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Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. Memory is the natural counterpart of learning, a necessary condition for the behavior change for being permanent 1. Agent abuse has been demonstrated to exert detrimental impact upon learning and memory. Over the past epoch, the number of drug consumers has unfortunately increased and concerns have been articulated pertaining to abused agents in various societies 2 , 3. Memory dysfunction and its underlying mechanisms following chronic intake of abused agents have recently been a subject of interest for scientists. There is a growing body of literature both in experimental and clinical studies demonstrating the chronic use of some drugs either medically legally or recreationally illegally. After cessation, brain plasticity and progressive structural alterations in the neural pathways appear in short and long periods, which are responsible for dysfunction of memory performance. In many studies, memory dysfunction observed after cessation is persistent after a long period of regressing withdrawal syndrome. The present review summarizes the literature with respect to clinical and experimental studies on various abused drugs including depressants ethanol, morphine , psychostimulants cocaine, amphetamine, and MDMA and psychoactive agents marijuana and possible mechanisms involved in memory impairment following a withdrawal. Ethanol or alcohol abuse is a common health problem. Over 17 million people have been diagnosed with ethanol abuse in USA 5. Approximately 76 million people suffer from adverse effects of alcohol abuse worldwide 6. In addition, the fetal alcohol syndrome is nowadays considered as the most common known cause of mental retardation, which influences from 1 to 7 per live-born infants 7. Alcohol is rapidly absorbed, readily penetrates into the central nervous system CNS and creates high potential neurotoxicity 8. Although studies of cognition effects of alcohol go back to a century ago, its mechanisms of action are still a less divulged topic. It is said that after withdrawal, neuronal damage, neurochemical and morphological changes in certain brain regions can exert deleterious effects upon cognitive performance. Several preclinical and clinical studies revealed dysfunction in learning and memory performance after a long period of alcohol abstinence 9 , In a Morris water maze test, spatial memory dysfunction in reference memory process was observed in withdrawn animals, as compared to alcohol consuming-non-withdrawn and control groups It was shown that the time and distance spent to approach former position were significantly longer in withdrawn animals Farr et al. The authors showed that it impaired acquisition and long-term retention in T-maze, foot shock avoidance, shuttle box active avoidance and step-down passive avoidance tests for assessing spatial learning and memory 14 applied in multiple studies 15 , These deficits were alleviated after 12 weeks and did not return to normal condition In a comparative study among recently detoxified subjects, long-term abstinence subjects and intoxicated subjects, it was shown that deficits in visuospatial learning were significantly better in the intoxicated group Meanwhile, there was no significant difference between recently detoxified and long-term abstinence individuals. The withdrawal may exert a deleterious effect upon learning performance, and time interval could not eliminate this type of memory dysfunction Fein et al. Due to the fact that spatial memory gradually declines with aging in normal subjects, devoting more attention to this aspect of memory in abstinent middle aged and elderly people was mentioned to be of value In some studies, the number of withdrawals also is an important contributing factor in cognition function. On another reading, the higher number of withdrawals showed the higher impairment of memory function. Duka et al. It was demonstrated that with an increase in the number of withdrawals, subjects become significantly weaker in memory testing during 24 hours of abstinence following ethanol intake in two groups of men and women; meanwhile, women showed more vulnerability than men However, a conflicting result claimed that frequency of withdrawals brought about negligible effects upon the cognitive abilities in detoxified alcoholics These discrepancies may be as a consequence of differences in samples or the measures for evaluating memory performance. Pattern of memory deficits with respect to time course after withdrawal, is divided into three periods, that is to say, acute detoxification period, intermediate-term abstinence, and long-term abstinence It is said that an acute detoxification period takes until 2 weeks, intermediate-term period lasts weeks to 2 months and long-term phase is greater than 2 months after abstinence. Hence, nonverbal abstract reasoning, visuospatial abilities, mental flexibility and nonverbal short-term memory last over 2 months of cessation that could disturb quality of life in abstinent patients and need more attention Morphine, a member of narcotics family, is one of the most powerful analgesic agents widely used. Meanwhile, it produces many psychological effects, namely, relieving fear, anxiety and euphoria Abuse of different derivatives of morphine is a crucial issue in various populations. By way of illustration, west European countries were reported to be the largest market for heroin, that is, N-acetylmorphine Chronic use of opioids in different pain conditions and abuse of high dose of these agents were seen with reduced attention and working and episodic memory dysfunction in several experimental and clinical studies 27 , Understanding of memory dysfunction after narcotic stopping was also a subject of interest for researchers. In the Y-maze task, acquisition of spatial recognition memory was impaired after withdrawal of chronic administration of morphine repeated for 4 days , in a dose dependent manner. Such an impairment, which was observed in the 3rd but not 1st following withdrawal, supported independency to the withdrawn syndrome Discontinuation of morphine in dependent mice after 14 hours showed cognition dysfunction, with spending more time to explore the objects in an object recognition task Such a test can be used for assessing working and episodic-like memory in animals Early abstinence in individuals with opioid dependence produced some deficiency in complex working memory, executive function and fluid intelligence In another study, patients on methadone showed memory deficit after withdrawal; nevertheless, they were normal after nine months except in visual attention and flexibility The finding was in line with that obtained from abstinent heroin users showing deficiency in executive function after eight mounts Amphetamine, an indirect sympathomimetic agent with good penetration into the CNS, is prescribed for several disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD , narcolepsy and weight loss Its abuse has increased amongst the young during the past decade It was also demonstrated that methamphetamine abuse could lead to cognitive deficits There are, howbeit, some findings claiming that chronic use of amphetamine as well as its withdrawal can cause learning and memory dysfunction. Four earlier groups showed impairment on memory tasks, compared to the control group. More to the point, memory dysfunction was not recovered in several years after withdrawal in abstinent subjects for both abused substances Simon et al. The authors found that some aspects of cognitive performance such as selective learning and also all four measures of episodic memory word recognition, picture recognition, word recall and picture recall were significantly lower in the abstinent and relapse persons, as compared to current users. However, there was no significant difference among the groups with respect to working memory and executive function temporary storage and manipulation of information. Generally, current users performed better than relapse subjects in the majority of tests and abstinent individuals experienced the least memory performance These findings showed an alteration in different aspects of memory performance after withdrawal of amphetamine. Such effects result in a large increase in 5-HT levels followed by depletion of neurons. This illegal drug, known as club drug, is very popular among the young Abuse of MDMA can result in a variety of psychological, social and cognitive problems. There are also some reports on induced memory dysfunction by this agent remaining after abstinence. In an object recognition task, memory was significantly impaired after withdrawal of repeated, but not single administration of MDMA on 1st and especially 7th day of withdrawal period in mice In a comparison among abstinent rats after chronic use of MDMA, current cannabinoid and control groups showed that abstinent MDMA animals were the worst group in memory tests McCardle et al. Cocaine, one of the most important recreational stimulants, is consumed especially by young people. A recent estimation indicates that half a million Americans use this agent weekly. Nowadays, there are also concerns on the cocaine withdrawal induced memory impairment after its chronic use In a Y-Maze and two-lever operant paradigm, rats showed a decrease in memory performance during a week withdrawal following a 7-day regimen of cocaine Briand et al. Chronic users of cocaine showed significant impairment on verbal memory and fluency as well as deficits in cognitive flexibility, but not in spatial memory after acute withdrawal This defect continued up to 10 days after the assessment Recent cessation acute phase, within 72 hours of last use and 2-week abstinent subjects beyond chronic use of cocaine showed impairment in memory, visuospatial and concentration tasks independent of depression induced by withdrawal These agents are the most popular illicit psychoactive substances used among teenagers; albeit, it is postulated to be relatively safe The literature has flooded by animal and human studies revealing disruptive effects of cannabinoids in different aspects of memory and cognition after acute and chronic uses; however, there are a few studies on learning and memory changes after withdrawal of marijuana. Bolla et al. Spatial working memory deficiency was also observed in adolescent marijuana users after 8 days of abstinence persisting even after 1 month observation Chronic intake of abused drugs is associated with neurochemical and morphological alterations, neuronal plasticity and changes in the levels of neurotransmitters in the CNS, especially neocortex, basal forebrain and hippocampus, which are involved in cognition and memory processes According to preceding studies, it appears that such alterations may occur in withdrawal period that might aggravate existing situation and contribute to memory deficit. To date, roles of contributing factors including neurotransmitters and neuropeptides such as dopamine, glutamate, glucocorticoids and cannabinoids have been demonstrated. Dys-regulation and high concentration of glutamate content in synaptic clefts serves a crucial role in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative disorders such as cognitive impairment The levels of excitatory amino acid, glutamate, are increased immediately after withdrawal of ethanol and further elevated in subsequent days It was demonstrated that chronic abused ethanol leaded to inhibition of N-methyl D-aspartate NMDA receptors and also an increase in glutamate release as well as an increased expression of NMDA receptors 54 , It was demonstrated that an increase in expression of ionotropic channels, NMDA and AMPA receptors during alcohol withdrawal synergistically contributed to glutamate excitotoxicity It was reported that single and repeated administrations of nimodipine in morphine- dependent mice improved memory deficit during withdrawal of morphine in an object recognition test Moreover, memantine, an antagonist of NMDA receptors, improved the cognition impairment in abstinent rats from chronic intake of ethanol in a Morris water maze test An increase in NMDA receptor expression was shown after 21 days but not 1 day following cocaine withdrawal in rats This can be explained by excitotoxicity observed after withdrawal of cocaine The role of glucocorticoids in memory processing has been pronounced in the literature. Another hypothesis for cognitive impairment after withdrawal of agent abuse is based on increase in glucocorticoid levels in regions of brain responsible for memory processing including hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Following chronic intake of ethanol for about 3 weeks to 8 months, prolonged increase in glucocorticoids concentration occurred in brain of animals while their concentration did not change in plasma Activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis pathway HPA was reported after withdrawal of morphine It was previously found that brain and blood corticosterone increased following morphine withdrawal in morphine- dependent mice. Administration of mifepristone glucocorticoid receptor blocker and metyrapone corticosterone synthesis inhibitor improved memory deficit after withdrawal of morphine in an object recognition task in mice Spironolactone a mineralocorticoid receptors or MR antagonist also improved memory deficits in withdrawn mice Endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachydonyl glycerol and their CB1 subtype receptor, abundant in hippocampus were implicated in learning and memory In a study on rats, up-regulation of CB1 receptors and endogenous cannabinoids in hippocampus appeared 40 days, but not 2 days after withdrawal of chronic alcohol consumption Thus, the cannabinoid system is activated during withdrawal of ethanol. Nawata et al. Prescribing a CB1 antagonist with MDMA and AM, for mice prevented memory deficits observed in withdrawn animals by using an objective recognition task. Nevertheless, mice devoid of the CB1 receptor subtype showed no impairment in memory cognition after withdrawal of MDMA Gonzalez et al. Abuse of recreational drugs is common throughout the word. Cocaine 47 , Marijuana 48 , Morphine 76 and other abused agents cause physiological dependence. Despite extensive research on the effects of chronic abuse of such agents on learning and memory, cognitive impairment occurred on the grounds of the withdrawal is a less divulged topic. An important question is to whether abstinence itself affects the learning and memory abilities in people who abuse these agents. Cognitive decline observed in withdrawn individuals resulting from drug abuse is not a simple subject to overlook. Most existent studies concerning chronic effects of abused drugs have performed after discontinuation of these agents and there are few studies comparing abstinent individuals with current users. Moreover, it has not yet been characterized whether memory dysfunction is a consequence of drug, residues and metabolites during abuse or neurochemical alterations engendering after withdrawal. The present review summarized the literature regarding the harmful effects of withdrawal of abused drugs on several cognitive aspects. Most studies showed deficiency on spatial memory, episodic memory and working memory. However, it is postulated that spatial memory deficiency persists longer than others. Although the precise underlying mechanism of cognitive impairment after withdrawal is not fully understood, multiple mechanisms are likely to be involved. Furthermore, the negative role of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides such as glutamate, glucocorticoids and cannabinoids has by far been elucidated. It appears that activation of one pathway may activate other pathways, which all contributes to memory dysfunction after withdrawal. Prolonged excessive glucocorticoid levels give rise to cognitive deficit. This may be due to excitatory amino acids rising rather than a direct neurotoxic effect of glucocorticoids 77 , Further investigations are, howbeit, required to converge understanding of neurochemical alterations, cellular, and molecular mechanisms in brain after withdrawal into a common conclusion. In the future, with applying appropriate pharmacological treatments that correct neurotransmitter irregularities and cover all putative involved mechanisms, cognitive impairing effects of abused drugs may be prevented or attenuated. Some other benefits may be obtained by increase in compliance of patients in some treatment strategies, preventing drug-seeking behavior and improving social relationship. Vervliet B. Learning and memory in conditioned fear extinction: effects of D-cycloserine. Acta Psychol Amst. Hall W, Darke S. Trends in opiate overdose deaths in Australia Drug Alcohol Depend. Facy F, Verron M. Drug abuse in France: a review of statistical data. Alcohol use and cerebral white matter compromise in adolescence. Addict Behav. Jernigan DH. Global status report: alcohol and young people. Geneva: WHO; Niccols A. Fetal alcohol syndrome and the developing socio-emotional brain. Brain Cogn. Victor M, Adams R. The alcoholic dementias. Neurobehavioural disorders. Amsterdam: Elsevier; Wernicke C. Lehrbuch der Gehirnkrankheiten fur Arzte und Studierende. Korsakoff S. Disturbance of psychic activity in alcoholic paralysis. Vestn Klin Psichiat Neuro. Olton DS. The radial arm maze as a tool in behavioral pharmacology. Physiol Behav. Behavioral and neuroanatomical consequences of chronic ethanol intake and withdrawal. Chronic ethanol consumption impairs learning and memory after cessation of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. Passive and active place avoidance as a tool of spatial memory research in rats. J Neurosci Methods. Effect of ghee oil on blood fat profile and passive avoidance learning in male rats. Tabriz Uni Med Sci. J chemical health risks. Effects of the glucocorticoid antagonist, mifepristone, on the consequences of withdrawal from long term alcohol consumption. Neurobehavioral sequelae of alcoholism. Neurol Clin. Visuospatial information processing in intoxicated, recently detoxified, and long-term abstinent alcoholics. J Subst Abuse. Cognitive performance in long-term abstinent alcoholic individuals. Impairment in cognitive functions after multiple detoxifications in alcoholic inpatients. The effects of repeated withdrawals from alcohol on the memory of male and female alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol. Impairment of cognitive abilities and decision making after chronic use of alcohol: the impact of multiple detoxifications. Cognitive impairments in abstinent alcoholics. West J Med. UK: McGraw-Hill; World Drug Report New York: United Nations Publication; The cognitive effects of the administration of narcotic analgesics in patients with cancer pain. Chronic opioids impair acquisition of both radial maze and Y-maze choice escape. Psychopharmacology Berl. Simard AR, Rivest S. Neuroprotective effects of resident microglia following acute brain injury. J Comp Neurol. Increase in brain corticosterone concentration and recognition memory impairment following morphine withdrawal in mice. Croatia: InTechOpen; Cognitive function during early abstinence from opioid dependence: a comparison to age, gender, and verbal intelligence matched controls. BMC Psychiatry. Opioid abuse and cognitive performance. Impulse control differences between abstinent heroin users and matched controls. Brain Inj. Cambridge: Abt Associates Inc; Profile of executive and memory function associated with amphetamine and opiate dependence. The effect of relapse on cognition in abstinent methamphetamine abusers. J Subst Abuse Treat. London: Churchill Livingstone; Memory deficits in abstinent MDMA ecstasy users: neuropsychological evidence of frontal dysfunction. J Psychopharmacol. Chronic MDMA ecstasy use, cognition and mood. Risk and protective factors for nonmedical use of prescription stimulants and methamphetamine among adolescents. J Adolesc Health. United States. Drake University; Impaired object recognition following prolonged withdrawal from extended-access cocaine self-administration. Cognitive impairment in acute cocaine withdrawal. Cogn Behav Neurol. Neuropsychological deficits in abstinent cocaine abusers: preliminary findings after two weeks of abstinence. Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use. Abstinent adolescent marijuana users show altered fMRI response during spatial working memory. Psychiatry Res. Adolphs R. In: Adolphs R, editor. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd; Glutamate: its role in learning, memory, and the aging brain. Dahchour A, De Witte P. Excitatory and inhibitory amino acid changes during repeated episodes of ethanol withdrawal: an in vivo microdialysis study. Eur J Pharmacol. Tsai G, Coyle JT. The role of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of alcoholism. Annu Rev Med. Brain regional specificity and time-course of changes in the NMDA receptor-ionophore complex during ethanol withdrawal. Brain Res. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and ethanol: inhibition of calcium flux and cyclic GMP production. J Neurochem. The cerebral cortex is damaged in chronic alcoholics. Chronic ethanol and withdrawal differentially modulate pre- and postsynaptic function at glutamatergic synapses in rat basolateral amygdala. J Neurophysiol. Upregulation of glutamate receptor subtypes during alcohol withdrawal in rats. Nimodipine prior to alcohol withdrawal prevents memory deficits during the abstinence phase. Ramkumar V, el-Fakahany EE. Prolonged morphine treatment increases rat brain dihydropyridine binding sites: possible involvement in development of morphine dependence. The effect of nimodipine on memory impairment during spontaneous morphine withdrawal in mice: Corticosterone interaction. Memantine, but not dizocilpine, ameliorates cognitive deficits in adult rats withdrawn from chronic ingestion of alcohol. Neurosci Lett. Life Sci. Schumann J, Yaka R. Prolonged withdrawal from repeated noncontingent cocaine exposure increases NMDA receptor expression and ERK activity in the nucleus accumbens. J Neurosci. Selective increases in regional brain glucocorticoid: a novel effect of chronic alcohol. Morley JE. The endocrinology of the opiates and opioid peptides. Metyrapone and mifepristone reverse recognition memory loss induced by spontaneous morphine withdrawal in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. The effects of spironolactone on morphine withdrawal induced memory loss by the object recognition task method in mice. Res Phar Sci. Cannabinoid receptor localization in brain. Bidirectional alterations of hippocampal cannabinoid 1 receptors and their endogenous ligands in a rat model of alcohol withdrawal and dependence. Chronic exposure to morphine, cocaine or ethanol in rats produced different effects in brain cannabinoid CB 1 receptor binding and mRNA levels. The CB 1 receptor antagonist, AM, improves recognition loss induced by naloxone in morphine withdrawal mice. Changes in endocannabinoid contents in the brain of rats chronically exposed to nicotine, ethanol or cocaine. Evaluation effects of verapamil as a calcium channel blocker on acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of memory in mice. J of Chemical Health Risks. Neural mechanisms underlying morphine withdrawal in addicted patients: a review. Rev in Clin Med. Time-dependent alterations in mRNA expression of brain neuropeptides regulating energy balance and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal activity after withdrawal from intermittent morphine treatment. Sapolsky RM. Glucocorticoids and hippocampal atrophy in neuropsychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Context: Agent abuse is a dire predicament worldwide. Learning and memory deficits stemming from the withdrawal of such agents is an increasingly burning issue for researchers. Evidence Acquisition: The present review revisits the literature generated by far pertaining to the research on memory and cognition deficiencies after withdrawal of agent abuse and corresponding mechanisms. Results: Deficiency on spatial memory, episodic memory and working memory are common after withdrawal of agent abuse. Conclusions: The present review suggests that memory dysfunction may result from withdrawal of agent abuse. Context Memory is the natural counterpart of learning, a necessary condition for the behavior change for being permanent 1. Evidence Acquisition The present review summarizes the literature with respect to clinical and experimental studies on various abused drugs including depressants ethanol, morphine , psychostimulants cocaine, amphetamine, and MDMA and psychoactive agents marijuana and possible mechanisms involved in memory impairment following a withdrawal. Results 3. Ethanol Ethanol or alcohol abuse is a common health problem. Morphine Morphine, a member of narcotics family, is one of the most powerful analgesic agents widely used. Amphetamine Amphetamine, an indirect sympathomimetic agent with good penetration into the CNS, is prescribed for several disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADHD , narcolepsy and weight loss Cocaine Cocaine, one of the most important recreational stimulants, is consumed especially by young people. Mechanisms Underlying Memory Impairment After Withdrawal Chronic intake of abused drugs is associated with neurochemical and morphological alterations, neuronal plasticity and changes in the levels of neurotransmitters in the CNS, especially neocortex, basal forebrain and hippocampus, which are involved in cognition and memory processes Glucocorticoids The role of glucocorticoids in memory processing has been pronounced in the literature. Cannabinoids Endogenous cannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachydonyl glycerol and their CB1 subtype receptor, abundant in hippocampus were implicated in learning and memory Conclusions learning is the process of acquiring new information 75 and memory is natural compartment of learning 1. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience.
Israel and Iran on Friday both played down an apparent Israeli airstrike near a major air base and nuclear site in central Iran.
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Israel and Iran on Friday both played down an apparent Israeli airstrike near a major air base and nuclear site in central Iran, signaling the two bitter enemies are ready to prevent their latest eruption of violence from escalating into a full-blown regional war. But the indecisive outcome of weeks of tensions -- which included an alleged Israeli strike that killed two Iranian generals, an unprecedented Iranian missile barrage on Israel and the apparent Israeli strike early Friday in the heart of Iran -- did little to resolve the deeper grievances between the foes and left the door open to further fighting. Israel has long considered Iran to be its greatest enemy -- citing the Islamic Republic's calls for Israel's destruction, its controversial nuclear program and its support for hostile proxies across the Middle East. Hezbollah, an Iranian-backed proxy in Lebanon, immediately began striking Israeli targets, opening up tit-for-tat fighting along a second front, while Iranian-backed militias in Iraq, Syria and Yemen have also fired missiles and drones at Israel throughout the war. While Israel and Iran have waged a shadow war for years, mostly in neighbouring Syria, they have largely avoided direct confrontations. That changed after an April 1 airstrike killed two Iranian generals at an Iranian diplomatic compound in the Syrian capital of Damascus. Although Israel did not comment, Iran blamed Israel for the strike and vowed revenge. Iran responded with its first-ever direct attack on Israel, launching over missiles and attack drones late Saturday night. Israel, working with a U. In Friday's attack, Iranian state television said that air defence batteries fired in several provinces over reports of drones in the air. Iranian army commander Gen. Abdolrahim Mousavi said crews targeted several flying objects. Authorities said air defences fired at a major air base near Isfahan, which long has been home to Iran's fleet of American-made F Tomcats -- purchased before the Islamic Revolution. Isfahan also is home to sites associated with Iran's nuclear program, including its underground Natanz enrichment site, which has been repeatedly targeted by suspected Israeli sabotage attacks. State television described all Iranian atomic sites in the areas as 'fully safe. Iranian officials made no mention of possible Israeli involvement. That could be intentional, particularly after Iranian officials for days have been threatening to respond to any Israeli retaliatory attack. Israel also had no comment on the apparent attack, though one hard-line government minister, Itamar Ben-Gvir, hinted at his dissatisfaction, with a one-word tweet early Friday, using a slang word for weak or lame. Secretary of State Antony Blinken did not dispute that, but said: 'We were not involved in any offensive operations. Yoel Guzansky, a former Iran expert in the Israeli prime minister's office, said Israel appears to have carried out the attack to 'check off a box' by sending a message to Iran without doing anything too provocative that could upset the United States, which had urged restraint, or spark further Iranian retaliation. He said 'the current round' of violence appears to be over, but that 'nothing has changed' with Israel still facing Iranian-backed threats on various fronts. And the next time, if Iran surprises Israel or allies don't assist in Israel's defence, 'the outcome will be different. A locator map for Iran with its capital, Tehran. AP Photo. Charles Lister, a senior fellow at the Washington-based Middle East Institute and a longtime regional analyst, challenged Iran's claims that drones carried out the attacks. It appears instead that a small number of Israeli aircraft flew from Israel over Syria -- striking at least two southern Syria military bases that have air defence systems along the way, he said. They then entered Iraqi airspace, from where they fired a small number of Blue Sparrow air-to-surface ballistic missiles, likely without ever entering Iranian airspace, Lister said. Accounts of explosions over Iraq support that scenario, and so does debris from what appears to be the booster of an Israeli-made Blue Sparrow missile that Iraqi security found in a field outside Baghdad, Lister said. If this latest round subsides, Israel can now return its focus to its ongoing war in Gaza and the simmering fighting with Hezbollah. With neither of those fronts letting up, the risk of further run-ins with Iran remains high, though neither side appears eager after Friday's apparent Israeli attack. But he added a major caveat. Which we didn't have to worry about before. Gambrell reported from Dubai, United Arab Emirates. A Canadian man who is trapped in Lebanon with his family says they are anxiously waiting for seats on a flight out of the country, as a barrage of Israeli airstrikes continues. A year-old man who was charged with attempted murder in the shooting of a Toronto police officer this week was out on bail at the time of the alleged offence, court documents obtained by CTV News Toronto show. Parts of icy Antarctica are turning green with plant life at an alarming rate as the region is gripped by extreme heat events, according to new research, sparking concerns about the changing landscape on this vast continent. At least two people are dead and others are injured after a fire ripped through a century-old building near Montreal's City Hall, sources told Noovo Info. A year-old Yazidi woman has been rescued from Gaza where she had been held captive by Hamas for years after being trafficked by ISIS. 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Armed men belonging to the Gran Grif gang killed at least 70 people, including three infants, as they swept through a Haitian town shooting automatic rifles at residents, a spokesperson for the United Nations' Human Rights Office said on Friday. Prosecutors have charged a Michigan man with killing and dismembering a janitor he met on the dating app Grindr. An Israeli airstrike on a West Bank cafe that the military said targeted Palestinian militants also killed a family of four, including two young children, relatives told The Associated Press on Friday. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is set to announce funding to support French-speaking African countries and initiatives to promote the French language in the Francophonie. A federal inquiry into foreign interference plans to hear from senior Global Affairs Canada officials Friday. When an Ontario doctor refused to sign off on a mammogram for year-old Sidra Lone, the mother of four says she was left with no choice but to lie. Staff at Saskatoon's Royal University Hospital are calling for systemic changes just two days after its emergency room was more than three times above its capacity. An Ontario child has died after coming in contact with a rabid bat, a health official confirmed on Wednesday. Alphabet's Google is testing showing check marks next to certain companies on its search results, a company spokesperson said on Friday, in a move aimed at helping users identify verified sources and steer clear of fake websites. A hacking group tied to Russian intelligence tried to worm its way into the systems of dozens of western think tanks, journalists and former military and intelligence officials, Microsoft and U. The jury has been sent to deliberate its verdict in Jacob Hoggard's sexual assault trial Friday afternoon after lengthy instructions from the judge. Legendary singer Paul Simon has said he is 'optimistic' about being able to return to performing live after losing most of his hearing in his left ear. A painting discovered by a junk dealer in the basement of an Italian villa six decades ago is actually the work of Pablo Picasso and could sell for millions, according to experts. Canada's airlines have failed in their challenge of air passenger protection rules that the federal government implemented in The Competition Bureau says it's obtained a court order as part of an investigation into potential anti-competitive conduct by the Canadian Real Estate Association. The Vatican Bank has fired two employees whose recent wedding violates a newly-introduced ban on marriages between staff. A five-seat sushi counter located inside another restaurant is the latest Vancouver eatery to receive a Michelin star. Toilet paper shortages in stores across America are giving folks nightmarish reminders of the pandemic era. 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A husband and wife have been on the road trip of a lifetime and have decided to stop in Saskatchewan for the winter. The grave of a previously unknown Canadian soldier has been identified as a man from Hayfield, Man. Moving into the second week of October, the eastern half of Canada can expect some brisker fall air to break down from the north. He was years old. New data from Greater Vancouver and the Fraser Valley shows a surge in supply and drop in demand in the region's historically hot real estate market. A Vancouver tenant is at war with his former landlord over what he calls an exorbitant charge for bent blinds. One week ahead of advance voting and there is no clear lead among the B. Police forces in the Toronto area have stepped up their presence in Jewish and Muslim communities as the one-year anniversary of the deadly Oct. McMahon' documentary series, which she says inaccurately portrays her husband's death as an accident. Authorities say two Calgarians were arrested and charged in 'a complex scheme' involving stolen vehicles. An annual ceremony is bringing together the families and friends of missing and murdered Indigenous people in hopes of raising awareness about the issue. There was a decrease in the amount of waste heading to the City of Ottawa's landfill in the two months leading up to the city's new three-item garbage limit. A man is being treated for life-threatening injuries after being struck by a vehicle while cycling in Ottawa's south-west end. Public transport users who regularly use Fabre, d'Iberville and Saint-Michel stations on the Montreal metro's blue line will have to be patient, as the emergency closure of the three stations announced on Thursday evening could stretch out over 'a few days, or even a few weeks. There'll be a few more leaves knocked off trees today and tomorrow as a low-pressure system makes it's way east across the province. 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Waterloo Regional Police have laid charges after a car crashed into the side of a Kitchener home at a. The mayor of Loon Lake is appealing to both provincial and federal government leaders for assistance in dealing with rising crime in the village, which has seen an increase in vandalism, theft, and property damage. A motorcyclist is left with serious, life-altering injuries after a crash on Highway 11 in northern Ontario on Wednesday morning. An outfitter in Kenora, Ont. According to police, officers responded to the block of Tennent Avenue for a, 'report of a possible stabbing' around 9 p. A London, Ont. The Ministry of Labour is investigating a workplace incident that claimed the lives of two people in Georgian Bluffs, south of Owen Sound. A Midland woman is facing several charges after police say she bit an officer while being arrested for an alleged armed confrontation. An Orillia man faces an additional criminal charge as part of an internet child exploitation investigation that included a search of the accused's residence in June and several items confiscated as evidence. County Road 37 between County road 14 and Mersea road 10, was reported closed around a. Politicians are continuing to promote their promises across British Columbia as the provincial election campaign nears its midway point. One person is dead after a floatplane carrying three people crashed Wednesday evening in a remote inlet on British Columbia's central coast. Three young suspects have been arrested in connection with a swarming attack on a teenager in B. A father in Kelowna is furious after his year-old daughter was brutally beaten on Gyro Beach. He is calling for criminal charges in the devastating attack, which was caught on video by multiple bystanders. The officer who shot and killed a forcible confinement suspect in Kamloops two years ago was justified in doing so, according to the Independent Investigations Office of B. WestJet has changed its operations at the Lethbridge Airport, and it means there's now only a single daily flight from Lethbridge to Calgary, down from three flights a day, as offered previously. Archie's Exotic Pet Rescue has been open about six years and, like many other animal rescues, it has seen a surge in surrenders. He may not have logged the fastest time or even gone the full distance, but residents of a Newfoundland town agree the goat who unexpectedly joined the local weekend half marathon was the event's undisputed champion. A soccer game in England on Tuesday night drove a spike in online traffic across the Atlantic to a website launched by the Newfoundland and Labrador government. We may earn a commission when you use our links to shop. Read about us. Skip to main content. Search CTVNews. Israel, Iran play down apparent Israeli strike. The muted responses could calm tensions -- for now. JERUSALEM - Israel and Iran on Friday both played down an apparent Israeli airstrike near a major air base and nuclear site in central Iran, signaling the two bitter enemies are ready to prevent their latest eruption of violence from escalating into a full-blown regional war. Download the CTV News App for breaking news alerts and video on all the top stories 'It appears we're closer than ever to a broad regional war, despite the fact that the international community will most likely make a great effort to de-escalate tensions,' wrote Amos Harel, the military-affairs commentator for the Israeli daily Haaretz. Mideast tensions: Complete coverage State television described all Iranian atomic sites in the areas as 'fully safe. Canadian family stuck in Lebanon anxiously awaits flight options amid Israeli strikes A Canadian man who is trapped in Lebanon with his family says they are anxiously waiting for seats on a flight out of the country, as a barrage of Israeli airstrikes continues. Suspect in shooting of Toronto cop was out on bail A year-old man who was charged with attempted murder in the shooting of a Toronto police officer this week was out on bail at the time of the alleged offence, court documents obtained by CTV News Toronto show. Scientists looked at images from space to see how fast Antarctica is turning green. Here's what they found Parts of icy Antarctica are turning green with plant life at an alarming rate as the region is gripped by extreme heat events, according to new research, sparking concerns about the changing landscape on this vast continent. A 6-year-old girl was kidnapped in Arkansas in Almost 30 years later, a suspect was identified Nearly 30 years after a six-year-old girl disappeared in Western Arkansas, authorities have identified a suspect in her abduction through DNA evidence. Dolphins 'smile' at each other when they play and to avoid misunderstanding, study finds For humans, flashing a smile is an easy way to avoid misunderstanding. Pit bulls in B. Language watchdog tells Gatineau, Que. RCMP recovered out of lost firearms, 2 machine guns still missing More than half of the firearms lost by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police since have been recovered, but two machine guns remain missing. Haitian gang kills at least 70 people, including 3 infants, UN says Armed men belonging to the Gran Grif gang killed at least 70 people, including three infants, as they swept through a Haitian town shooting automatic rifles at residents, a spokesperson for the United Nations' Human Rights Office said on Friday. A Michigan man is charged with killing and dismembering a janitor he met on the Grindr dating app Prosecutors have charged a Michigan man with killing and dismembering a janitor he met on the dating app Grindr. Relatives say a whole family was killed in Israel's deadliest West Bank strike since Oct. Canada announces funding for African countries, scientific research at Francophonie Prime Minister Justin Trudeau is set to announce funding to support French-speaking African countries and initiatives to promote the French language in the Francophonie. Foreign interference inquiry to hear from Global Affairs Canada officials today A federal inquiry into foreign interference plans to hear from senior Global Affairs Canada officials Friday. Breast cancer patient says she had to lie to get a mammogram in Ontario When an Ontario doctor refused to sign off on a mammogram for year-old Sidra Lone, the mother of four says she was left with no choice but to lie. Saskatchewan's largest hospital hits crisis point as overstuffed ER runs out of stretchers and oxygen Staff at Saskatoon's Royal University Hospital are calling for systemic changes just two days after its emergency room was more than three times above its capacity. Health official confirms death of Ontario child following rabies diagnosis An Ontario child has died after coming in contact with a rabid bat, a health official confirmed on Wednesday. Google tests verified check marks in search results Alphabet's Google is testing showing check marks next to certain companies on its search results, a company spokesperson said on Friday, in a move aimed at helping users identify verified sources and steer clear of fake websites. The U. Jury sent to deliberate verdict in Jacob Hoggard's sexual assault trial The jury has been sent to deliberate its verdict in Jacob Hoggard's sexual assault trial Friday afternoon after lengthy instructions from the judge. Paul Simon is 'optimistic' about returning to live performance after partially losing hearing Legendary singer Paul Simon has said he is 'optimistic' about being able to return to performing live after losing most of his hearing in his left ear. A junk dealer found a painting in a basement. Experts say it's an original Picasso A painting discovered by a junk dealer in the basement of an Italian villa six decades ago is actually the work of Pablo Picasso and could sell for millions, according to experts. Airlines' challenge of Canada's passenger protection rules rejected by Supreme Court Canada's airlines have failed in their challenge of air passenger protection rules that the federal government implemented in Competition Bureau gets court order for probe into Canadian Real Estate Association The Competition Bureau says it's obtained a court order as part of an investigation into potential anti-competitive conduct by the Canadian Real Estate Association. Vatican Bank fires couple whose marriage breached new workplace ban The Vatican Bank has fired two employees whose recent wedding violates a newly-introduced ban on marriages between staff. Here's the latest Vancouver restaurant to earn a Michelin star A five-seat sushi counter located inside another restaurant is the latest Vancouver eatery to receive a Michelin star. People are panic-buying toilet paper because of the port strike. There is no need for that Toilet paper shortages in stores across America are giving folks nightmarish reminders of the pandemic era. New Westminster, B. Second fan files lawsuit claiming ownership of Shohei Ohtani's baseball The claim to Shohei Ohtani's potentially lucrative 50th home run ball grew more complicated this week, with a second fan filing a lawsuit asserting he had possession of the historic baseball. A 5th recall for Tesla Cybertruck within a year, the latest due to rearview display Tesla is recalling more than 27, Cybertrucks because the rearview camera image may not activate immediately after shifting into reverse, the fifth recall for the vehicle since it went on sale late last year. Ontario man shocked when engine not covered under warranty due to 'over revving' A Pickering, Ont. Local Spotlight. Husband and wife on road trip of a lifetime stop in Sask. Unknown Canadian soldier from First World War identified as Manitoba man The grave of a previously unknown Canadian soldier has been identified as a man from Hayfield, Man. Canada's October temperatures set to teeter-totter due to record-breaking U. Toronto-area police prepare for Oct. Calgary vigil honours missing and murdered Indigenous people An annual ceremony is bringing together the families and friends of missing and murdered Indigenous people in hopes of raising awareness about the issue. Here's how much waste Ottawa households generated ahead of the new 3-item garbage limit There was a decrease in the amount of waste heading to the City of Ottawa's landfill in the two months leading up to the city's new three-item garbage limit. Cyclist struck by a vehicle on Ottawa's West Hunt Club Road A man is being treated for life-threatening injuries after being struck by a vehicle while cycling in Ottawa's south-west end. Suspect arrested after Valleyfield college closed due to police operation Classes and campus activities at CEGEP de Valleyfield were cancelled Friday morning as a result of a police operation. Edmonton hot tub repairman facing 46 charges after fraud investigation An Edmonton hot tub repairman who was the subject of a previous CTV News Edmonton report has been charged with fraud. Man charged for vandalism, theft at Fredericton library A year-old man is facing theft and break-in charges in connection to a vandalism incident at the Fredericton Public Library that caused tens of thousands of dollars of damages over the weekend. Inmate charged with child pornography after device seized: N. Manitoba Tories calling for review of case of Jordyn Reimer The Opposition Tories introduced a motion to get the justice system to take another look at the case of Jordyn Reimer. Preparing for Winnipeg's food waste drop-off locations With food waste drop-off stations to soon open in Winnipeg, residents can now begin to prepare their food scraps. RCMP say gold jewelry scams remain prevalent around province RCMP say fraudsters are continuing to ask for gas money before selling fake gold jewelry to people around Saskatchewan. Party leader promises tax credit rise on first homes, permanent return of renovation credit Saskatchewan Party Leader Scott Moe says if re-elected, his government would introduce a Saskatchewan Home Renovation Tax Credit aimed at making renovations more affordable. Waste flare gas from oil drilling sites to help power Saskatchewan's electricity grid As pressure grows on the oil and gas sector to reduce its emissions, one Calgary-based company is banking on the potential to convert waste gas from oil wells into valuable electricity for nearby communities. Impaired driver charged after car crashes in Kitchener home: WRPS Waterloo Regional Police have laid charges after a car crashed into the side of a Kitchener home at a. Northern Ontario. Motorcyclist suffers serious injuries in Highway 11 crash, police investigating A motorcyclist is left with serious, life-altering injuries after a crash on Highway 11 in northern Ontario on Wednesday morning. Lucas According to police, officers responded to the block of Tennent Avenue for a, 'report of a possible stabbing' around 9 p. Scaffold collapse in silo kills 2 workers near Owen Sound The Ministry of Labour is investigating a workplace incident that claimed the lives of two people in Georgian Bluffs, south of Owen Sound. Woman accused of armed robbery bites officer during arrest: OPP A Midland woman is facing several charges after police say she bit an officer while being arrested for an alleged armed confrontation. Orillia man facing additional charge in child pornography case An Orillia man faces an additional criminal charge as part of an internet child exploitation investigation that included a search of the accused's residence in June and several items confiscated as evidence. Charges laid after crash near Leamington, police warn of heavy fog County Road 37 between County road 14 and Mersea road 10, was reported closed around a. Vancouver Island. Leaders spread out around the province as week 2 of campaigning in B. Several 'aggressors' arrested after B. RCMP say Three young suspects have been arrested in connection with a swarming attack on a teenager in B. Officer's fatal shooting of Kamloops suspect was 'necessary and reasonable' use of force, IIO finds The officer who shot and killed a forcible confinement suspect in Kamloops two years ago was justified in doing so, according to the Independent Investigations Office of B. WestJet makes changes at Lethbridge Airport WestJet has changed its operations at the Lethbridge Airport, and it means there's now only a single daily flight from Lethbridge to Calgary, down from three flights a day, as offered previously. Lethbridge animal rescue on verge of shutting down Archie's Exotic Pet Rescue has been open about six years and, like many other animal rescues, it has seen a surge in surrenders. Sault Ste. Marathon goat: Animal runner wins hearts and a medal after crashing Newfoundland race He may not have logged the fastest time or even gone the full distance, but residents of a Newfoundland town agree the goat who unexpectedly joined the local weekend half marathon was the event's undisputed champion. Small English soccer team has huge year, thanks in part to Newfoundland and Labrador A soccer game in England on Tuesday night drove a spike in online traffic across the Atlantic to a website launched by the Newfoundland and Labrador government. Editor's Picks. Stay Connected.
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