases which may be related to direct effect of the drugs themselves while others are caused by complications related to drug abuse The present work aims to investigate the effect of tramadol addiction on urinary excretion of some metals e. In addition, the study was extended to evaluate the effect of tramadol addiction coabused with cannabis. The study was designed to be a comparative cross-sectional one from December to March Participants in the present investigation were recruited on voluntary bases from non-smoking males attending the outpatient clinic, El-Demerdash hospital, Ain-Shams University, for treatment of drug addiction. All participates were subjected to interview using a questionnaire designed to obtain information about previous medical and occupational history, medication intake, actual health status, and subjective symptoms. All subjects underwent a routine clinical examination and a routine urinalysis. The interview and clinical examination were performed by the clinic physicians under the supervision of one of the authors. Participants of the control group were recruited from relatives of the addicted participants after applying the same exclusion criteria and clinical examination. A participant was excluded from the present study if he had:. A history of disease affecting the kidney before onset of addiction or any disease likely to impair renal function or affect the urinary excretion of the investigated parameters e. Regular and prolonged treatment by drugs affecting the kidney e. A total of sixty-five males were included in the present study and divided into three groups as follows: Control group G1 was comprised of 19 males, Tramadol addicts G2 were comprised of 18 males, Tramadol coabused with cannabis addicts G3 was comprised of 28 males. Before starting treatment from addiction, morning urine sample was collected from each participant into ml sterilized plastic container and centrifuged at rpm for 5 minutes, and then the clear supernatant was distributed in polyethylene vials 1. Urinary tramadol U. Urinary creatinine U. ANOVA was used to compare between more than two means of independent groups. In case of parametric data, if ANOVA was statistically significant, Post Hoc test was used to compare between each two means, while Mann- Whitney and Kruskall-Wallis tests were used for non-parametric data. Correlation coefficient was calculated to examine the relation between investigated urinary parameters. Concerning the investigated urinary enzymes of structural integrity of the proximal tubules U. Cr and U. Cr , data in Table 1 demonstrated insignificant difference between the three investigated groups, suggesting that tramadol did not cause a damaging effect on the structural integrity of the proximal tubules, and even coabuse of cannabis with tramadol addiction has no effect on the structural integrity of the proximal tubules. This suggests that neither tramadol addiction alone nor tramadol coabused with cannabis affects the structural integrity of the proximal tubules among the investigated addicted individuals in the present study. These findings support the results reported by others Regarding the effect of addiction on reabsorption integrity of the nephron for U. Cr as well as U. Cr among the three investigated groups, suggesting also that neither tramadol addiction alone nor coabused with cannabis could affect the reabsorption integrity of the nephron for both Cu and Zn. Also, this suggests that cannabis itself has no effect on the reabsorption integrity of the nephron for U. Concerning the effect of addiction on urinary excretion of U. Cr, results in Table 2 revealed a significant increase in U. This finding and suggestion receive support from the report that opioids cause increased levels of growth hormone and vasopressin It was reported that growth hormone excess such as occurs in acromegaly causes hypercalciuria which appears to be a tubular effect and that vasopressin may increase calciumexcretion due to its effect on reducing calcium transport the thick ascending limb Furthermore, Table 2 showed a significant increase in U. This suggestion is supported by results in Table 2 which demonstrated a significant increase in U. Cr levels in G3 Table 4. Moreover, other investigators 25 reported mild kidney function decline among patients who had used marijuana, and others reported that tramadol has negative impacts on kidney function in human 26 and experimental animals 27 as evidenced by an increase in BUN and serum creatinine levels. Other studies reached similar results 28 , Results of the present study Table 1 showed that the two addicted groups were having different addiction duration, and since the addiction duration in G3 is longer than in G2, it could be suggested that the abuser had started addiction with only one drug and after a period of time that is with increasing age the abuser started the coabuse of the second drug. Correlation coefficient r between investigated parameters in the tramadol coabused with cannabis addicted group. Data from the Table 4 demonstrate a positive correlation between age and addiction duration, and between U. Cr and each of U. Cr, U. Cr, as well as between U. Cr, also between U. Cr with both U. Cr, and between U. Absence of cannabis addicted group and the small number of recruited participants are the limitations in the present study. Among the investigated addicted individuals, neither the addiction of tramadol alone nor in combination with cannabis was found to affect the structural integrity of proximal tubules. Moreover, reabsorption integrity of the nephron is affected only with respect to calcium reabsorption and not with respect to copper and zinc reabsorption. Also, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that investigated the effect of addiction of tramadol alone or coabused with cannabis on the reabsorption integrity of the nephron regarding urinary excretion of copper and zinc as well as calcium. Results of the present work Table 3 revealed a significant positive correlation between U. Cr, and also between U. Authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Ain-Shams University, administration of environmental affairs. Also they acknowledge Dr. Haytham Hassan for drafting the questionnaire of the present study. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Afr Health Sci. Find articles by Ibrahim El-Safty. Find articles by Elsayed Eltamany. Find articles by Ahmed Shouman. Find articles by Omayma El-Gamel. Find articles by Ahmed Nada. Find articles by Wesam Ali. Emails: Ibrahim El-Safty: elsafty54 yahoo. Open in a new tab. N: Number of individuals participated in each investigated group. Comparison between different investigated groups regarding urinary calcium excretion. Studied groups U. Age duration Addiction Urinary parameters U. Correlation coefficient r between investigated parameters in the tramadol addicted group. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

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