Инвестиции и совокупные расходы
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Совокупные расходы равны сумме
In economics, aggregate expenditure AE is a measure of national income. It is the expenditure incurred on consumer goods, planned investment and the expenditure made by the government in the economy. In an open economy scenario, aggregate expenditure also includes the difference between the exports and the imports. Aggregate expenditure provides one way to calculate the sum total of all economic activity in an economy, which is referred to as the gross domestic product of an economy. The gross domestic product is calculated through the aggregate expenditure model , also known as the Keynesian cross. AE is also used in the aggregate demand - aggregate supply model which advances the aggregate expenditures model with the inclusion of price changes. Aggregate demand AD refers to the sum total of goods that are demanded in an economy over a period and thus AD is defined by the planned total expenditure in an economy for a given price level. Various schools of thoughts use various components to come up with the Aggregate Expenditure. The major schools of economic thought, which are the classical and Keynesian economists, use the following components:. Consumption is the household consumption over a given period of time. The total household consumption can be divided into two parts: Autonomous Consumption and Induced consumption. Autonomous Consumption is the amount of consumption regardless of the amount of income; hence, even if income is zero, the autonomous consumption would be the total consumption. Induced consumption refers to the level of consumption dependent on the level of income. Investment is the amount of expenditure on capital goods. Investment is the expenditure on goods that are expected to yield a return or increase their own value over time. Investment expenditure can be further divided into two parts, planned investment and unplanned investment. Over the long run the sum of differences in the unplanned investment would equal zero as economy approaches equilibrium. The Keynesian model propagates an active state to control and regulate the economy. The government can make expenditure in terms of infrastructure, and thus increase the total expenditure in the economy as advocated by Keynes. Transfer payments such as pensions and unemployment benefits are not included in G as that would mean a double count. In an open economy, the total expenditure in the economy also includes the components of net exports, which is total exports minus total imports. Moreover, the classical economists believed that the economy was operating at a full employment. Classical economics has been criticized for its assumptions that the economy works at a full-employment equilibrium which is empirically false, since the economy often operates at an under-employment equilibrium mainly because of 'sticky' wages, which in turn provides the foundation for the Keynesian model of aggregate expenditure. Keynes believed that the economy was subject to sticky prices and thus the economy was not in a state of perpetual equilibrium and also operated at an under-employment equilibrium. Keynesian economics calls for government intervention and is called demand-side economics as it believes that aggregate demand and not aggregate supply determines the GDP because of the difference between the aggregate supply and planned expenditure in an economy. Hence Keynes believed that the government played an important role in the determination on the aggregate expenditure in an economy and thus included government expenditure in the aggregate expenditure function. Keynesian economics preaches that in times of a recession, the government must undertake increased expenditure to compensate for the insufficiency in household expenditure and private investment, so as to ensure that sufficient demand is maintained in the goods market. This also leads to the Keynesian multiplier which suggests that every dollar spent on investment or government creates a multiplier effect and leads to an increased expenditure of more than one dollar. An economy is said to be in equilibrium when aggregate expenditure is equal to aggregate supply production in the economy. According to Keynes, the economy does not stay in a perpetual state of equilibrium but aggregate expenditure and aggregate supply adjust each other towards equilibrium. When there is an excess supply over expenditure, and hence over demand, there is an inventory leftover with the producers, which leads to a reduction in either the prices or the quantity of output and hence reducing the total output GDP of the economy. On the other hand, if there is an excess of expenditure over supply, then there is excess demand leading to an increase in prices or output. Hence the economy constantly keeps shifting between excess supply inventory and excess demand. Thus, the economy is constantly moving towards an equilibrium between aggregate expenditure and aggregate supply. A rise in expenditure by either Consumption, Investment or the Government or an increase in exports or a decrease in imports leads to a rise in the aggregate expenditure and thus pushes the economy towards a higher equilibrium and thus reaching a higher level towards the potential GDP. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Macro-recitation PDF. Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved The Aggregate expenditure model. University of Louisville. Retrieved 13 November Principles of Macroeconomics. Archived from the original on Stirling University. Archived from the original PDF on 25 April Macroeconomic theory and policy. Keynesian Model. CS1 maint: discouraged parameter link. Parry G. Categories : Gross domestic product Macroeconomic aggregates Expenditure. Hidden categories: CS1 maint: discouraged parameter. Namespaces Article Talk. Views Read Edit View history. Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file. Download as PDF Printable version.
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Aggregate expenditure - Wikipedia
Выгодно вложить деньги в москве
Совокупные расходы = расходы + чистые инвестиции в нефинансовые активы (=2M) / КонсультантПлюс
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