Infibulated Women
Infibulated Women
Background Female genital mutilation comprises all procedures involving the partial or total removal of female external genitalia or other injury to the female external organs, whether for religious, cultural or other non-therapeutic reasons. The impact of female genital mutilation is diverse, including physical, social and psychological impact. We report a case of a 36-year-old woman with ...
Infibulation is the ritual removal of the vulva and its suturing, a practice found mainly in northeastern Africa, particularly in Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, and Sudan. [1] The World Health Organization refers to the procedure as Type III female genital mutilation. The term can also refer to the entirely different practice of placing a clasp through the foreskin in men; for ...
Jan 31, 2025
What is female genital mutilation? Female genital mutilation (sometimes abbreviated as FGM or referenced by other names) refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital for cultural or other non-medical reasons. How many women and girls are affected? An estimated 230 million girls and women alive today are ...
Defibulation is recommended for infibulated women who suffer from genito-urinary complications, and/or dyspareunia and allows physiological delivery and gynecological procedures. Surgery can be performed under general, local or regional anesthesia.
Often, infibulated women are cut open on the first night of marriage (by the husband or a circumciser) to enable the husband to be intimate with his wife. At childbirth, many women also have to be cut again because the vaginal opening is too small to allow for the passage of a baby (UNFPA, 2022).
Infibulated women may try to make childbirth easier by eating less during pregnancy to reduce the baby's size. [71]: 99 In women with vesicovaginal or rectovaginal fistulae, it is difficult to obtain clear urine samples as part of prenatal care, making the diagnosis of conditions such as pre-eclampsia harder. [67]
Feb 22, 2025
Once pregnant, infibulated women face another challenge during labor and delivery. Women with the severe forms of FGM are at increased risk of prolonged or difficult labor, perineal trauma, operative delivery, and postpartum hemorrhage [16 - 18].
In a virgin infibulated woman the small opening left for the menstrual blood and the urine is not wider than 2-3 mm; in sexually active women and after the delivery the vaginal opening is wider but the urethral orifice is often still covered by the scar. 5. Possible psychological, physical and psychophysical complications connected with FGM/C.
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An infibulated woman therefore has to undergo gradual dilation of the vaginal opening before sexual intercourse can take place. Often, infibulated women are cut open on the first night of marriage (by the husband or a circumciser) to enable the husband to be intimate with his wife.
Infibulated women have been offended by physicians who, on first seeing their genitalia, asked if they had been in an accident, or splashed with acid. They may not agree with some clinicians' assumptions that all circumcised girls and women have complications, or need medical care for circumcision.
Later in life, infibulated women may be cut open on the first night of marriage and/or before childbirth. Type IV is any other harmful procedure to the female genitalia for non-medical purposes, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping or cauterization. Types I and II are most prevalent, but variation exists within countries and communities.
To provide good care and support, other health-care professionals may learn from the experiences of midwifes caring for infibulated women during labour in Sweden. AIMTo describe Swedish midwives' experiences in caring for infibulated women during labour. METHODSThis is a qualitative study.
Midwives experienced challenges during their professional encounters with infibulated women and a variety of emotions were evoked when caring for these women during labour. Lack of general guidelines and standardised routines complicated their work.
Dec 5, 2025
Jan 29, 2025
Many infibulated women are first seen in the NHS when pregnant. Of the 54 per cent NHS attendances with a known FGM status recorded during 2018-19, 3,780 had been de-infibulated out of a total 11,575. Some infibulated women and girls need de-infibulating prior to achieving full heterosexual intercourse and almost all prior to a vaginal delivery.
UNICEF estimates that 200 million girls and women alive today are infibulated and more than 3 million girls in Africa alone are at risk of undergoing FGM annually. 2 Outside Africa, FGM is also practiced in Yemen, Iraq, Kurdistan and parts of Indonesia and Malaysia.
an infibulated woman therefore has to undergo gradual dilation of the vaginal opening before sexual intercourse can take place. Often, infibulated women are cut open (the process of defibulation) on the first night of marriage (by the husband, or a circumciser), in order to enable the husband to be intimate with his wife
Given these benefits, infibulated women and their male partners can be expected to prefer medicalized defibulation over painful and time-consuming traditional practices. However, no accurate data report an uptake of medicalized defibulation to support this assumed preference.
Women fear that they may never become mothers, and husbands question their masculinity. 14 Although some studies have demonstrated that men prefer to marry uncircumcised women, 15 other studies have found the opposite to be true. 16 Once pregnant, infibulated women face another daunting challenge: labor and delivery.
Some 200 million women and girls across 30 countries have been affected by female genital mutilation (FGM). But how do survivors live with the pain of peeing, periods and childbirth? "The first ...
The focus was initially on defibulation during childbirth, as although most women had been partially defibulated suficient for sexual intercourse, further defibulation is often necessary to enable childbirth. Also, some women had become pregnant without penetrative intercourse, and were still fully infibulated until they were to deliver.
The group of 137 women, affected by different types of FGM/C, reported orgasm in almost 86%, always 69.23%; 58 mutilated young women reported orgasm in 91.43%, always 8.57%; after defibulation 14 out of 15 infibulated women reported orgasm; the group of 57 infibulated women investigated with the FSFI questionnaire showed significant differences between group of study and an equivalent group of ...
The true horror of female genital mutiliation can only be understood through testimonies by the affected women. The Hosken Report, written by Fran P. Hosken and published in 1979, does that by featuring personal stories by African women and men. To educate about this horrendous practice, we cite a few stories.
Please note that when WHO refers to labia minora and majora such terms are now replaced by inner and outer labia.
Infibulated women are also 30% more at risk for caesarean sections and 70% more likely to hemorrhage after childbirth compared with women without FGC. So how do we put an end to this practice?
To provide good care and support, other health-care professionals may learn from the experiences of midwifes caring for infibulated women during labour in Sweden.
In the case of an infibulated woman who has not been deinfibulated prior to pregnancy, her choices might be reduced to caesarian delivery or deinfibulation (or posterior episiotomy) during vaginal delivery.
Globally, 200 million women have undergone female genital mutilation. One photographer is exposing it by making portraits of affected women's vaginas.
Pediatric female genital mutilation (FGM or disambiguation) is a ritual cutting or removal (infibulation) of a girl's genitalia. Learn more from the experts at Children's Health.
Clitoridectomy and infibulation may have arisen from a need to have a rite for women analogous to male circumcision, but it may also express men's ambivalence about and/or envy of women's sexual and childbearing functions. He points out that clitoridectomy and infibulation are never practiced without comcomitant male circumcision.
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Female genital mutilation comprises all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.
May 3, 2025
An increasing demand to meet the health care needs of cut women in Sweden has been recognised by the Swedish government [19,20]. Health care professionals are likely to encounter girls and women who have undergone FGC in general practice (GP), within in the maternal health care sector, in women's health, child health care, and school health [19].
Infibulated women face difficulties such as obstruction of urine and menstrual blood flow, sexual problems, and birth complications, and may therefore need medical defibulation. This study explores the lived experiences of young migrant women from Somalia and their views on undergoing medical defibulation in Sweden.
Midwives experienced challenges during their professional encounters with infibulated women and a variety of emotions were evoked when caring for these women during labour.
Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) is a traditional practice originating in Africa. Its worst forms cause irreparable harm to girls and women and have no medical justification. Based on a literature review of global responses to FGM/C and ...
Purpose: Infibulation is the most pervasive form of female genital cutting. Infibulated women face difficulties such as obstruction of urine and menstrual blood flow, sexual problems, and birth complications, and may therefore need medical ...
According to the World Health Organization, female genital cutting affects millions of girls and women worldwide, particularly on the African continent and in the Middle East. This paper presents a plausible, albeit hypothetical, clinical vignette and then explores the legal landscape as well as the ethical landscape physicians should use to evaluate the adult patient who requests re ...
An infibulated woman, for example, maintained a relationship with her circumciser throughout her lifetime, including on the night of her wedding for de-infibulation, and at child birth for de-infibulation and re-infibulation.
Abstract Objectives: to investigate Swedish midwives' perceptions and attitudes towards infibulation and infibulated women, midwives' experiences of providing care for them and the training the midwives describe having received to enable them to care for and deliver infibulated women. Design: a multi-stage sampling procedure was used.
Deinfibulation refers to the practice of cutting open the sealed vaginal opening of a woman who has been infibulated (Type III). This is often done to allow sexual intercourse or to facilitate childbirth, and is often necessary for improving the woman's health and well-being.
The focus of this article is on Norwegian health care workers' experience and management of birth care of women who have undergone infibulation. Because infibu-lation is the most extensive form of female genital cutting, infibulated women
Odds ratios were calculated by pooling results from included studies. First, we report on obstetric and neonatal outcomes for women who had antepartum versus intrapartum deinfibulation followed by comparison of antepartum and intrapartum deinfibulation with controls (infibulated women without deinfibulation).
The meaning of INFIBULATION is extreme female genital mutilation involving complete excision of the clitoris, labia minora, and most of the labia majora followed by stitching to close up most of the vagina.
Deinfibulation refers to the practice of surgically opening the sealed vaginal opening in a woman who has been infibulated. It has been shown to improve health and well-being as well as obstetric outcomes.
an infibulated woman therefore has to undergo gradual dilation of the vaginal opening before sexual intercourse can take place. Often, infibulated women are cut open (the process of defibulation) on the first night of marriage (by the husband, or a circumciser), in order to enable the husband to be intimate with his wife
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