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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. To provide prevention programs and educate drug users DUs , the estimation of their population is necessary. This cross-sectional study was performed in summer on people selected through a multistage sampling method based on 14 region of the municipality of Isfahan. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that was previously used in Dr. Banshi's national plan without any changes. The Cronbach's alpha value of the questionnaire was 0. Using correction factors such as transparency of response and the ratio of social network size used in previous national studies, the number of people with high-risk behaviors was estimated. The results were analyzed through NSUM based on survey analysis. Among all kinds of DUs, men were the largest consumers. In both sexes, the prevalence of using opium and its nectar and illegal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine was higher in people of over 30 years of age, while the prevalence of consuming cannabis, ecstasy, tramadol, tobacco products, and stimulants was higher in the age group of 18 to 30 years. The results indicated that the prevalence of different DUs in Isfahan city, especially among men was higher than the reported average especially in young men of years of age. Since the prevalence of drug use varies based on the type of substance used among age groups, targeted preventive planning based on the type of drug used and age group is recommended. To estimate the population size of hidden groups such as drug users DUs is a challenge for researchers and health care practitioners as well as society. The amount and type of drug use differ throughout the world. In a review in , the prevalence of drug injection was estimated to be 0. Despite frequent efforts, for many reasons such as legal prohibition, stigma and discrimination, and lack of social acceptance in many countries of the world including Iran, these groups remain hidden and inaccessible, which makes it difficult to estimate their population size. There are 2 methods for estimating the population size of hidden groups, direct and indirect. Then, considering the social network size in the general population and some other indicators, the size of the hidden population is estimated. This method was used for the first time in to estimate the population size of people lost in the Mexican earthquake. The results of this study can be helpful to provincial policymakers and experts in estimating the extent, direction, and type of preventive activities required, the costs, and required manpower as well as to obtain economic and executive support. The sample size was estimated at about people considering the drug use prevalence of 0. Sampling was performed using non-random multistage sampling; 14 districts of Isfahan municipality were considered as stratified and, based on information obtained from the Health Deputy of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, the sample size was determined proportionate to the size of each of these districts. Then, a list of crowded areas of the city as clusters was prepared and two clusters were randomly selected from within each district cluster. Within the clusters in the regular days of the week and at busy hours and , a passer-by was randomly selected once every 15 minutes. The study inclusion criteria included residing in Isfahan for at least 2 years, being 18 years of age and older, and having the mental ability to answer the questions. The exclusion criteria included completion of the questionnaire in the previous days and not willing to participate in the study. A standard questionnaire was used for data collection; its validity was evaluated by the experts in the Ministry of Health's Mental Health Bureau and its Cronbach's alpha was 0. Its reliability was evaluated in a pilot study and the kappa coefficient was estimated at 0. Each question is divided into 2 parts based on gender, male and female, and has three age groups: under 18, 18 to 30, and over In each section, if the respondents knew someone, they would report the number of people. The last part included demographic questions i. Four interviewers 2 women and 2 men were selected and trained through a roleplaying method Mr. Tavasoli, Mr. Torkan, Ms. Rezaei, and Ms. Talebi Por. The interviewers were assigned to different districts according to the timetable and based on the age-sex sampling table; they selected the passers-by and asked them for an informed consent. Ethical considerations: All questionnaires were completed anonymously and all information remained confidential. In order to persuade people to answer the questions, the interviewers tried to find a relatively secluded place. Due to the possibility of increasing unwillingness to take part in the study, verbal consent was obtained rather than a written one. In this study, the transparency coefficient varied from 0. The indicators of mean, standard deviation, frequency, and frequency percentage were used to data analysis and independent t-test and chi-squared test were used for data analysis. Thus, participants from each of the 14 regions were weighted based on the population of that area probability weight. The selected clusters from each area were also coded 1 to 4 as primary sampling units. The sex variable was considered as a stratum. A Finite population correlation was used to determine the odds equivalent in selecting the samples. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 73 years. The mean age SD of the participants was In both genders, most of the participants had a diploma. Most of the participants were married. In all types of drugs, the prevalence of drug use was higher in men than women. Among men, cannabis was the third most used drug after tobacco, and opium and its nectar, while it was the second most used drug among women. In both sexes, the prevalence of opium and Shireh use and illegal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine among people over 30 years of age was higher than that in other age groups. Likewise, the prevalence of cannabis, ecstasy, hallucinogens, tramadol, tobacco, stimulants, and zolpidem among men of years of age was higher than that among the older and younger age groups. In addition, the prevalence of cannabis, stimulants, ecstasy, tramadol, zolpidem, and tobacco, legal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine, and injecting drug use was higher in women of 18 to 30 years of age. Furthermore, the prevalence of injecting drug use and legal treatment with methadone and buprenorphine was 0 in women under 18 years of age Table 2. The results indicated a high prevalence of use of different types of drugs in Isfahan. Tobacco use was had the highest prevalence, followed by opium and cannabis in men, and cannabis and opium among women, respectively. The highest prevalence of drug use in Isfahan was related to tobacco. In a study by Meysamie et al. Evidently, easy and low-cost access to different drug compounds and purity rates are other reasons for increase in drug use. The highest prevalence of the use of ecstasy pills in the city of Isfahan, which was first estimated by the NSUM, was in the sexually active age group of years. Prolonged duration of ejaculation may be one of the reasons for the use of ecstasy pills. The present study estimated the prevalence of zolpidem in Isfahan through NSUM for the first time, and the results indicated that the use of this hypnotic drug was much higher than the expected medical consumption, especially in people of 18 to 30 years of age. There have been reports of zolpidem addiction in athletes, physicians, and students, necessitating attention to this modern addiction and examination of the causes of young people's tendency to take this drug. The prevalence of injecting drug use in Isfahan was lower than estimations in the studies by Baneshi , 2 and Nikfarjam et al. Female sex workers, homosexual men, and injecting drug users IDUs are the 3 most vulnerable groups of a society at risk of developing HIV. In the present study, it was estimated that more than one-third of men who inject drugs had a constant behavioral addiction, while the prevalence of injecting drugs in women was 0. The results of this study indicated that the prevalence of different drug abuse types among men is more likely than women. According to the results of the present study, the highest prevalence of drug use among men and women was observed in the age groups of 18 to 30 and over 30 years, which is in line with the study by Nikfarjam et al. Evidently, it is also important to pay attention to children of less than 18 years of age. A study by Ranjbaran et al. One of the limitations of the present study was the impossibility of household-based random sampling due to the sensitivity of the considered subject, i. Therefore, through multistage sampling and random selection of people at specified intervals, we attempted to approach the sampling systematically. Second, there is likely reporting bias because some refusing people to participate in the study may recognize many DUs in their social network. However, due to the inability to track people, it was not possible to check and compare the characteristics of DUs with those participating in the study. Third, the size of the social network of DUs is smaller than that of the general population, 7 which will cause underestimation. Moreover, the size of the social network of the general population may vary by gender and age, and even by various regions of the country. However, due to the lack of accurate information in this regard, it was decided to use the indices used in earlier studies in Iran. The results of the present study showed that the prevalence of drug use in Isfahan city, especially in men, is significant and in some cases even higher than the average reported in other studies in the country. Since the prevalence of drug use varies by the type of substance used in the age groups of and over 30 years, targeted preventive planning by type of drug and age group is recommended. The authors would like to thank all those who helped us with this project, including the interviewers. They would also like to thank the Social Deputy of the Police Command of Isfahan who assisted in the performance of our citywide survey, Ayandeh Pazhouhi Center associated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences for providing the questionnaires and scientific advice, and Dr. Marjan Meshkati and Dr. Ramin Radfar for their scientific and practical advice. Collected data, analysis, and wrote the original draft: MAJ; statistics advisor- contributed to analysis: MB; contributed to analysis, review, and editing: MN. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Addict Health. Find articles by Meysam Abshenas-Jami. Find articles by Mohamadreza Baneshi. Find articles by Maryam Nasirian. Received May 17; Accepted Jul Open in a new tab. Conflicts of Interest The Authors have no conflict of interest. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. 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The stunning paradox of Iran's war on drugs: How it actually makes America look worse

Iran buy MDMA pills

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. The range of tablets weight was 96— mg and the range of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA hydrochloride content in these tablets was 60— mg. No good correlation was found between the tablets weight and their MDMA contents. All of the tablets containing MDMA had this compound in hydrochloride form. Ketamine, phenmetrazine and ephedrine or pseudoephedrine were found in some of the tablets along with MDMA. Some of these tablets contained compounds such as caffeine or tramadol as their active ingredient. Ecstasy is the popular or street name for a substance identified chemically as 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine MDMA 1. MDMA is a ring-substituted amphetamine analog commonly taken as a recreational drug of abuse. It was first synthesized in by Merck pharmaceuticals and patented in 2. There has been a growing tendency among Iranian youth for the abuse of ecstasy tablets during the past decade. ATS active ingredients and tablets are produced in clandestine laboratories without any supervision and quality control over their production which results in impure and bad quality products which may be dangerous in many cases. As a consequence, illicitly manufactured drugs often contain by-products and intermediates stemming from impure starting materials, incomplete reaction and inadequate purification of the final synthetic products 4. The presence or absence of specific impurities can be useful in determining the synthetic route employed and the starting materials used for the production of ecstasy tablets 5. Chemical profiling has been widely employed as a tool for intelligence purposes such as establishing geographic origins, synthetic routes and distribution routes 6. One common method of gathering useful information on the source of illicitly—made tablets is by comparison of their physical appearances, e. Nevertheless, tablets having the same physical characteristics are not necessarily associated with the same chemical compositions, since tablets with different chemical compositions could be manufactured with the same dye and have the same markings, sizes and shapes. Therefore, in addition to physical characterization of ecstasy tablets, profiling of chemical compositions with respect to active ingredients, other drugs and the impurities present could yield valuable information for drug intelligence 7. In the present study 50 samples of ecstasy tablets seized in Iran were provided by antinarcotics police and their physical and chemical characteristics were determined. Physical characteristics of each tablet including shape, imprint description, break line, color, weight, diameter and thickness were determined. One tablet of each variant was photographed from the front, back and side. For color test in brief mg of the powdered tablet was placed in a depression on a spot plate. The proper reagent was then added and the developed color was observed and recorded. For each anion test a separate solution was used which had been obtained by dissolving 10 mg of the powdered tablets in 1 mL of distilled deionized water followed by filtration. To the filtrate was added either a few drops of 1. Stationary phase was silica gel 60 F with the layer thickness of 0. Solvent systems included: system A External standard method was used to construct the calibration curve. Flow rate was 0. Nitrogen was used as drying and nebulizing gas. The electrospray voltage was set at 4 KV for the capillary and V for the end plate. Mass detector was adjusted for isolation and selected monitoring of as the hydrogen adduct ion for MDMA. Tablets were carefully weighed prior to their grinding. Identification was accomplished by comparing the retention time and mass spectrum of the analyte with that of the reference library. In order to avoid missing any impurity, two chromatographic system were used:. Hp-5 or HP-1 30 m, i. Carrier gas was helium at flow rate of 1. EI was used as ionization mode at 70 eV and mass range was amu. The solution was mixed 10 min and centrifuged at rpm. The ether layer was then separated, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated until totally dried. One tablet and 0. A septum containing screw cap was used to close the vial and the vial was vortex mixed for 5 min. Cyanopropyl column Reastek, 30 m, i. Mass detector was adjusted on full scan over the mass range of amu. Photographs, selected physical and chemical characteristics of ecstasy tablets seized in Iran during the period of through This may be due to the low amount of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine in the tablets. Gallic acid test provides a simple means for the distinction of MDMA, MDA and MDEA from amphetamine or methamphetamine, because it reacts specifically with methylenedioxy-substituted aromatic compounds. For all tablets containing MDMA a dark green color was developed in response to the addition of Gallic acid reagent. Anion tests were conducted to determine the presence of chloride, sulfate and phosphate. All of the tablets containing MDMA and two tablets tablets 48 and 49 containing tramadol tested positive for chloride anion. TLC has become one of the most commonly used techniques for the separation and identification of illicitly manufactured drugs. Solvent systems included system A, B and C. We found that the system C is the most suitable system for ecstasy tablets. In this study, the range of tablets weight was 96— mg and the range of MDMA hydrochloride content in these tablets was 60— mg. Figure 1 shows the distribution of tablets weight and MDMA content of the tablets together. As it appears in this figure, all the tablets without MDMA tablets 2, 3, 4, 20, 42, 44, 46, 48, 49 and 50 had much lower weights compared to those with MDMA except for tablets 46, 48 and Tablets 48 and 49 contained tramadol as their active ingredient. Since tramadol tablet is one of the official dosage forms of this drug in Iran, it could be speculated that tablets 48 and 49 were commercially made and are legitimate tablets. Although it does not mean that the tablets with regular thickness always contain less MDMA. No strong correlation was found between the amount of MDMA and tablets weight. Therefore, due to the importance of baby food and infant formula, more researches are to be conducted for designing quality improvement and safety of food stuff such as milk, infant formula and animal tissues from any drug residues. Ten tablets out of 50 contained no MDMA. All the tablets without any specific imprint tablets 2, 3, 44, 48, 49 and 50 contained no MDMA without any exception. In other words, all the MDMA containing tablets had specific imprints on one of their sides. Meanwhile not all the tablets which had specific imprints contained MDMA tablets 4, 20, 42 and One tablet tablet 37 contained MDMA and ketamine. One tablet tablet 38 contained MDMA, ketamine and a compound which was identified as phenmetrazine by library search. This compound appeared at the same retention time as ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. According to the report by Wille and Lambert a formaldehyde contamination in solvents such as methanol can result in conversion of ephedrine to phenmetrazine in the injection port of GC 8. Due to the unavailability of phenmetrazine reference standard, reconfirmation of this finding using the difference in retention time for ephedrine and phenmetrazine was not performed. Interestingly tablets 4, 20, 42 and 46 which had no MDMA, had the same imprint. Tablets 4, 20 and 42 were also similar in their diameters, thicknesses, weights and shapes. One tablet tablet 4 contained caffeine. Some of the tablets contained ephedrine or pseudoephedrine , salsoline, 3,4-methylendioxybenzylmetylketoxime, 3, 4-methylendioxyphenylacetone, m-tert-butylphenol and N -formyl MDMA. The most frequently found imprints among the tablets were heart tablets 5, 6, 8, 10, 15, 40 and 43 , Mercedes tablets 9, 14, 25, 32, 35 and 39 and mickey mouse tablets 13, 21, 28, 30 and Although no decisive conclusion could be drawn about the origin of the tablets based on their shapes and imprints in most cases, in certain cases such as the tablets with mickey mouse imprint it appears that they have similar shape, weight and MDMA content and thus they could be considered from the same origin. Dimethyl formamide was the most frequent solvent 9 cases found in the tablets. This could be due to the high boiling point and thus low volatility of this solvent. No plausible correlation was found between the type of residual solvent found in the tablets and their other characteristics. Tablets 24 and 26 had the same appearance and both contained similar amounts of MDMA and yet were different in their residual solvent, suggesting that these tablets may have been made in the same place but they are from different batches. However they could be distinguished from each other by mass spectrometery based on their mass difference. If d5-MDMA is added to the ATS samples before starting the extraction process, it could serve as a quality control system to verify the efficiency of extraction process. If d5-MDMA peak appears in chromatogram, it could be concluded that the extraction procedure has been efficient and thus if any ATS derivative had existed in the sample they would have been extracted too and if d5-MDMA does not appear in the chromatogram, it would be concluded that somewhere in the extraction process, there has been a mistake or defect and the process of extraction needs to be repeated or modified accordingly. In the present study d5-MDMA was added to the sample prior to the start of extraction process mainly for two reasons:. The authors would like to Thank Dr. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Iran J Pharm Res. Find articles by Ali Reza Khajeamiri. Find articles by Farzad Kobarfard. Find articles by Reza Ahmadkhaniha. Find articles by Gelareh Mostashari. Received Feb; Accepted Apr. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. 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