Isadora Duncan
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^ Jump up to: a b c While Duncan's birth date is widely given as May 27, 1878, her posthumously discovered baptismal certificate records May 26, 1877. Any corroborating documents that might have existed were likely destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . See Stokes, Sewell. "Isadora Duncan" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 28 May 2015 .
^ Desti helped Crowley write his magnum opus Magick (Book 4) under her magical name of "Soror Virakam", and also co-edited four numbers of his journal The Equinox , and contributed several collaborative plays.
^ Jump up to: a b Craine, Debra; Mackrell, Judith (2000). The Oxford Dictionary of Dance (First ed.). Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-19-860106-7 . OCLC 45663394 .
^ Jump up to: a b c Deborah Jowitt (1989). Time and the Dancing Image . University of California Press. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-520-06627-4 .
^ Genthe, Arnold (photographer). "Elizabeth Duncan dancer" . Library of Congress . Retrieved 2017-10-07 .
^ Lilian Karina; Marion Kant (January 2004). Hitler's Dancers: German Modern Dance and the Third Reich . Berghahn Books. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-57181-688-7 .
^ Ean Wood, Headlong Through Life: The Story of Isadora Duncan (2006), p. 27: "They...would all be drowned, along with 104 others, when the S.S. Mohegan, en route from London to New York, ran aground on the Manacle Rocks off Falmouth, in Cornwall."
^ Duncan (1927), p. 17
^ International encyclopedia of dance : a project of Dance Perspectives Foundation, Inc . Cohen, Selma Jeanne, 1920–2005., Dance Perspectives Foundation. (1st paperback ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-19-517369-7 . OCLC 57374499 . CS1 maint: others ( link )
^ Duncan (1927), p. 21
^ Duncan (1927), p. 31
^ Duncan (1927), p. 55
^ "Isadora Duncan | Biography, Dances, Technique, & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017-12-22 .
^ Duncan (1927), p. 58
^ Duncan (1927), p. 69
^ Daly, Ann (2002). Done into dance : Isadora Duncan in America (Wesleyan ed.). Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 0-8195-6560-1 . OCLC 726747550 .
^ Duncan (1927), p. 94
^ Jowitt, Deborah . Time and the Dancing Image . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. p. 71
^ Kurth (2001), p. 155
^ Setzer, Dawn. "UCLA Library Acquires Isadora Duncan Collection" , UCLA Newsroom, last modified April 21, 2006
^ Abridged ed, p. 676.
^ Aleister Crowley, Magick: Liber ABA: Book 4: Parts 1–4 2nd revised ed. York Beach, ME, 1997, p. 197
^ The Untold Story: The Life of Isadora Duncan 1921–1927 (1929).
^ Jump up to: a b Aydt, Rachel (May 29, 2007). "Rediscovered" . Time . ISSN 0040-781X . Archived from the original on June 25, 2007 . Retrieved 2017-09-14 .
^ Sturges (1990), p. 39
^ Kurth (2001), p. 168
^ Kassing, G. (2007). History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach . Human Kinetics. p. 185 . ISBN 978-0-7360-6035-6 .
^ "Isadora Duncan, 1877–1927: The Mother of Modern Dance" . VOA . Retrieved 2018-02-16 .
^ Sturges (1990), p. 120
^ Sturges (1990), pp. 121–124
^ Greg Daugherty (2 May 2013). "8 Famous People Who Missed the Lusitania" . Smithsonian Magazine .
^ Duncan (1927), p. 422
^ Aaron Greer (7 March 2016). "Varshavianka (1924)" – via YouTube.
^ Stewart J, Sacred Woman, Sacred Dance, 2000. p. 122.
^ Duncan (1927), p. 343
^ Duncan (1927), p. 10
^ Jump up to: a b Duncan (1927), p. 75
^ Kurth (2001), p. 57
^ Duncan (1927), p. 45
^ Stern, Keith. Queers in History: The Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Historical Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, and Transgenders BenBella Books, 2009. ISBN 978-1-935251-83-5 . p. 148
^ Mazo, Joseph H. Prime Movers: The Makers of Modern Dance in America. New York: Morrow, 1977. Print.
^ Turner, Erin H. (1999). More Than Petticoats: Remarkable California Women . Globe Pequot . p. 79 . ISBN 1-56044-859-8 .
^ Jump up to: a b Kurth (2001)
^ Gavin, Eileen A. and Siderits, Mary Anne, Women of vision: their psychology, circumstances, and success (2007), p. 267
^ "Isadora Duncan and Paris Singer" . Dark Lane Creative . 2013-07-03 . Retrieved 2018-04-17 .
^ Gerrie (2014-09-24). "The Linosaurus: Isadora Duncan: a taste for life" . The Linosaurus . Retrieved 2018-04-17 .
^ "Duse, Eleanora (1859–1924)" . glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture . 2006-09-10. Archived from the original on 2007-07-03 . Retrieved 2007-07-02 .
^ S.A. Yesenin. Life and Work Chronology Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine . The Complete Works by S.A. Yesenin in 7 Volumes. Nauka Publishers, 2002 // Хронологическая канва жизни и творчества. Есенин С. А. Полное собрание сочинений: В 7 т. – М.: Наука; Голос, 1995–2002.
^ Hugo Vickers, Loving Garbo: The Story of Greta Garbo, Cecil Beaton, and Mercedes de Acosta , Random House, 1994.
^ Schanke (2006)
^ Milford, Nancy (1983). Zelda: A Biography . New York: HarperCollins. p. 118.
^ Gillies, Malcolm; Pear, David; Carroll, Mark, eds. (2006). Self Portrait of Percy Grainger . Oxford University Press. p. 116.
^ Jump up to: a b Sturges (1990), pp. 227–230
^ "DEATH By Flowing Scarf – Isadora Duncan, USA" . True Stories of Strange Deaths . Archived from the original on 6 May 2016 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 .
^ "Isadora Duncan Meets Fate" . Los Angeles Times . Associated Press . Retrieved 18 May 2016 .
^ "Isadora Duncan killed in Paris under wheels of car she was buying" . Sandusky Star Journal. September 15, 1927 . Retrieved 18 May 2016 .
^ "Isadora Duncan, Dragged by Scarf from Auto, Killed; Dancer Is Thrown to Road While Riding at Nice and Her Neck Is Broken" . The New York Times . 1927-09-15 . Retrieved 2007-07-02 .
^ Janet Flanner (1972-06-16), "Episode 179, Season 6", The Dick Cavett Show
^ "Affectations Can Be Dangerous" . Three Hundred Words . Archived from the original on 2013-10-10.
^ Petrucelli, Alan (2009). Morbid Curiosity: The Disturbing Demises of the Famous and Infamous .
^ Kavanagh, Nicola (May 2008). "Decline and Fall". Wound Magazine . London (3): 113. ISSN 1755-800X .
^ Hemingway: The Homecoming
^ "Search Results: "Maria Theresa Duncan" – Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (Library of Congress)" . www.loc.gov .
^ "Search Results: "Anna Duncan" – Prints & Photographs Online Catalog" . Library of Congress .
^ "Search Results: "Irma Duncan" – Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (Library of Congress)" . www.loc.gov .
^ Kateřina Boková. "100-year birth anniversary of Jarmila Jeřábková – dancer, choreographer and teacher" . Czech Dance Info . Retrieved 5 March 2014 .
^ "Search Results: "Lisa Duncan" – Prints & Photographs Online Catalog (Library of Congress)" . www.loc.gov .
^ Jennifer Dunning (September 9, 2006). "Julia Levien, 94, Authority on the Dances of Isadora Duncan, Dies" . The New York Times .
^ Kisselgoff, Anna (September 24, 1999). "Mignon Garland Dies at 91; Disciple of Isadora Duncan" . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 May 2016 .
^ "Journal of proceedings, Board of Supervisors, City and County of San Francisco" . The Wayback Machine . Board of Supervisors, City and County of San Francisco. January 25, 1988. p. 89 . Retrieved 19 May 2016 .
^ Gowens PA, Davenport RJ, Kerr J, Sanderson RJ, Marsden AK (July 2003). "Survival from accidental strangulation from a scarf resulting in laryngeal rupture and carotid artery stenosis: the "Isadora Duncan syndrome". A case report and review of literature" . Emerg Med J . 20 (4): 391–3. doi : 10.1136/emj.20.4.391 . PMC 1726156 . PMID 12835372 .
^ Tobias Churton (1 January 2012). Aleister Crowley: The Biography: Spiritual Revolutionary, Romantic Explorer, Occult Master – and Spy . Watkins Media Limited. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-78028-134-6 .
^ Upton Sinclair (1 January 2001). Between Two Worlds I . Simon Publications LLC. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-931313-02-5 .
^ "A Dancer is Unstrung By Grief in 'Isadora ' " . NPR .
^ "A Series Of Unfortunate Literary Allusions" . NPR .
^ Dr Tracy Brain (22 July 2014). The Other Sylvia Plath . Routledge. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-1-317-88160-5 .
^ Jump up to: a b Ann Daly (1 March 2010). Done into Dance: Isadora Duncan in America . Wesleyan University Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-8195-7096-3 .
^ Isadora at IMDb
^ John Cline; Robert G. Weiner (17 July 2010). From the Arthouse to the Grindhouse: Highbrow and Lowbrow Transgression in Cinema's First Century . Scarecrow Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0-8108-7655-2 .
^ Isadora Duncan at IMDb
^ Annette Lust (2012). Bringing the Body to the Stage and Screen: Expressive Movement for Performers . Scarecrow Press. p. 314. ISBN 978-0-8108-8212-6 .
^ Kavanagh J. Secret Muses: The Life of Frederick Ashton. Faber & Faber Ltd, London, 1996, p543.
^ " Isadora (1981 ballet)" on the Barry Kay Archive website. Retrieved: April 6, 2008
^ Carrie J. Preston (2011-08-08). Modernisms Mythic Pose: Gender, Genre, Solo Performance . Oxford University Press. pp. 293–294. ISBN 978-0-19-987744-7 .
^ Keslassy, Elsa (September 24, 2015). "Lily-Rose Depp to Star as Isadora Duncan in 'The Dancer ' " . Variety . Retrieved December 29, 2015 .
^ Angel G. Quintero Rivera (1989). Music, Social Classes, and the National Question of Puerto Rico . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. p. 34.
^ Peter Buckley (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock . Rough Guides. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-84353-105-0 .
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Angela Isadora Duncan (May 26, 1877 or May 27, 1878 [a] – September 14, 1927) was an American dancer who performed to great acclaim throughout Europe. Born and raised in California, she lived and danced in Western Europe and the Soviet Union from the age of 22 until her death at age 50 when her scarf became entangled in the wheels and axle of the car in which she was travelling in Nice , France. [1]
Isadora Duncan was born in San Francisco, the youngest of the four children of Joseph Charles Duncan (1819–1898), a banker, mining engineer and connoisseur of the arts, and Mary Isadora Gray (1849–1922). Her brothers were Augustin Duncan and Raymond Duncan ; [2] her sister, Elizabeth Duncan , was also a dancer . [3] [4] Soon after Isadora's birth, her father was found to have been using funds from two banks he had helped set up to finance his private stock speculations. Although he avoided prison time, Isadora's mother (angered over his infidelities as well as the financial scandal) divorced him and from then on, the family struggled with poverty. [2] Joseph Duncan, along with his third wife and their daughter, died in 1898 when the British passenger steamer SS Mohegan ran aground off the coast of Cornwall . [5]
After her parents' divorce, [6] Isadora's mother moved with her family to Oakland, California , where she worked as a seamstress and piano teacher. Isadora attended school from the ages of six to ten, but she dropped out, having found it constricting. She and her three siblings earned money by teaching dance to local children. [2]
In 1896, Duncan became part of Augustin Daly 's theater company in New York, but she soon became disillusioned with the form and craved a different environment with less of a hierarchy. [7]
Duncan's novel approach to dance had been evident since the classes she had taught as a teenager, where she "followed [her] fantasy and improvised, teaching any pretty thing that came into [her] head". [8] A desire to travel brought her to Chicago, where she auditioned for many theater companies, finally finding a place in Augustin Daly 's company. This took her to New York City where her unique vision of dance clashed with the popular pantomimes of theater companies. [9] While in New York, Duncan also took some classes with Marie Bonfanti but was quickly disappointed in ballet routine.
Feeling unhappy and unappreciated in America, Duncan moved to London in 1898. She performed in the drawing rooms of the wealthy, taking inspiration from the Greek vases and bas-reliefs in the British Museum . [10] [11] The earnings from these engagements enabled her to rent a studio, allowing her to develop her work and create larger performances for the stage. [12] From London, she traveled to Paris, where she was inspired by the Louvre and the Exposition Universelle of 1900 . [13] In France, as elsewhere, Duncan delighted her audience. [14]
In 1902, Loie Fuller invited Duncan to tour with her. This took Duncan all over Europe as she created new works using her innovative technique, [15] which emphasized natural movement in contrast to the rigidity of traditional ballet. [16] She spent most of the rest of her life touring Europe and the Americas in this fashion. [17] Despite mixed reaction from critics, Duncan became quite popular for her distinctive style and inspired many visual artists, such as Antoine Bourdelle , Dame Laura Knight , Auguste Rodin , Arnold Rönnebeck , André Dunoyer de Segonzac , and Abraham Walkowitz , to create works based on her. [18]
In 1910, Duncan met the occultist Aleister Crowley at a party, an episode recounted by Crowley in his Confessions . [19] He refers to Duncan as "Lavinia King", and used the same invented name for her in his 1929 novel Moonchild (written in 1917). Crowley wrote of Duncan that she "has this gift of gesture in a very high degree. Let the reader study her dancing, if possible in private than in public, and learn the superb 'unconsciousness' — which is magical consciousness — with which she suits the action to the melody." [20] Crowley was, in fact, more attracted to Duncan's bohemian companion Mary Dempsey ( a.k.a. Mary D'Este or Desti), with whom he had an affair. Desti had come to Paris in 1901 where she soon met Duncan, and the two became inseparable. Desti, who also appeared in Moonchild (as "Lisa la Giuffria") and became a member of Crowley's occult order, [b] later wrote a memoir of her experiences with Duncan. [21]
In 1911, the French fashion designer Paul Poiret rented a mansion — Pavillon du Butard in La Celle-Saint-Cloud — and threw lavish parties, including one of the more famous grandes fêtes , La fête de Bacchus on June 20, 1912, re-creating the Bacchanalia hosted by Louis XIV at Versailles. Isadora Duncan, wearing a Greek evening gown designed by Poiret, [22] danced on tables among 300 guests; 900 bottles of champagne were consumed until the first light of day. [22]
Duncan disliked the commercial aspects of public performance, such as touring and contracts, because she felt they distracted her from her real mission, namely the creation of beauty and the education of the young. [ citation needed ] To achieve her mission, she opened schools to teach young women her philosophy of dance. The first was established in 1904 in Berlin- Grunewald , Germany . This institution was the birthplace of the " Isadorables " (Anna, Maria-Theresa, Irma, Liesel, Gretel, and Erika [23] ), Duncan's protégées who would continue her legacy. [24] Duncan legally adopted all six girls in 1919, and they took her last name. [25] After about a decade in Berlin, Duncan established a school in Paris that was shortly closed because of the outbreak of World War I. [26]
In 1914, Duncan moved to the United States and transferred her school there. A townhouse on Gramercy Park was provided for its use, and its studio was nearby, on the northeast corner of 23rd Street and Fourth Avenue (now Park Avenue South). [27] Otto Kahn , the head of Kuhn, Loeb & Co. , gave Duncan use of the very modern Century Theatre at West 60th Street and Central Park West for her performances and productions, which included a staging of Oedipus Rex that involved almost all of Duncan's extended entourage and friends. [28] During her time in New York, Duncan posed for a number of studies by the photographer Arnold Genthe .
Duncan had been due to leave the United States in 1915 aboard the RMS Lusitania on its ill-fated voyage, but historians believe her financial situation at the time drove her to choose a more modest crossing. [29] In 1921, Duncan's leftist sympathies took her to the Soviet Union, where she founded a school in Moscow. However, the Soviet government's failure to follow through on promises to support her work caused her to return to the West and leave the school to her protégée Irma. [30] In 1924, Duncan composed a dance routine called Varshavianka to the tune of the Polish revolutionary song known in English as Whirlwinds of Danger . [31]
Breaking with convention, Duncan imagined she had traced dance to its roots as a sacred art. [32] She developed from this notion a style of free and natural movements inspired by the classical Greek arts, folk dances, social dances, nature and natural forces as well as an approach to the new American athleticism which included skipping, running, jumping, leaping and tossing. [ citation needed ] Duncan wrote of American dancing: "let them come forth with great strides, leaps and bounds, with lifted forehead and far-spread arms, to dance." [33] Her focus on natural movement emphasized steps, such as skipping, outside of codified ballet technique.
Duncan also cited the sea as an early inspiration for her movement, [34] and she believed movement originated from the solar plexus . [35] Duncan placed an emphasis on "evolutionary" dance motion, insisting that each movement was born from the one that preceded it, that each movement gave rise to the next, and so on in organic succession. It is this philosophy and new dance technique that garnered Duncan the title of the creator of modern dance.
Duncan's philosophy of dance moved away from rigid ballet technique and towards what she perceived as natural movement. She said tha
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