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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Calle Los Faisanes E-Mail: akram. All the authors interpreted the data, drafted the manuscript and approved the final version. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. To assess the prevalence of drug abuse before prison admission and to identify associated sociodemographic and family history risk factors, according to gender, in prisons of Peru. A secondary analysis was carried out with data from the First National Prisoner Census , using a questionnaire of items that was applied to the whole prison population of Peru. Out of a population of 76, prisoners, 71, The overall prevalence of drug consumption before admission was The most commonly used drugs were marijuana The factors most strongly associated with consumption were having a family member who consumed drugs In Peru, drug use is higher in the prison population than in the general population, and there are differences according to sex in the prevalence of drug use and associated factors prior to admission to a prison. The study demonstrated that childhood events, such as child abuse, having a family member imprisoned, having a family member who used drugs, or who previously abused alcohol, are factors associated with drug use in the penitentiary population. Some of these risk factors are modifiable, so it is important to consider these in the design of social and health policies focused on specific subpopulations to prevent drug use and crime. Keywords: street drugs, prisoners, self report, sex distribution, substance-related disorders, alcoholism, risk factors, Peru. De Drug and alcohol abuse are the major risk factors for the loss of disability-adjusted life years DALYs in youth 1. It is estimated that about million people between the ages of 15 and 64 consumed drugs in , which is associated to approximately One of the groups most prone to drug use is the penitentiary population, among which a higher consumption of other psychoactive substances such as tobacco has been reported 3 , with a prevalence of consumption in men up to ten times higher than the general population 4. The high incidence of crime in Latin America has been fol-lowed by the growth of the penitentiary population 7 , 8. However, conditions in prisons are not adequate in most countries. They are associated with a lack of security, deteriorated infrastructure, overcrowding and violence within them, which could generate favorable conditions for the use or intensified consumption of drugs 8 , 9. Despite the high prevalence of drug abuse, the prison population has limited access to prevention, treatment and rehabilitation options, making it difficult for prisoners to be reintegrated into society 5 , 10 , The distribution of the penitentiary population by sex shows significant differences. Risk factors associated with the use of psychoactive substances have been identified, such as poverty, low educational level, unemployment, physical violence or antecedents of prior consumption. However, some of these factors have a differential distribution between men and women 13 - In Peru, the First National Prisoner Census known in spanish as PCNP was held in , which included questions related to drug use of the entire prison population, which will serve as a source of information to evaluate factors that could be related to drug use and crime in the country In this particular case, the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of drug use prior to penitentiary admission and to identify associated sociodemographic and family risk factors, according to gender, in penitentiaries in Peru. The PCNP was a questionnaire with items previously validated and applied to a pilot test in two penitentiary establishments to a total of 30 inmates that was applied to the entire population of the 66 penitentiary all establishments in Peru. The objective of the census was to obtain statistical information on the adult prison population that would serve as a basis for the development of public crime prevention policies aimed at reeducation, rehabilitation and reintegration of the prisoner into society. The information was collected by interviewers trained by direct interview in a data collection system installed in a mobile device tablet that also contained a program of control of ranges, flows and validations In this analysis, the types of drugs used before admission were analyzed according to features of the penitentiary population. In addition, in order to identify the factors associated with consumption, drug use before admission to the penitentiary establishment was considered as a dependent variable for both men and women. The independent variables individual, family and social considered were: age, marital status, educational attainment, having children, employment status before admission, alcohol consumption prior to admission, history of confinement, relationships in school with others who have problems with the law, running away from home before age 15, physical abuse by a family member during childhood 5 to 12 years , having a family member who used drugs in childhood, or a family member with a history of admission to a penitentiary. In a first stage, the characteristics of the population were described by absolute frequencies and percentages for each gender. The second stage consisted of a bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis; using Generalized Linear Models GLM of the Poisson family and log link function to determine the association between drug use before confinement by gender and individual, family and social variables. The conduct of this study did not require the approval of an ethics committee because it was an analysis of secondary data that were obtained from a public domain and free access that does not allow the identification of surveyed subjects or their penitentiary centers. Of the 76, prisoners, complete information was obtained from 71, According to the distribution of the penitentiary population, men accounted for The most frequently used drugs were marijuana The overall prevalence of drug use before admission was According to sociodemographic characteristics of the male prison population, unmarried prisoners Within the family characteristics, those who suffered physical abuse during childhood With respect to individual and social characteristics, the same was observed in those with a history of previous imprisonment Likewise, these charac teristics were those that presented a higher frequency of self-report of drug use in women. Table 2 shows the frequencies of each of the variables studied according to drug use in men and women. Table 3 presents the results of the regression models with their crude and adjusted PR. In the bivariate analysis, all variables showed a statistically signi ficant association with drug use before admission to the penitentiary center for both men and women. In the multivariate analysis it was observed that in men, relationships with school classmates who had problems with the law PR 2. Likewise, having children PR 0. On the other hand, the multivariate analysis for women showed differences compared to men. It was found that relationships at school with classmates. Likewise, being between 30 and 49 years old compared to women aged 60 and over is associated with a lower probability of using drugs. Marital status, educational level, having children, employment status, and family violence during childhood did not show a significant correlation Table 3. This analysis, when covering the entire penitentiary population of the country, has the strength of a sample size which is equivalent to a census rather than a sample. The survey in many cases refers to events that occurred in childhood. It is therefore possible that the results may be affected by the reliability of the information associated with biases of memory. Owing to its cross-sectional design, it is possible to find associations, but temporality or causality are impossible to establish. Thus, it is not possible to determine whether drug use precipitates criminal behavior, whether antisocial personality favors consumption, or whether other personality factors may favor criminal behavior or substance abuse The main findings of this study indicate a marked difference by gender in the prevalence of drug use before admission to a penitentiary center, with a prevalence in males almost three times higher than females Likewise, among the risk factors, there are also differences according to sex related to age, marital status, educational level, parenthood and physical abuse in childhood. These differences should be considered in the planning process of rehabilitation and social reintegration measures in this population group. The prevalence of consumption before admission to the penitentiary However, this prevalence is less than that reported in the penitentiary population of other countries in the region, such as Argentina One of the objectives of incorporating questions on mental health in the PCNP was to contribute to the design of specific prevention strategies, control and rehabilitation of drug abuse This work identifies some subpopulations, such as the penitentiary population, which could have determinants for the consumption of drugs. Many of these may be modifiable to a certain extent, such as environment and socio-family relations 21 , In this population, the lack of prevention or timely treatment in prison admission or later would generate the continuity of the addiction It is an interesting finding that one of the factors associated with a greater probability of drug use, both in men and women, were relationships at school with classmates who had problems with the law. Although we did not find specific studies that related this fact to the use of drugs in prisoners, there is evidence on how an adverse school environment is associated with behavioral problems and a greater propensity to commit crimes in the future On account of this, schools have a key role as a space of prevention, since they would have the opportunity to identify and handle cases of children with risk behaviors, and thus avoid future criminal behavior not only in them but also in their peers. Alcohol consumption in women was found to be a factor associated with three times the consumption of drugs prior to prison admission. In low- and middle- income countries, such as Peru, it is where the most severe health risks for health are registered 25 , 26 , especially in women 27 , which supports studies that report higher prevalence of alcoholism in the female prison population In this manner, taking into account our results, alcohol consumption could eventually lead not only to the consumption of other substances without causality , but also to social inequality can lead to a rise of antisocial behaviors such as violence and criminal behavior At the same time, the finding that unemployment is associated with substance use prior to penitentiary admission is not surprising, since there is a clear relationship between unemployment and low socioeconomic status with drugs and alcohol 30 , Considering that in the most disadvantaged social groups the negative impact of the consumption of psychoactive substances is greater 32 , public policies that target multilevel interventions should be implemented. On the other hand, some characteristics of or experiences during childhood could have different impact on men and women in the consumption of drugs as well as on the probability of going to prison. It was found that having a family member who consumed drugs and personal history of runaways before age 15 had a similar influence on both sexes, whereas physical abuse seemed to affect men more. These positive associations are consistent with an investigation carried out in Mexican prisons. Although this investigation did not establish differences according to gender, it reported that living with an adult drug user as well as history of runaways from home were the major familiar factors during the childhood associated with drug abuse before being a criminal According to our study, another factor associated with drug use is having, during childhood, a family member who was admitted to prison with a greater effect on women. In this regard, although our results show that this factor increases the probability of consumption, a systematic review indicates that imprisonment causes many difficulties for the families and children of prisoners with an increase in the risk of antisocial behavior in adulthood, but not for mental health problems, drug use, or low school performance Experiencing these difficulties added to multiple negative emotions during imprisonment could develop or persist in the long term and lead to the commission of crimes in adulthood, so prison policies and programs should also prevent the conse quences of imprisonment in close family Other important differences that we find are having children and having worked before entering the penitentiary. In women, these factors show no association. However, in men, we observed that these factors are protective in decreasing the probability of drug use. These findings support those of studies in the Mexican prison population in which both characteristics are associated with lower probabilities of drug use 33 , and with a study in Spanish penitentiaries, that also reports unemployment as a predictor of consumption of psychoactive substances 5. In conclusion, our study found that there are differences according to gender in the prevalence of drug use and its associated factors before admission to a penitentiary. Likewise, events in childhood such as abuse, having a family member who was imprisoned or used drugs, or having consumed alcohol during childhood are important and differentiated factors that must be considered. The complexity and adversity of the penitentiary context, as well as the presence of associated factors of drug use, which in some cases originated in childhood, demonstrate the need to implement community interventions in mental health by authorities to prevent drug use and crime. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Rev Esp Sanid Penit. Show available content in en es. Universidad Privada del Norte. Quito Ecuador. M Santero 3 Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires Argentina. Find articles by M Santero. L Grendas 3 Universidad de Buenos Aires. Find articles by L Grendas. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Find articles by B Huarez. Facultad de Medicina. Find articles by S Vilcarromero. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Find articles by S Braun. Santiago Chile. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Find articles by D Rosselli. Received Mar 28; Accepted Jul 6; Issue date Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Peru upgrades arsenal to fight drugs, guerrillas

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They cover the rules, regulations, and potential punishments involved with the illicit trafficking of drugs, from cocaine production to the cultivation of marijuana to coercion to take drugs. The laws and quantities above are fairly clear, and quite lenient compared to the drug laws of many other countries. He also notes that police in Peru consider people in possession of drugs to be potential traffickers — not just in possession of drugs for personal use — and will happily cart them off to the police station. And once at the police station, corruption and unlawful detention can raise their ugly heads. So what does all this mean for foreign tourists in Peru who purchase and carry the drugs listed above for personal use? Well, it means you need to be careful. Even if you are in possession of a supposedly legal amount, a police officer could decide otherwise and arrest you under suspicion of trafficking. If you are in possession of more than the legal amount, well, you could be screwed. Also be aware that drinking coca tea or chewing coca leaves can result in a positive drug test for cocaine. Tony Dunnell is a freelance travel writer living in Peru since You can see his writer portfolio at tonydunnell. Thanks Tony for this article, and for spelling out how, in a country of contrasts like Peru, the difference between published law and the implementation of such are two very different sides of the same coin. On the surface of it at least, Peru seems to have a much more relaxed approach to people carrying small quantities of one substance, which would get them into serious hot water in most other countries of the world. Not as progressive as Portugal, say, but far more forgiving than most other places. The war on drugs has been an obvious failure, and it is clear that things need to change in order to stop criminalizing people who engage in recreational substance use, and still lead active and healthy lives. What does worry me a little is that very powerful drugs, such as cocaine hydrochloride, are very addictive, and if somebody is in possession of a couple of grams, it is quite possible that they may have a problem that needs counseling or some other for of intervention. I have no answers, but I am a big believer of going back to natural sources, and when we talk about cocaine, of course we are talking about coca leaf as its genesis. If people put a bit more thought into working backwards from that harmful molecule, and trace its origin all the way back to the plant it came from, they would discover that coca leaf provides powerful stimulation, protection from disease, and a host of other benefits with zero addictive potential. Chewed as per tradition, drunk as a tea, or simply eaten as a food, one finds that cocaine is irrelevant after coca leaf itself is introduced into their diet. Your email address will not be published. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Learn how your comment data is processed. Thanks for commenting! If your comment requires an answer, I'll try to reply as soon as possible. In the meantime, please share this post with your friends. Problems With Interpretation and Enforcement of Drug Laws in Peru The laws and quantities above are fairly clear, and quite lenient compared to the drug laws of many other countries. Foreign Tourists in Peru and Drug Possession So what does all this mean for foreign tourists in Peru who purchase and carry the drugs listed above for personal use? Related Posts. About The Author. Tony Dunnell Tony Dunnell is a freelance travel writer living in Peru since Tea Lover on January 22, at pm. Eat it! Drink it! Leave a reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Everything you need to know. Chorrillos and the Freshest Ceviche in Lima. Book Hostels and Hotels Booking. Search for:. Pin It on Pinterest. Share This Thanks for commenting!

Iquitos buying MDMA pills