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Internal Private
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C# Access Modifiers (Public, Private, Protected, Internal)
In c#, the struct members cannot be protected because the struct cannot be inherited.
In c#, Access Modifiers are the keywords which are used to define an accessibility level for all types and type members.
By specifying an access level for all types and type members, we can control whether they can be accessed in other classes or in current assembly or in other assemblies based on our requirements.
The following are the different types of access modifiers available in c# programming language.
By using these four access modifiers, we can specify a following six levels of accessibility for all types and type members based on our requirements.
Generally, in c# only one access modifier is allowed to use with any member or type, except when we use protected internal or private protected combinations.
In c#, we are not allowed to use any access modifiers on namespaces , because the namespaces have no access restrictions.
Only certain access modifiers are allowed to specify based on the context in which a member declaration occurs. In case, if we didn’t mention any access modifiers during member declaration, then the default access modifiers will be used depending on the member declaration context.
For example, the top-level types which are not nested in any other type can only have public or internal accessibility. The default accessibility for top-level types is internal .
In c#, the public modifier is used to specify that access is not restricted, so the defined type or member can be accessed by any other code in current assembly or another assembly that references it.
Following is the example of defining members with a public modifier in c# programming language.
public void GetUserDetails()
Console .WriteLine( "Name: {0}" , Name);
Console .WriteLine( "Location: {0}" , Location);
Console .WriteLine( "Age: {0}" , Age);
static void Main( string [] args)
u.Name = "Suresh Dasari" ;
u.Location = "Hyderabad" ;
Console .WriteLine( "\nPress Enter Key to Exit.." );
If you observe above example, we defined a User class with required variables and method using public access modifier and trying to access those variables and method in another class with an object reference of User class .
When you execute the above c# program, you will get the result as shown below.
If you observe the above result, we are able to access the variables and methods of User class in another class because of specifying with public specifiers based on our requirements.
As discussed, the public access specifier will make all the defined members or types available to all the types in our application.
In c#, the private modifier is used to specify that access is limited to the containing type so the defined type or member can only be accessed by the code in the same class or structure .
Following is the example of defining members with a private modifier in c# programming language.
private void GetUserDetails()
Console .WriteLine( "Name: {0}" , Name);
Console .WriteLine( "Location: {0}" , Location);
Console .WriteLine( "Age: {0}" , Age);
static void Main( string [] args)
// These are inaccessible due to private specifier
u.Name = "Suresh Dasari" ;
u.Location = "Hyderabad" ;
Console .WriteLine( "\nPress Enter Key to Exit.." );
If you observe above example, we defined a User class with required variables and method using private access modifier and trying to access those variables and method in another class with an object reference of User class .
When you execute the above c# program, you will get compile-time errors like as shown below.
If you observe the above result, we are getting compile-time errors because the private modifier members of the User class referred in another class .
As discussed, the private modifier type or member can be accessed only by code in the same class or structure .
In c#, protected modifier is used to specify that access is limited to the containing type or types derived from the containing class so the type or member can only be accessed by code in the same class or in a derived class .
Following is the example of defining members with a protected modifier in c# programming language.
protected string Location;
protected void GetUserDetails()
Console .WriteLine( "Name: {0}" , Name);
Console .WriteLine( "Location: {0}" , Location);
Console .WriteLine( "Age: {0}" , Age);
static void Main( string [] args)
// These are inaccessible due to protected specifier
u.Name = "Suresh Dasari" ;
u.Location = "Hyderabad" ;
Console .WriteLine( "\nPress Enter Key to Exit.." );
If you observe above example, we defined a User class with required variables and method using protected access modifier and trying to access those variables and method in another class with an object reference of User class .
When you execute the above c# program, you will get compile-time errors like as shown below.
If you observe the above result, we are getting compile-time errors because the protected modifier members of the User class referred in another class .
As discussed, the protected members of a base class can be accessible in the derived class , only when access occurs through the derived class type.
Following is the example of accessing a base class protected members in derived class through derived class type.
protected string Location;
protected void GetUserDetails()
Console .WriteLine( "Name: {0}" , Name);
Console .WriteLine( "Location: {0}" , Location);
Console .WriteLine( "Age: {0}" , Age);
static void Main( string [] args)
Program p = new Program ();
// protected members can only accessible with derived classes
//u.Name = "Suresh Dasari";
p.Name = "Suresh Dasari" ;
p.Location = "Hyderabad" ;
Console .WriteLine( "\nPress Enter Key to Exit.." );
If you observe above example, we are accessing base class ( User ) protected members using the reference of derived class ( Program ) and if we uncomment the commented code we will get a compile time error because we are trying to access protected members with base class ( User ) reference instead of derived class ( Program ).
When you execute the above c# program, you will get the result as shown below.
This is how you can use protected modifiers in our c# applications to limit access of type or member in the same class or derived class based on our requirements.
In c#, the internal modifier is used to specify that access is limited to current assembly so the type or member can be accessed by any code in the same assembly, but not from another assembly.
Following is the example of defining the members with an internal modifier in c# programming language.
internal void GetUserDetails()
Console .WriteLine( "Name: {0}" , Name);
Console .WriteLine( "Location: {0}" , Location);
Console .WriteLine( "Age: {0}" , Age);
static void Main( string [] args)
u.Name = "Suresh Dasari" ;
u.Name = "Suresh Dasari" ;
u.Location = "Hyderabad" ;
Console .WriteLine( "\nPress Enter Key to Exit.." );
If you observe above example, we defined a User class with required variables and method using internal access modifier and trying to access those variables and method in another class with an object reference of User class .
When you execute the above c# program, you will get the result as shown below.
If you observe the above result, we are able to access the variables and methods of User class in another class because of specifying an internal specifier based on our requirements.
As discussed, in c# the internal type or members are accessible within the files of the same assembly.
In c#, the protected internal modifier is used to specify that access is limited to the current assembly or types derived from the containing class, so the type or member can be accessed by any code in the same assembly or by any derived class in another assembly.
Following is the example of defining members with a protected internal modifier in c# programming language.
protected internal string Name;
protected internal string Location;
protected internal int Age;
protected internal void GetUserDetails()
Console .WriteLine( "Name: {0}" , Name);
Console .WriteLine( "Location: {0}" , Location);
Console .WriteLine( "Age: {0}" , Age);
static void Main( string [] args)
u.Name = "Suresh Dasari" ;
u.Name = "Suresh Dasari" ;
u.Location = "Hyderabad" ;
Console .WriteLine( "\nPress Enter Key to Exit.." );
If you observe above example, we defined a User class with required variables and method using protected internal access modifier and trying to access those variables and method in another class with an object reference of User class .
When you execute the above c# program, we will get the result as shown below.
If you observe the above result, we are able to access the variables and methods of User class in another class because of specifying an internal specifier based on our requirements.
As discussed, in c# the protected internal type or members are accessible from the current assembly or from the types that are derived from the containing class in another assembly.
In c#, the private protected modifier is available from version 7.2 and it is used to specify that access is limited to the containing class or types derived from the containing class within the current assembly, so the type or member can be accessed by code in the same class or in a derived class within the base class assembly.
Following is the example of defining members with a private protected modifier in c# programming language.
private protected string Name;
private protected string Location;
private protected int Age;
private protected void GetUserDetails()
Console .WriteLine( "Name: {0}" , Name);
Console .WriteLine( "Location: {0}" , Location);
Console .WriteLine( "Age: {0}" , Age);
static void Main( string [] args)
Program p = new Program ();
// protected members can only accessible with derived classes
//u.Name = "Suresh Dasari";
p.Name = "Suresh Dasari" ;
p.Location = "Hyderabad" ;
Console .WriteLine( "\nPress Enter Key to Exit.." );
If you observe above example, we are accessing base class ( User ) private protected members using the reference of derived class ( Program ) and if we uncomment the commented code we will get a compile time error because we are trying to access private protected members with base class ( User ) reference instead of derived class ( Program ).
When you execute the above c# program, you will get the result as shown below.
This is how we can use private protected modifier in c# applications to limit the containing class or types derived from the containing class within the current assembly.
It is used to specifies that access is not restricted.
It is used to specifies that access is limited to the containing type.
It is used to specifies that access is limited to the containing type or types derived from the containing class .
It is used to specifies that access is limited to the current assembly.
It is used to specifies that access is limited to the current assembly or types derived from the containing class .
It is used to specifies that access is limited to the containing class or types derived from the containing class within the current assembly.
Access Modifiers - C# Programming Guide | Microsoft Docs
C# Access Modifiers (Public, Private , Protected, Internal ) - Tutlane
Kotlin basics: visibility modifiers. public, internal ... | Medium
What is the difference between an internal /external and public/ private ...
GitHub - phygitalism/c-sharp-style-guide: A guide to our C# coding style...
Visibility modifiers control which declarations are visible from others.
The public modifiers means that the declarations are visible everywhere.
In Kotlin the default visibility modifier is public while in Java is package-private. This modifier does not exist in Kotlin.
internal is an alternative to Java’s package-private. internal means that the declarations are visible inside a module.
A module in kotlin is a set of Kotlin files compiled together. modules can be: maven projects, gradle sets, files generated from an Ant task, or a IntelliJ IDEA module
internal provi d es real encapsulation for the implementation details, while in Java’s package-private encapsulation could be broken. External code can define classes in the package you are trying to protect.
With private declarations are only visible in the class as in Java but in Kotlin also in the file (top level declarations) where it is declared.
Another difference is that in Kotlin outer classes do not see private nested (or inner ) classes
Declarations are only visible in its class and in its subclassess
Extension functions don’t get access to its private or protected members.
You can only create an extension function of a public class
Here is a table from the Kotlin in Action book that summarises these modifiers.
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