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Yet another Western tourist — this time a year-old grandmother from Britain — has become the face of drug trafficking in Indonesia. Her story — that she was coerced to smuggle the drugs in order to protect her children and grandchildren whose safety was at stake — vaguely resembles the misfortunes of Bridget Jones from the movie Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason. But so far, no miraculous Mark Darcy has landed to liberate her from prison and death row. Rather, human rights groups have criticized the British government for not doing enough to provide an adequate legal defense for Ms. Lindsay Sandiford. But as unfortunate as her story is, and even as it is but one in a long line of Western tourists dramatically apprehended and punished for drug trafficking in Southeast Asia, it is to a great extent a distraction from the drug trafficking problems and trends that Indonesia faces. Like other countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia has for decades applied extremely harsh penalties for drug trafficking and drug use. Like in Ms. Merely getting caught smoking a joint can land one in jail for several years. As with elsewhere in Southeast Asia, such harsh penalties have done little to decrease drug trafficking in Indonesia. In fact, both drug use and drug trafficking appear to have increased in the country. In , that user population was believed to be only , Just like in China, Indonesians have been developing a taste for methamphetamines, ecstasy, heroin, and ketamine. If the number of drug seizures, which can be signs of both greater drug flows and greater law enforcement effectiveness, are any indication, trafficking too seems to be increasing. Drug shipments intercepted at the Soekarno Hatta International Airport in Jakarta, arguably the most patrolled and monitored port of entry into the country, have risen from 16 in to 63 in and 52 in Particularly since for several years now, prices of illicit drugs in Indonesia are believed to have remained higher than elsewhere in Southeast Asia. The dramatic court showcases of Western tourists smuggling drugs aside, examples of military and law enforcement complicity in drug trafficking abound. Importantly, however, Indonesia is no longer just a transit country for illicit drugs heading to Australia, China, and Japan, but is also increasingly a destination country. It is also a hot and rapidly expanding meth production center. Since cold medications containing pseudoephedrine are sold in Indonesia without prescription or any registration required, as they used to be in the United States until the early s, cooking meth is easy. Ever more, the meth cooks in Indonesia are native, instead of the Dutch who would arrive in their former colony to produce the methamphetamines. Western tourists may well be those most visibly apprehended in Indonesia, but the formation of powerful Indonesian drug-trafficking groups can radically transform the structure and characteristics of the Indonesian criminal market. So far, it has been a rather peaceful market. With far greater profits at stake than in the previous drugs-for-tourists deals, a large meth market is also bound to attract the attention of powerful organized crime groups from other Southeast Asian countries and China, potentially triggering turf wars over the market and once again fundamentally altering the relationship between state and crime in Indonesia. Along with Cambodia, the Philippines, and India, Indonesia has long been a significant producer of cannabis. The Aceh region in Sumatra has been one of the primary cultivation areas, with the pot profits funding Acehnese secessionists and Indonesian jihadists as well as poor farmers. Historically, various foreign as well as domestic political actors profited from the illicit and licit drug trade in Indonesia. Opium poppy used to be cultivated in Borneo and other islands of the archipelago during the 19 th century. At the turn of the 20 th century, the Dutch imported opium from British India, Persia, and Turkey and sold it in legal government-sponsored shops and smoking outfits as well as to pharmaceutical companies. After the end of World War II, the pro-independence parallel government smuggled out large quantities of illegal opium to Singapore to generate revenues to fight the Dutch. More surprisingly, coca, the quintessential Latin American drug-producing plant, also used to be cultivated in Indonesia. During the s, a Javanese coca cultivar was developed with leaves containing about 1. Foreign sales of coca leaves subsequently boomed, with over 1, tons of leaves exported to Amsterdam for processing into cocaine in By , coca exports had increased to 1, tons, equivalent to 25 tons of cocaine and surpassing the level of cultivation in Peru and Bolivia during that period. By , coca leaf exports from Java fell to less than 10 percent of peak production, and after a few years coca cultivation in Indonesia rather precipitously stopped. But now, the illicit market in synthetic drugs has robustly taken off. Of the various smugglers I was able to interview in Indonesia during my research there in the fall of , none were as reticent as the drug smugglers. Those who organized illegal mining and logging bragged with pride about their capacity to bribe Indonesian authorities — see Indonesia Field Trip Report III on illegal logging and mining. Wildlife poachers and traffickers exhibited with glee, and without any remorse, the animals they slaughtered — see Indonesia Field Trip Report IV on wildlife trafficking. But those who supposedly could talk about local drug peddling and trafficking were tight-lipped, nervously looking over their shoulders and denying any knowledge. The differential penalties — very harsh for drug trafficking and minimal for illegal logging, mining, and wildlife trafficking — may not have reduced the intensity of illicit drug flows in Indonesia, but they have silenced the participants in the illegal drug trade. Once they are gone, there is no way of bringing them back. Meth will be cooked and consumed decades from now. The only question is who will control the meth market and what kind of political power the market will generate. Vanda Felbab-Brown, Jonathan P. Caulkins, Keith Humphreys. Vanda Felbab-Brown Bruce Riedel. Indonesia Southeast Asia. Foreign Policy. Sections Sections. Sign Up. Vanda Felbab-Brown. Related Content How synthetic opioids can radically change global illegal drug markets and foreign policy. Caulkins, Keith Humphreys April 30, Rivalry and Response. Aspiration and Ambivalence. More On. Jake Sullivan on the US international economic agenda: An update. Upcoming Event. October 23 Wednesday, am - am EDT. The death of Sinwar and a moment of opportunity. Czin, Ryan Hass October 18,

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Indonesia buy coke