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: a native or inhabitant of India or of the East Indies

: one of the native languages of American Indians

Indian
adjective

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In·di·an

ˈin-dē-ən

: a member of any of the indigenous peoples of the western hemisphere and especially the United States except often Eskimo or Inuit people

: of or relating to India or its peoples

: of or relating to the tribes of indigenous people of the western hemisphere or their languages

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14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

“Indian.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Indian. Accessed 24 Aug. 2022.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the Republic of India. For other uses, see India (disambiguation) .
Bhārat Gaṇarājya (see other local names )
Territory controlled by India shown in dark green; territory claimed but not controlled shown in light green

Mumbai (city proper)
Delhi (metropolitan area)

The Qutub Minar , 73 m (240 ft) tall, completed by the Sultan of Delhi , Iltutmish
A distant view of the Taj Mahal from the Agra Fort
A two mohur Company gold coin, issued in 1835, the obverse inscribed " William IV, King "
1909 map of the British Indian Empire
Jawaharlal Nehru sharing a light moment with Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi , Mumbai, 6 July 1946
The Tungabhadra , with rocky outcrops, flows into the peninsular Krishna river . [175]
Fishing boats lashed together before a monsoon storm in a tidal creek in Anjarle village, Maharashtra.
Social movements have long been a part of democracy in India . The picture shows a section of 25,000 landless people in the state of Madhya Pradesh listening to Rajagopal P. V. before their 350 km (220 mi) march, Janadesh 2007 , from Gwalior to New Delhi to publicise their demand for further land reform in India . [221]
At the Parliament of India in New Delhi, US president Barack Obama is shown here addressing the members of Parliament of both houses, the lower, Lok Sabha , and the upper, Rajya Sabha , in a joint session, 8 November 2010.
Rashtrapati Bhavan , the official residence of the President of India , was designed by British architects Edwin Lutyens and Herbert Baker for the Viceroy of India , and constructed between 1911 and 1931 during the British Raj . [238]
During the 1950s and 60s, India played a pivotal role in the Non-Aligned Movement . [262] From left to right: Gamal Abdel Nasser of United Arab Republic (now Egypt), Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and Jawaharlal Nehru in Belgrade, September 1961.
The Indian Air Force contingent marching at the 221st Bastille Day military parade in Paris, on 14 July 2009. The parade at which India was the foreign guest was led by the India's oldest regiment, the Maratha Light Infantry , founded in 1768. [272]
Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India (left, background) in talks with President Enrique Peña Nieto of Mexico during a visit to Mexico, 2016
A farmer in northwestern Karnataka ploughs his field with a tractor even as another in a field beyond does the same with a pair of oxen. In 2019, 43% of India's total workforce was employed in agriculture. [294]
India is the world's largest producer of milk, with the largest population of cattle. In 2018, nearly 80% of India's milk was sourced from small farms with herd size between one and two, the milk harvested by hand milking. [296]
Women tend to a recently planted rice field in Junagadh district in Gujarat. 55% of India's female workforce was employed in agriculture in 2019. [295]
A panorama of Bangalore , the centre of India's software development economy. In the 1980s, when the first multinational corporations began to set up centres in India, they chose Bangalore because of the large pool of skilled graduates in the area, in turn due to the many science and engineering colleges in the surrounding region. [316]
A tea garden in Sikkim. India, the world's second largest-producer of tea, is a nation of one billion tea drinkers, who consume 70% of India's tea output.
Health workers about to begin another day of immunisation against infectious diseases in 2006. Eight years later, and three years after India's last case of polio, the World Health Organization declared India to be polio-free. [335]
The language families of South Asia
The interior of San Thome Basilica , Chennai , Tamil Nadu . Christianity is believed to have been introduced to India by the late 2nd century by Syriac-speaking Christians .
A Sikh pilgrim at the Harmandir Sahib , or Golden Temple, in Amritsar , Punjab
The Taj Mahal from across the Yamuna river showing two outlying red sandstone buildings, a mosque on the right (west) and a jawab (response) thought to have been built for architectural balance.
India's National Academy of Performance Arts has recognised eight Indian dance styles to be classical . One such is Kuchipudi shown here.
Muslims offer namaz at a mosque in Srinagar , Jammu and Kashmir.
Women in sari at an adult literacy class in Tamil Nadu
A man in dhoti and wearing a woollen shawl, in Varanasi
Women (from left to right) in churidars and kameez (with back to the camera), jeans and sweater, and pink Shalwar kameez ;
South Indian vegetarian thali , or platter
Girls play hopscotch in Jaora , Madhya Pradesh. Hopscotch has been commonly played by girls in rural India. [471]

^ "[...] Jana Gana Mana is the National Anthem of India, subject to such alterations in the words as the Government may authorise as occasion arises; and the song Vande Mataram , which has played a historic part in the struggle for Indian freedom, shall be honoured equally with Jana Gana Mana and shall have equal status with it." [5]

^ According to Part XVII of the Constitution of India , Hindi in the Devanagari script is the official language of the Union, along with English as an additional official language. [1] [6] [7] States and union territories can have a different official language of their own other than Hindi or English.

^ Different sources give widely differing figures, primarily based on how the terms "language" and "dialect" are defined and grouped. Ethnologue lists 461 tongues for India (out of 6,912 worldwide), 447 of which are living, while 14 are extinct. [13] [14]

^ "The country's exact size is subject to debate because some borders are disputed. The Indian government lists the total area as 3,287,260 km 2 (1,269,220 sq mi) and the total land area as 3,060,500 km 2 (1,181,700 sq mi); the United Nations lists the total area as 3,287,263 km 2 (1,269,219 sq mi) and total land area as 2,973,190 km 2 (1,147,960 sq mi)." [16]

^ See Date and time notation in India .

^ The Government of India also regards Afghanistan as a bordering country, as it considers all of Kashmir to be part of India. However, this is disputed , and the region bordering Afghanistan is administered by Pakistan. Source: "Ministry of Home Affairs (Department of Border Management)" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2015 . Retrieved 1 September 2008 .

^ "A Chinese pilgrim also recorded evidence of the caste system as he could observe it. According to this evidence the treatment meted out to untouchables such as the Chandalas was very similar to that which they experienced in later periods. This would contradict assertions that this rigid form of the caste system emerged in India only as a reaction to the Islamic conquest." [41]

^ "Shah Jahan eventually sent her body 800 km (500 mi) to Agra for burial in the Rauza-i Munauwara ("Illuminated Tomb") – a personal tribute and a stone manifestation of his imperial power. This tomb has been celebrated globally as the Taj Mahal." [49]

^ The northernmost point under Indian control is the disputed Siachen Glacier in Jammu and Kashmir ; however, the Government of India regards the entire region of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, including the Gilgit-Baltistan administered by Pakistan, to be its territory. It therefore assigns the latitude 37° 6′ to its northernmost point.

^ A forest cover is moderately dense if between 40% and 70% of its area is covered by its tree canopy.

^ A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographical region which has more than 1,500 vascular plant species, but less than 30% of its primary habitat. [200]

^ In 2015, the World Bank raised its international poverty line to $1.90 per day. [338]

^ Besides specific religions, the last two categories in the 2011 Census were "Other religions and persuasions" (0.65%) and "Religion not stated" (0.23%).

^ Jump up to: a b c d National Informatics Centre 2005 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d "National Symbols | National Portal of India" . India.gov.in . Archived from the original on 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 1 March 2017 . The National Anthem of India Jana Gana Mana, composed originally in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore, was adopted in its Hindi version by the Constituent Assembly as the National Anthem of India on 24 January 1950.

^ "National anthem of India: a brief on 'Jana Gana Mana' " . News18 . 14 August 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2019 . Retrieved 7 June 2019 .

^ Wolpert 2003 , p. 1.

^ Constituent Assembly of India 1950 .

^ Jump up to: a b Ministry of Home Affairs 1960 .

^ "Profile | National Portal of India" . India.gov.in . Archived from the original on 30 August 2013 . Retrieved 23 August 2013 .

^ "Constitutional Provisions – Official Language Related Part-17 of the Constitution of India" . Department of Official Language via Government of India . Archived from the original on 18 April 2021 . Retrieved 18 April 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b Khan, Saeed (25 January 2010). "There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court" . The Times of India . Archived from the original on 18 March 2014 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b "Learning with the Times: India doesn't have any 'national language' " . The Times of India . 16 November 2009. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017.

^ Jump up to: a b "Hindi, not a national language: Court" . Press Trust of India via The Hindu . Ahmedabad. 25 January 2010. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014 . Retrieved 23 December 2014 .

^ "50th Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF) . Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 .

^ Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2014). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenth edition) : India" . Dallas, Texas: Ethnologue by SIL International . Retrieved 15 December 2014 .

^ "Ethnologue : Languages of the World (Seventeenth edition) : Statistical Summaries" . Ethnologue by SIL International. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014 . Retrieved 17 December 2014 .

^ Jump up to: a b "C −1 Population by religious community – 2011" . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner . Archived from the original on 25 August 2015 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Library of Congress 2004 .

^ " "World Population Prospects 2022" " . population.un.org . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 17 July 2022 .

^ "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) . population.un.org ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 17 July 2022 .

^ "Population Enumeration Data (Final Population)" . 2011 Census Data . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India . Archived from the original on 22 May 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 .

^ "A – 2 Decadal Variation in Population Since 1901" (PDF) . 2011 Census Data . Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India . Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 June 2016 .

^ Jump up to: a b c d e "World Economic Outlook Database: April 2022" . Imf . International Monetary Fund . April 2022 . Retrieved 19 April 2022 .

^ "Gini Index coefficient" . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 7 July 2021 . Retrieved 10 July 2021 .

^ "Gini index (World Bank estimate) – India" . World bank .

^ "Human Development Report 2020" (PDF) . United Nations Development Programme . 15 December 2020 . Retrieved 15 December 2020 .

^ "List of all left- & right-driving countries around the world" . worldstandards.eu . 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 10 June 2020 .

^ – The Essential Desk Reference , Oxford University Press , 2002, p. 76, ISBN 978-0-19-512873-4 "Official name: Republic of India."; – John Da Graça (2017), Heads of State and Government , London: Macmillan , p. 421, ISBN 978-1-349-65771-1 "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat Ganarajya (Hindi)"; – Graham Rhind (2017), Global Sourcebook of Address Data Management: A Guide to Address Formats and Data in 194 Countries , Taylor & Francis , p. 302, ISBN 978-1-351-93326-1 "Official name: Republic of India; Bharat."; – Bradnock, Robert W. (2015), The Routledge Atlas of South Asian Affairs , Routledge , p. 108, ISBN 978-1-317-40511-5 "Official name: English: Republic of India; Hindi:Bharat Ganarajya"; – Penguin Compact Atlas of the World , Penguin , 2012, p. 140, ISBN 978-0-7566-9859-1 "Official name: Republic of India"; – Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary (3rd ed.), Merriam-Webster , 1997, pp. 515–516, ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9 "Officially, Republic of India"; – Complete Atlas of the World, 3rd Edition: The Definitive View of the Earth , DK Publishing , 2016, p. 54, ISBN 978-1-4654-5528-4 "Official name: Republic of India"; – Worldwide Government Directory with Intergovernmental Organizations 2013 , CQ Press , 10 May 2013, p. 726, ISBN 978-1-4522-9937-2 "India (Republic of India; Bharat Ganarajya)"

^ Jump up to: a b c Petraglia & Allchin 2007 , p. 10 , "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka."

^ Jump up to: a b Dyson 2018 , p. 1 , "Modern human beings— Homo sapiens —originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. ... it is virtually certain that there were Homo sapiens in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present."

^ Jump up to: a b Fisher 2018 , p. 23 , "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the Homo sapiens range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation,
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