Iquique buying coke

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

Iquique buying coke

A recent string of drug seizures in Chile, coupled with cocaine discovered on ships originating there, points to the country emerging as another key departure point in the European cocaine pipeline. The latest haul came during the week of April 18, when Chilean police carried out two operations that intercepted more than kilograms of drugs, BioBioChile reported. Portions of the drugs were then stashed in the Santiago area and moved to port cities such as Arica and Iquique. Drugs smuggled from Bolivia have been turning up regularly in Chile. In February, about a ton of drugs — including cocaine, coca paste and 2-CB , a synthetic hallucinogen similar to MDMA, also known as ecstasy — were seized from a gang who trafficked them from Bolivia to the northern port city of Arica, just across the border with Bolivia. In December of last year, Chilean customs agents intercepted a Bolivian truck carrying over kilograms of cocaine paste into Chile. The seizure was one of the largest in , when customs officers seized 2. Chile saw an uptick in drugs entering the country by sea amid pandemic border closures. With land borders open, Bolivian criminal groups have also returned to established routes. Seizures of cocaine on ships originating in Chile this year have included French authorities discovering some kilograms at the port of Marseille in January and Dominican authorities uncovering bricks of cocaine on a ship bound for Belgium. In October , Panamanian authorities discovered 3. With European port customs agents increasingly inspecting maritime cargo from Ecuador, traffickers have begun to look to other ports. Chile is an attractive departure point, as it neighbors the cocaine-producing country of Bolivia and is home to several Pacific ports. Indeed, Chilean traffickers emerged in the s and 70s as early players in the international cocaine trade, but they were soon eclipsed by groups in Colombia and other Andean countries. Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region. Donate today to empower research and analysis about organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean, from the ground up. Skip to content. Stay Informed With InSight Crime Subscribe to our newsletter to receive a weekly digest of the latest organized crime news and stay up-to-date on major events, trends, and criminal dynamics from across the region.

Cocaine trafficking from non-traditional ports: examining the cases of Argentina, Chile and Uruguay

Iquique buying coke

As an extract, it is mainly used recreationally and often illegally for its euphoric and rewarding effects. It is also used in medicine by Indigenous South Americans for various purposes and rarely, but more formally, as a local anaesthetic or diagnostic tool by medical practitioners in more developed countries. It is primarily obtained from the leaves of two Coca species native to South America: Erythroxylum coca and E. It can also then be turned into free base form typically crack cocaine , in which it can be heated until sublimated and then the vapours can be inhaled. Cocaine stimulates the mesolimbic pathway in the brain. Cocaine crosses the blood—brain barrier via a proton-coupled organic cation antiporter \[ 18 \] \[ 19 \] and to a lesser extent via passive diffusion across cell membranes. A single dose of cocaine induces tolerance to the drug's effects. Addicts who abstain from cocaine may experience prolonged craving lasting for many months. It also increases risk of stroke , heart attack , cardiac arrhythmia, lung injury when smoked , and sudden cardiac death. Coca leaves have been used by Andean civilizations since ancient times. Globally, in , cocaine was used by an estimated 20 million people 0. The highest prevalence of cocaine use was in Australia and New Zealand 2. Cocaine eye drops are frequently used by neurologists when examining patients suspected of having Horner syndrome. In Horner syndrome, sympathetic innervation to the eye is blocked. In a healthy eye, cocaine will stimulate the sympathetic nerves by inhibiting norepinephrine reuptake, and the pupil will dilate; if the patient has Horner syndrome, the sympathetic nerves are blocked, and the affected eye will remain constricted or dilate to a lesser extent than the opposing unaffected eye which also receives the eye drop test. If both eyes dilate equally, the patient does not have Horner syndrome. Topical cocaine is sometimes used as a local numbing agent and vasoconstrictor to help control pain and bleeding with surgery of the nose, mouth, throat or lacrimal duct. Although some absorption and systemic effects may occur, the use of cocaine as a topical anesthetic and vasoconstrictor is generally safe, rarely causing cardiovascular toxicity, glaucoma , and pupil dilation. Cocaine hydrochloride Goprelto , an ester local anesthetic, was approved for medical use in the United States in December , and is indicated for the introduction of local anesthesia of the mucous membranes for diagnostic procedures and surgeries on or through the nasal cavities of adults. The most common adverse reactions in people treated with Goprelto are headache and epistaxis. Cocaine is a central nervous system stimulant. The duration of cocaine's effects depends on the amount taken and the route of administration. Crack cocaine is a smokeable form of cocaine made into small 'rocks' by processing cocaine with sodium bicarbonate baking soda and water. Cocaine use leads to increases in alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria , increased energy and motor activity, and increased feelings of competence and sexuality. Analysis of the correlation between the use of 18 various psychoactive substances shows that cocaine use correlates with other ' party drugs ' such as ecstasy or amphetamines , as well as with heroin and benzodiazepines use, and can be considered as a bridge between the use of different groups of drugs. It is legal for people to use coca leaves in some Andean nations, such as Peru and Bolivia, where they are chewed, consumed in the form of tea, or are sometimes incorporated into food products. The juices are absorbed slowly by the mucous membrane of the inner cheek and by the gastrointestinal tract when swallowed. Alternatively, coca leaves can be infused in liquid and consumed like tea. Coca tea , an infusion of coca leaves, is also a traditional method of consumption. The tea has often been recommended for travelers in the Andes to prevent altitude sickness. While the packaging claimed it had been 'decocainized', no such process had actually taken place. The article stated that drinking two cups of the tea per day gave a mild stimulation , increased heart rate , and mood elevation, and the tea was essentially harmless. Nasal insufflation known colloquially as 'snorting', 'sniffing', or 'blowing' is a common method of ingestion of recreational powdered cocaine. Cocaine's desired euphoric effects are delayed when snorted through the nose by about five minutes. This occurs because cocaine's absorption is slowed by its constricting effect on the blood vessels of the nose. In a study of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was Rolled up banknotes , hollowed-out pens , cut straws , pointed ends of keys, specialized spoons , \[ 57 \] long fingernails , and clean tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine. The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat, hard surface such as a mobile phone screen, mirror, CD case or book and divided into 'bumps', 'lines' or 'rails', and then insufflated. Subjective effects not commonly shared with other methods of administration include a ringing in the ears moments after injection usually when over milligrams lasting 2 to 5 minutes including tinnitus and audio distortion. This is colloquially referred to as a 'bell ringer'. In a study of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 3. Aside from the toxic effects of cocaine, there is also the danger of circulatory emboli from the insoluble substances that may be used to cut the drug. As with all injected illicit substances , there is a risk of the user contracting blood-borne infections if sterile injecting equipment is not available or used. An injected mixture of cocaine and heroin , known as ' speedball ', is a particularly dangerous combination, as the converse effects of the drugs actually complement each other, but may also mask the symptoms of an overdose. Experimentally, cocaine injections can be delivered to animals such as fruit flies to study the mechanisms of cocaine addiction. The onset of cocaine's euphoric effects is fastest with inhalation, beginning after 3—5 seconds. People often freebase crack with a pipe made from a small glass tube, often taken from ' love roses ', small glass tubes with a paper rose that are promoted as romantic gifts. A small piece of clean heavy copper or occasionally stainless steel scouring pad — often called a 'brillo' actual Brillo Pads contain soap, and are not used or 'chore' named for Chore Boy brand copper scouring pads — serves as a reduction base and flow modulator in which the 'rock' can be melted and boiled to vapor. Crack is smoked by placing it at the end of the pipe; a flame held close to it produces vapor, which is then inhaled by the smoker. The effects felt almost immediately after smoking, are very intense and do not last long — usually 2 to 10 minutes. Acute exposure to cocaine has many effects on humans, including euphoria, increases in heart rate and blood pressure, and increases in cortisol secretion from the adrenal gland. Aggressive behavior may be displayed by both addicts and casual users. Cocaine can induce psychosis characterized by paranoia, impaired reality testing , hallucinations , irritability, and physical aggression. Cocaine intoxication can cause hyperawareness, hypervigilance , and psychomotor agitation and delirium. Consumption of large doses of cocaine can cause violent outbursts, especially by those with preexisting psychosis. Crack-related violence is also systemic, relating to disputes between crack dealers and users. Acute exposure may also lead to angina , heart attack , and congestive heart failure. With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions and increased body temperature are observed. Although it has been commonly asserted, the available evidence does not show that chronic use of cocaine is associated with broad cognitive deficits. Physical side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include coughing up blood , bronchospasm , itching , fever , diffuse alveolar infiltrates without effusions, pulmonary and systemic eosinophilia , chest pain, lung trauma, sore throat, asthma , hoarse voice, dyspnea shortness of breath , and an aching, flu -like syndrome. Cocaine constricts blood vessels , dilates pupils , and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It can also cause headaches and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea. A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay. Cocaine can cause involuntary tooth grinding, known as bruxism , which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis. Since saliva is an important mechanism in maintaining one's oral pH level, people who use cocaine over a long period of time who do not hydrate sufficiently may experience demineralization of their teeth due to the pH of the tooth surface dropping too low below 5. Cocaine use also promotes the formation of blood clots. Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils the septum nasi , leading eventually to its complete disappearance. Due to the absorption of the cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride, the remaining hydrochloride forms a dilute hydrochloric acid. Illicitly-sold cocaine may be contaminated with levamisole. Cocaine use leads to an increased risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. Relatives of persons with cocaine addiction have an increased risk of cocaine addiction. This change can be identified rather quickly, and may be sustained weeks after the last dose of the drug. DNA damage is increased in the brain of rodents by administration of cocaine. In humans, cocaine abuse may cause structural changes in brain connectivity, though it is unclear to what extent these changes are permanent. Cocaine dependence develops after even brief periods of regular cocaine use \[ 98 \] and produces a withdrawal state with emotional-motivational deficits upon cessation of cocaine use. Crack baby is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use during pregnancy poses to the fetus is now considered exaggerated. Many recall that 'crack babies', or babies born to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time written off by many as a lost generation. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. However, the fact that most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern. Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school. There are also warnings about the threat of breastfeeding : The March of Dimes said 'it is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk,' and advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy:. Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways. During the early months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor labor that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy or cause the baby to grow poorly. As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birth weight less than 5. Low-birthweight babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at increased risk of birth defects, including urinary tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also may cause an unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack. Persons with regular or problematic use of cocaine have a significantly higher rate of death, and are specifically at higher risk of traumatic deaths and deaths attributable to infectious disease. The extent of absorption of cocaine into the systemic circulation after nasal insufflation is similar to that after oral ingestion. The rate of absorption after nasal insufflation is limited by cocaine-induced vasoconstriction of capillaries in the nasal mucosa. Onset of absorption after oral ingestion is delayed because cocaine is a weak base with a pKa of 8. The delay in absorption after oral ingestion may account for the popular belief that cocaine bioavailability from the stomach is lower than after insufflation. Compared with ingestion, the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects. Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes. Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40—60 minutes after the peak effects are attained. Cocaine crosses the blood—brain barrier via both a proton-coupled organic cation antiporter \[ 18 \] \[ 19 \] and to a lesser extent via passive diffusion across cell membranes. Cocaine has a short elimination half life of 0. Depending on liver and kidney functions, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine between three and eight days. Generally speaking benzoylecgonine is eliminated from someone's urine between three and five days. Detection of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until after the sections of hair grown during the period of cocaine use are cut or fall out. Dopamine neurotransmitter released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter; i. Cocaine binds tightly at the dopamine transporter forming a complex that blocks the transporter's function. The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function, and thus dopamine accumulates in the synaptic cleft. The increased concentration of dopamine in the synapse activates post-synaptic dopamine receptors, which makes the drug rewarding and promotes the compulsive use of cocaine. Cocaine affects certain serotonin 5-HT receptors; in particular, it has been shown to antagonize the 5-HT 3 receptor , which is a ligand-gated ion channel. An overabundance of 5-HT 3 receptors is reported in cocaine-conditioned rats, though 5-HT 3 's role is unclear. Cocaine has been demonstrated to bind as to directly stabilize the DAT transporter on the open outward-facing conformation. Further, cocaine binds in such a way as to inhibit a hydrogen bond innate to DAT. Cocaine's binding properties are such that it attaches so this hydrogen bond will not form and is blocked from formation due to the tightly locked orientation of the cocaine molecule. Research studies have suggested that the affinity for the transporter is not what is involved in the habituation of the substance so much as the conformation and binding properties to where and how on the transporter the molecule binds. Conflicting findings have challenged the widely accepted view that cocaine functions solely as a reuptake inhibitor. To induce euphoria an intravenous dose of 0. This discrepancy is not shared with other dopamine reuptake inhbitors like bupropion , sibutramine , mazindol or tesofensine , which have similar or higher potencies than cocaine as dopamine reuptake inhibitors. These findings have evoked a hypothesis that cocaine may also function as a so-called 'DAT inverse agonist' or 'negative allosteric modifier of DAT' resulting in dopamine transporter reversal , and subsequent dopamine release into the synaptic cleft from the axon terminal in a manner similar to but distinct from amphetamines. Sigma receptors are affected by cocaine, as cocaine functions as a sigma ligand agonist. Cocaine also blocks sodium channels , thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials ; \[ \] \[ 75 \] thus, like lignocaine and novocaine , it acts as a local anesthetic. It also functions on the binding sites to the dopamine and serotonin sodium dependent transport area as targets as separate mechanisms from its reuptake of those transporters; unique to its local anesthetic value which makes it in a class of functionality different from both its own derived phenyltropanes analogues which have that removed. Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms \[ \] and clock genes \[ \] in behavioral actions of cocaine. Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs. Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt , typically cocaine hydrochloride. Street cocaine is often adulterated or 'cut' with cheaper substances to increase bulk, including talc , lactose , sucrose , glucose , mannitol , inositol , caffeine , procaine , phencyclidine , phenytoin , lignocaine , strychnine , levamisole , and amphetamine. Crack cocaine looks like irregular shaped white rocks. Cocaine — a tropane alkaloid — is a weakly alkaline compound, and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form salts. Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in various solvents — the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in water. As the name implies, 'freebase' is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water-soluble. Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user's system due to the pyrolysis of the substance a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create. Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration \[ \] because of methylecgonidine's effects on lung tissue \[ \] and liver tissue. Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution, which will precipitate non-polar basic cocaine. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent liquid—liquid extraction. Crack is usually smoked in a glass pipe, and once inhaled, it passes from the lungs directly to the central nervous system , producing an almost immediate 'high' that can be very powerful — this initial crescendo of stimulation is known as a 'rush'. This is followed by an equally intense low, leaving the user craving more of the drug. Addiction to crack usually occurs within four to six weeks - much more rapidly than regular cocaine. This effectively destroys some of the cocaine and yields a sharp, acrid, and foul-tasting smoke. The origin of the name 'crack' comes from the 'crackling' sound and hence the onomatopoeic moniker 'crack' that is produced when the cocaine and its impurities i. Coca herbal infusion also referred to as coca tea is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as 'coca tea' has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers. In Peru, the National Coca Company , a state-run corporation, sells cocaine-infused teas and other medicinal products and also exports leaves to the U. Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions prepared in teapots with whole coca leaves purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness. One study on coca leaf infusion used with counseling in the treatment of 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima , Peru found that the relapses rate fell from 4. The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days before treatment to This suggests that coca leaf infusion plus counseling may be effective at preventing relapse during cocaine addiction treatment. There is little information on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of consuming coca tea. Urine specimens were also analyzed from an individual who consumed one cup of coca tea and it was determined that enough cocaine and cocaine-related metabolites were present to produce a positive drug test. Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis. The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation. This produces a racemic mixture of the 2-substituted pyrrolidine, with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation. In formation of tropinone from racemic ethyl \[2,C 2 \] 4 Nmethylpyrrolidinyl oxobutanoate there is no preference for either stereoisomer. In cocaine biosynthesis, only the S -enantiomer can cyclize to form the tropane ring system of cocaine. The stereoselectivity of this reaction was further investigated through study of prochiral methylene hydrogen discrimination. The benzoyl moiety required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid. The biosynthesis begins with L- Glutamine , which is derived to L- ornithine in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L- arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete. In some animals, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine. L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine, \[ \] which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives N -carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged. A SAM-dependent N -methylation of putrescine gives the N -methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde. The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid is still not understood. Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson's acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction. Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation. The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH -dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species. In , the United States Department of Justice released a report detailing the typical process in which leaves from coca plants were ultimately converted into cocaine hydrochloride by Latin American drug cartels : \[ \]. In , a GMO produced N. Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to monitor for use, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning, or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or sudden death. Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system. Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage, and between smoking versus other routes of administration. Cocaine may be detected by law enforcement using the Scott reagent. The test can easily generate false positives for common substances and must be confirmed with a laboratory test. The shade of brown shown by the chloroform is proportional to the cocaine content. This test is not cross sensitive to heroin, methamphetamine, benzocaine, procaine and a number of other drugs but other chemicals could cause false positives. According to a United Nations report, England and Wales are the countries with the highest rate of cocaine usage 2. Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe behind cannabis. Since the mids, overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the rise, but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries. Approximately 17 million Europeans 5. About 1. The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3. In London had the highest amount of cocaine in its sewage out of 50 European cities. Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States behind cannabis \[ \] and the U. In the s and s, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio Indigenous peoples of South America have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca —a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids , including cocaine—for over a thousand years. The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing. When the Spanish arrived in South America , the conquistadors at first banned coca as an 'evil agent of devil'. When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes. In , Padre Blas Valera wrote:. Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots. And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it? Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca leaves had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until Various European scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, but none had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient, and conditions of sea-shipping from South America at the time would often degrade the quality of the cocaine in the plant samples available to European chemists by the time they arrived. Carl Scherzer , a scientist aboard the Novara an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe , to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America. He wrote of the alkaloid's 'colourless transparent prisms' and said that 'Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue. Because of the former use of cocaine as a local anesthetic , a suffix '-caine' was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics. With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely saltwater. He then submerged a frog's legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways. The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently from the leg that had been immersed in saltwater. Karl Koller a close associate of Sigmund Freud , who would write about cocaine later experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage. In an infamous experiment in , he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins. His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in , Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic. In , William Halsted demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia, \[ \] and James Leonard Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia. In , an Italian doctor , Paolo Mantegazza , returned from Peru , where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the local indigenous peoples. He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan , he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. In this paper, he declared coca and cocaine at the time they were assumed to be the same as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of 'a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence , and whitening of the teeth. A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza's paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In , Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani , which had been treated with coca leaves, to become coca wine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink's effect. It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7. A 'pinch of coca leaves' was included in John Styth Pemberton 's original recipe for Coca-Cola , though the company began using decocainized leaves in when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. In cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction. Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person. You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work. In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug. Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcoholic beverages. No craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug. By the U. By the late Victorian era , cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature. For example, it was injected by Arthur Conan Doyle 's fictional Sherlock Holmes , generally to offset the boredom he felt when he was not working on a case. In early 20th-century Memphis, Tennessee , cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street , costing five or ten cents for a small boxful. Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers. In the song ' Minnie the Moocher ', Cab Calloway heavily references cocaine use. He uses the phrase 'kicking the gong around', slang for cocaine use; describes titular character Minnie as 'tall and skinny;' and describes Smokey Joe as 'cokey'. During the mids, amidst World War II, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of 'pep pills' for the German military, code named D-IX. In modern popular culture, references to cocaine are common. The drug has a glamorous image associated with the wealthy, famous and powerful, and is said to make users 'feel rich and beautiful'. In many countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug. Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood. In the United States, the development of 'crack' cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market. The use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use across the s and s in the U. The estimated U. An American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine. An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example, 'that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems. This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study was recuperated and published in , including profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries, but are unavailable as of \[update\]. In October it was reported that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue rather than increase euphoria by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration. The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine, or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to 'stretch' or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants, however the purity of the cocaine is subsequently lowered. The production, distribution, and sale of cocaine products is restricted and illegal in most contexts in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs , and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine are additionally regulated by the Controlled Substances Act. Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia, permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population , but nevertheless, prohibit the production, sale, and consumption of cocaine. Cocaine is a Schedule 8 controlled drug in Australia under the Poisons Standard. The US federal government instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Pure Food and Drug Act of While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead set up a regulatory and licensing regime. Before the early s, the primary problem caused by cocaine use was portrayed by newspapers to be addiction, not violence or crime, and the cocaine user was represented as an upper or middle class White person. In , according to the United Nations , tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. Colombia seized t, the United States t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world t. Colombia is as of the world's largest cocaine producer, with production more than tripling since This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mids. Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade. An interview with a coca farmer published in described a mode of production by acid-base extraction that has changed little since Roughly pounds kg of leaves were harvested per hectare , six times per year. The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a string trimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement replacing sodium carbonate from former times. Several hundred pounds of this mixture were soaked in 50 US gallons L of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for the remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded. Then battery acid weak sulfuric acid was used, one bucket per 55 lb 25 kg of leaves, to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of 'murky-looking smelly liquid'. Once powdered caustic soda was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth. The resulting material, when dried, was termed pasta and sold by the farmer. The 3, pounds 1, kg yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 6 lb 2. Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale. Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca-growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use. Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear. These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown, increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine. Although production fell temporarily, coca crops rebounded in numerous smaller fields in Colombia, rather than the larger plantations. The cultivation of coca has become an attractive economic decision for many growers due to the combination of several factors, including the lack of other employment alternatives, the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs, the eradication-related damages to non-drug farms, the spread of new strains of the coca plant due to persistent worldwide demand. The latest estimate provided by the U. As of the end of , the seizure operations of Colombian cocaine carried out in different countries have totaled Department of State's estimates. Synthesizing cocaine could eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling, replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories, as are common for illicit methamphetamine , but is rarely done. Natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine. Formation of inactive stereoisomers cocaine has four chiral centres — 1 R 2 R , 3 S , and 5 S , two of them dependent, hence eight possible stereoisomers plus synthetic by-products limits the yield and purity. Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade. The primary cocaine importation points in the United States have been in Arizona , southern California , southern Florida , and Texas. Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U. Sixty-five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida. Cocaine traffickers from Colombia and Mexico have established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida. They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug using a variety of smuggling techniques to U. These include airdrops of to kg 1, to 1, lb in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico , mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of to 2, kg 1, to 4, lb , and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami. Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile, which is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile. While the price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and Bolivia, the final destination is usually Europe, especially Spain where drug dealing networks exist among South American immigrants. Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as ' mules ' or 'mulas' , who cross a border either legally, for example, through a port or airport, or illegally elsewhere. The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body by swallowing or placement inside an orifice , typically known as 'bodypacking. If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will receive most of the profits. If the mule caught, gangs may sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone. Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean— Gulf of Mexico area. These vessels are typically —foot 50—80 m coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2. Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations. In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as go-fast boats , like those used by the local populations. Sophisticated drug subs are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on 20 March Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them. Cocaine is readily available in all major countries' metropolitan areas. According to the Summer Pulse Check , published by the U. In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be due to a switch to methamphetamine among some users; methamphetamine is cheaper, three and a half times more powerful, and lasts 12—24 times longer with each dose. These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one's body. Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region. Between and , the value of the market remained basically stable'. Contents move to sidebar hide. Article Talk. Read View source View history. Tools Tools. Download as PDF Printable version. In other projects. Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote. Tropane alkaloid and stimulant drug. For other uses, see Cocaine disambiguation. US DailyMed : Cocaine. IUPAC name. Methyl 1 R ,2 R ,3 S ,5 S benzoyloxy methylazabicyclo\[3. DB Y. D Y. Interactive image. See also: Crack cocaine. Main article: Cocaine intoxication. Opioid involvement in cocaine overdose deaths in the US. The pale green line is cocaine without any opioid bottom line in The yellow line is cocaine and synthetic opioids other than methadone top line in Delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs based on expert opinion in the UK. Cocaine was ranked the 2nd in dependence and physical harm and 3rd in social harm. See also: Epigenetics of cocaine addiction. Dependence and withdrawal. Main article: Prenatal cocaine exposure. Main article: Freebase chemistry. Main article: Crack cocaine. Main article: Biosynthesis of cocaine. N -methyl-pyrrolinium cation. Robert Robinson's acetonedicarboxylate. Illegal clandestine chemistry. Main article: List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use. Main article: Cocaine in the United States. Main article: Legal status of cocaine. See also: Cocaine in the United States. Trafficking and distribution. Caribbean and Mexican routes. ISBN Archived from the original on 8 July Retrieved 3 September Archived from the original on 30 July Retrieved 30 April Cambridge University Press. Archived from the original on 10 September Abingdon: CRC Press. The Neuroscientist. ISSN PMID S2CID Archived from the original on 9 August Retrieved 7 August European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. Drug Metabolism and Disposition. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Critical Care Clinics. American Heritage Dictionary. Archived from the original on 3 January Retrieved 3 January Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. Current Medicinal Chemistry. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Office-Based Laryngeal Surgery. USA: Springer. Archived from the original on 18 July Retrieved 18 July Analysis of the role of the proton-organic cation antiporter'. Biochemical Pharmacology. January Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. October The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. PMC Frontiers in Neurology. June European Psychiatry. Archived from the original on 18 January Retrieved 12 May Annual Review of Psychology. Brain Sciences. Nature Reviews. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. Archived from the original on 17 December Retrieved 17 December Journal of Anthropological Research. Economic Botany. Bibcode : EcBot.. British Journal of Hospital Medicine. Archived PDF from the original on 24 June Drug Enforcement Agency. Archived PDF from the original on 21 June Retrieved 17 June Retrieved 29 June McGraw Hill. The Laryngoscope Review. Drug Safety. Clinical Otolaryngology and Allied Sciences. Archived from the original on 28 July Neuroscience of psychoactive substance use and dependence. World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 30 April International medical guide for ships. Drug and Alcohol Dependence Systematic Review. Critical Care Clinics Review. Personality Traits and Drug Consumption. A Story Told by Data. Springer, Cham. Archived from the original on 6 May Retrieved 6 May Archived from the original PDF on 15 October National Institute on Drug Abuse. April Archived from the original on 11 July Retrieved 11 July Vertava Health. Archived from the original on 8 April Retrieved 25 February August Life Sciences. Retrieved 14 June Archived from the original on 9 July Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. Journal of Neuroscience Methods. US Justice Dep. Archived from the original on 30 November February Bibcode : Toxgy. Lincoln Journal Star. Archived from the original on 26 July Retrieved 21 August Archived from the original on 2 February Retrieved 23 January CiteSeerX Archived from the original on 28 November The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior. Journal of Neurochemistry. University of Michigan. Archived from the original on 4 April Retrieved 25 September Aggression and Violent Behavior. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. Drug and Alcohol Review. Behavioural Brain Research. Biological Psychiatry. Psychiatry Research. International Review of Neurobiology. Karch's pathology of drug abuse 4 ed. Curr Opin Psychiatry. Washington, D. Current Opinion in Hematology. Journal of the American College of Cardiology Review. Molecular Psychiatry. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 30 June September Bibcode : Natur. The Journal of Neuroscience. Bibcode : PNAS Addiction Biology. Molecular Cell. Annual Review of Medicine. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 October Retrieved 23 July Research Report Series. Archived from the original on 26 September March of Dimes. Archived from the original on 5 September Retrieved 26 May Journal of Analytical Toxicology. Chemistry Views. Archived from the original on 22 July Retrieved 22 July Table V. Journal of Cellular Physiology. European Journal of Pharmacology. July Nature Neuroscience. CNS Stimulants. Archived from the original on 12 January Retrieved 9 March Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. Archived from the original on 20 February Bibcode : PNAS.. Molecular Neurobiology. November Archived from the original on 31 October Retrieved 11 October Retrieved 4 May British Journal of Pharmacology. Chemical Research in Toxicology. Principles of addiction medicine. Retrieved 5 January Hip Hop America. Viking Penguin. Business Insider. Retrieved 17 March Archived from the original on 28 May Retrieved 15 June Substance Abuse. Archived PDF from the original on 2 June Forensic Science International. A century-old problem unresolved'. Natural Product Reports. Medicinal Natural Products. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Organic Letters. Bibcode : PChem.. Planta Medica. Topics in Current Chemistry. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration. New Scientist. Archived from the original on 27 November Retrieved 27 November Pacific Standard. Archived from the original on 8 August Retrieved 21 April Archived from the original on 1 January Analytical Chemistry. World Drug Report United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. Retrieved 7 July Archived from the original on 9 March Retrieved 5 February Archived PDF from the original on 25 April Retrieved 31 December BBC News. Archived from the original on 4 June Retrieved 4 June Retrieved 10 July Archived from the original on 29 December Retrieved 15 January Alkaloids: Nature's Curse or Blessing? Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. Survey of Ophthalmology. Clinical Toxicology. London: The Independent UK. Archived from the original on 28 February Joyfull Newes out of the Newe Founde Worlde. New York: Alfred Knopf. Archived from the original on 30 December A Brief History of Cocaine. Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology. Archiv der Pharmazie. Archived from the original on 14 April Online Etymology Dictionary. Chemical Reviews. Archived PDF from the original on 4 March Liebigs Ann. A synthesis of tropinone'. Archived from the original on 30 September New York Medical Journal. Archived from the original on 8 February Byck R ed. Cocaine Papers. Open Culture. Archived from the original on 7 March Archived from the original on 19 January The Wilson Quarterly. JSTOR Archived from the original on 12 July Retrieved 12 July Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography. Retrieved 13 January Event occurs at Archived from the original on 13 January Retrieved 13 January — via YouTube. Archived from the original on 27 February Archived from the original on 11 August Retrieved 18 May Archived from the original on 14 May Treatment of Black Alcoholics. Psychology Press. Temple University Press. Pharmacology for Anesthetists. Cocaine Use in America. Archived from the original on 29 June The cocaine trade. The Stationery Office. Archived from the original on 17 June Retrieved 13 November Archived from the original on 11 November Transnational Institute. Retrieved 8 June Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 18 October Retrieved 19 October Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. Laboratory and Scientific Section Methods for Impurity Profiling of Heroin and Cocaine. United Nations Publications. The Guardian. Retrieved 23 December Archived PDF from the original on 3 May Retrieved 12 January Federal Register of Legislation. Australian Government. Retrieved 22 January Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Archived from the original on 20 January Western Australian Legislation. Archived PDF from the original on 17 February American Medicine. American-Medicine Publishing Company: Archived from the original on 9 May Retrieved 29 April Race and Crime: Geographies of Injustice. Oakland, California: University of California Press. Archived from the original on 12 April Retrieved 21 November Archived from the original on 6 April New York: United Nations. Archived PDF from the original on 14 June CIA World Factbook. Archived from the original on 18 June Retrieved 24 January NBC News. Archived from the original on 4 March Archived from the original on 15 January International Journal of Remote Sensing. Bibcode : IJRS Weed Science. The case of Colombian farmers' PDF. Archived PDF from the original on 28 April Retrieved 28 April Al Jazeera. National Drug Intelligence Center. Flare Network Flarenetwork. Archived from the original on 6 January Department of State. Archived from the original on 22 January Retrieved 26 March South African Journal of Chemistry. ACS Chemical Neuroscience. New Health Advisor. Illegal drugs: America's anguish ed. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale. Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original PDF on 10 April Retrieved 10 April Mexican TCOs pose the greatest criminal drug threat to the United States; no other group is currently positioned to challenge them. These Mexican poly-drug organizations traffic heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine, and marijuana throughout the United States, using established transportation routes and distribution networks. While all of these Mexican TCOs transport wholesale quantities of illicit drugs into the United States, the Sinaloa Cartel appears to be the most active supplier. The Sinaloa Cartel leverages its expansive resources and dominance in Mexico to facilitate the smuggling and transportation of drugs throughout the United States. Puerto Rico and the U. Virgin Islands Drug Threat Assessment'. A History of Smuggling in Florida. Arcadia Publishing. Cocaine Cowboys. Global Initiative. United Nations. Drug Mules. UN Office of Drugs and Crime. Caribbean Drugs. Zed Books Ltd. Archived from the original on 6 February Archived from the original on 21 March Retrieved 20 March Archived from the original on 27 March City of Denison Iowa. Archived from the original on 6 November The Economist. Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in Europe PDF. United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original PDF on 11 September Archived from the original on 26 April General and cited references. Gootenberg P, ed. Cocaine: Global Histories. London: Routledge. Madge T Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. Spillane JF, ed. Feiling T London: Penguin. Wikiquote has quotations related to Cocaine. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cocaine. Look up cocaine in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Recreational drug use. Calea zacatechichi Silene capensis. Drug culture. Coffee break Coffeehouse Latte art Teahouse. Alcohol legality Anabolic steroid legality Cannabis legality Cocaine legality Methamphetamine legality Psilocybin decriminalization in the U. Psilocybin mushrooms legality Salvia legality. Arguments for and against drug prohibition Cannabis rights Capital punishment for drug trafficking Cognitive liberty Designer drug Drug court Drug possession Drug test Narc Politics of drug abuse War on drugs Mexican drug war Plan Colombia Philippine drug war Zero tolerance. Abuse Addiction Date rape drug Dependence Driving impaired Drug harmfulness Effects of cannabis Drug-related crime Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder Long-term effects of cannabis Neurotoxicity Overdose Passive smoking of tobacco or other substances. Drug checking Drug legalization Drug rehabilitation Needle and syringe programmes Opioid replacement therapy Pharmacovigilance Reagent testing Regulation of therapeutic goods Responsible drug use Substance abuse prevention Supervised injection site. Drugs which induce euphoria. See also: Recreational drug use. Adapromine Amantadine Bromantane Memantine Rimantadine. Oxiracetam Phenylpiracetam Phenylpiracetam hydrazide. ATC code : N06B. Local anesthetics primarily sodium channel blockers N01B. Amoproxan 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoyl 3- p-Fluorobenzoyloxy tropane. Ancient anaesthesia. Aconitum aconite Atropa belladonna belladonna Cannabis medical use Castoreum Coca Conium hemlock Datura innoxia thorn-apple Datura metel devil's trumpet Hyoscyamus niger henbane Lactucarium Mandragora officinarum mandrake Opium Saussurea saw-wort Willow. Beer Wine. Ion channel modulators. L-type-selective : Bay K Amiloride Benzamil Triamterene. Glibenclamide Lonidamine Piretanide. See here instead. Monoamine reuptake inhibitors. Others: Antihistamines e. Others: A Amoxapine Antihistamines e. Amiodarone Amphetamines e. Sigma receptor modulators. Authority control databases. Categories : Cocaine introductions in science Alkaloids found in Erythroxylum Anorectics Benzoate esters Carboxylate esters Cardiac stimulants CYP2D6 inhibitors Euphoriants German inventions Glycine receptor agonists Local anesthetics Methyl esters Otologicals Powders Secondary metabolites Serotonin—norepinephrine—dopamine reuptake inhibitors Sigma agonists Stimulants Sympathomimetic amines Teratogens Tropane alkaloids found in Erythroxylum coca Vasoconstrictors Obsolete medications. Neurocaine, \[ 1 \] Goprelto, \[ 2 \] Numbrino, \[ 3 \] others. Coke, blow, snow, yay, crack in free base form. Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information. Physical : Low Psychological : High \[ 4 \]. High \[ 5 \]. Topical , by mouth , insufflation , intravenous , inhalation. Liver , CYP3A4. Norcocaine , benzoylecgonine , cocaethylene. Seconds to minutes \[ 12 \]. Cocaine data page. N Y what is this? Amphetamine- type stimulants. Blockers Amiloride Benzamil Triamterene. Blockers Glibenclamide Lonidamine Piretanide.

Iquique buying coke