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Key points
Humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest.
Anti-incest mechanisms guard against the high chance that one's offspring from such an encounter will be born with a serious birth defect.
The argument to deny abortion even in cases of first-degree relative incest to protect the sanctity of life is an example of foolish consistency.
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We all harbor secrets. Some are big and bad; some are small and trivial. Researchers have parsed which truths to tell and which not to.
Posted October 11, 2012
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Reviewed by Lybi Ma
Mr. James Russell of Cashiers, North Carolina, recently justified meat-eating in the pages of Asheville Citizen-Times by arguing that humans are biologically classified as carnivores. His reasoning was simple. The consumption of animal flesh is morally right because it is natural.
Unfortunately, Mr. Russell got his facts wrong. Zoologists place humans in the order Primate (family Hominidea ), not in the order Carnivora . Furthermore, like rats, humans are omnivores, not carnivores. But more troubling is Mr. Russell’s belief that humans should look to nature for moral guidance. He justifies meat-eating in humans on the grounds that other animals eat one another. I suspect, however, that he does not approve of gang rape, adultery , cannibalism, and the consumption of feces, all of which are practiced in nature by our four-legged brethren. While moral codes exist in other species, humans have the capacity—and, indeed, the responsibility—to operate on a higher ethical plane.
On matters of morality , I generally agree with Katherine Hepburn who quipped to Humphrey Bogart in The African Queen , "Nature is what we are put in this world to rise above." There is, however, an exception to my contention that humans should not turn to nature for moral guidance. It is the rule that says: “Don’t have sex with first-degree relatives.” First-degree relatives are the individuals you share 50 percent of your genes with—your parents, children, and siblings. Indeed, non-human animals have evolved a host of strategies to prevent incest ( here ). Even plants possess anti-incest mechanisms ( here ).
As University of Miami psychologists Debra Lieberman and Adam Smith pointed out in a recent article in the journal Current Directions in Psychological Science , humans have social and psychological mechanisms to deter incest. With very few exceptions, marriages between brothers and sisters and between parents and their children are verboten in every human culture. The primary psychological anti-incest mechanism is the yuck response. Even the idea of sex with mom or dad or bro or sis is upsetting to most people. Psychologist Jonathan Haidt has found that nearly everyone is repelled by the prospect of brother-sister sex, even in hypothetical situations in which there is no chance of pregnancy ( here ).
This raises an interesting question: Just what’s so bad about incest? Sure, having sex with your dad or your sister seems gross. But why? Some anthropologists have argued that incest taboos are learned social conventions. This explanation, however, doesn’t make sense to me as it does not explain the widespread existence of anti-incest mechanisms in creatures ranging from cockroaches to chimpanzees ( here ). Second, the incest taboo is about as close to a universal law as human moral rules get.
Why should mechanisms for avoiding incest be so widespread both in nature and across human societies? The answer is simple. The problem with having sex with close relatives is that there is an astonishingly high chance that your offspring will be born with a serious birth defect. Take the results:
Percent of children with severe birth defects.
Source: A study of Czechoslovakian children whose fathers were first-degree relatives. Fewer than half of the children who were the product of incestuous unions were completely healthy. Forty-two percent of them were born with severe birth defects or suffered early death and another 11 percent mildly impaired mentally. This study is particularly instructive as it included a unique control group—the offspring of the same mothers but whose fathers were not the mothers’ relatives. When the same women were impregnated by a non-relative, only 7 percent of their children were born with a birth defect (Figure 1).
A group of genetic counselors reviewed the research on the biological consequences of sex between relatives (consanguineous relationships) ( here ). They found a surprisingly small increase (about 4 percent) in birth defects among the children of married cousins. Incest between first-degree relatives, however, was a different story. The researchers examined four studies (including the Czech research) on the effects of first-degree incest on the health of the offspring. Forty percent of the children were born with either autosomal recessive disorders, congenital physical malformations, or severe intellectual deficits. And another 14 percent of them had mild mental disabilities. In short, the odds that a newborn child who is the product of brother-sister or father-daughter incest will suffer an early death, a severe birth defect, or some mental deficiently approaches 50 percent.
The profound negative effects of incest on unborn children raise the issues of moral consistency and of abortion politics . I understand the pro-life argument. If you believe that human life begins at the moment sperm meets egg, it is perfectly logical to oppose abortion. But at what point do reasonable people temper logical consistency with compassion and common sense?
During the 2012 Republican Party convention in Tampa, the Platform Committee struggled with an aspect of the argument against legal abortion . Just about everyone on the committee agreed that abortion should be banned. But committee members were split over whether official party doctrine should include exceptions to the abortion ban if a fetus was the result of rape or incest. In the end, ideological purity prevailed. The official Republican platform states, “We assert the inherent dignity and sanctity of all human life and affirm that the unborn child has a fundamental individual right to life which cannot be infringed.” No exceptions, period. Even in cases of first-degree relative incest.
I grudgingly admit that the lack of any exception in the official Republican position on abortion is logically consistent with the party's statement on the “sanctity of all human life.” But shouldn't logic sometimes be tempered with compassion? Emerson famously wrote, “A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines.”
Forcing a woman burdened with the psychological scars of incest to bear a child who has a roughly 50:50 chance of having mental disabilities or a severe birth defect is perhaps the ultimate example of a foolish consistency that appeals to little statesmen.
Hal Herzog, Ph.D., is the author of Some We Love, Some We Hate, Some We Eat: Why It's So Hard To Think Straight About Animals.
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We all harbor secrets. Some are big and bad; some are small and trivial. Researchers have parsed which truths to tell and which not to.
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Admit it, you just can't look away from these taboo onscreen relationships . Incest — be it between siblings, cousins, step-family members, or parents with sons and daughters — is one of those icky subject matters we just can't help but be fascinated by. And it's been portrayed in films more than a few times. If you're curious, here are some of the most memorable examples of incestuous relationships in movies.
Siblings Chris and Cathy, the product of incest themselves, begin an incestuous relationship due in large part to being locked in an attic together (as they went through puberty) by their evil grandmother in the 1987 film based on the 1979 novel by V. C. Andrews.
Hyper-sexualized step-siblings Kathryn and Sebastian make a wager that involves sleeping together in this high school-set 1999 adaption of the 1782 novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos.
Fifteen-year-old Oscar falls in love with his stepmother, Eve, played by Sigourney Weaver, in this 2002 film.
In this steamy Paris-set 2003 film, twins Théo and Isabelle sleep naked together, and it's insinuated that their relationship is sexual, especially as American exchange student Matthew enters the mix.
Julianne Moore stars as Barbara Baekeland, a mother who attempts to cure her gay son, Antony, played by Eddie Redmayne, by seducing him in this 2007 drama based on real events. (There's even a super creepy threesome scene.)
Daniel Day-Lewis stars as a single dad who doesn't realize his isolated existence with his daughter has resulted in her becoming infatuated with him in this 2005 drama.
A promiscuous widow and her 17-year-old son begin an incestuous relationship in this 2004 French-Austrian-Portuguese-Spanish film.
In the very loose '90s adaption of Emma , Cher ends up with Josh, her ex-stepbrother, which is only sort of weird.
In the 2013 Canadian-German sci-fi film based on the first book of Cassandra Clare's The Mortal Instruments series, demon fighters Clary and Jace fall in love over a series of life-and-death encounters, only to discover too late that they are actually siblings. Despite lots of kissing and other un-sibling like behavior, they have to figure out how to be together without actually . . . being together. (Spoiler alert: they later find out they aren't actually related . . . not that this fact stopped them from majorly making out).
In the 2013 drama based on a Pulitzer Prize-winning play, cousins Little Charles and Ivy are secretly in love with each other before it comes out that they are actually brother and sister.
Princess Leia and Luke Skywalker share a kiss before discovering they are twins in the first Star Wars movie.
Eli ( Owen Wilson ) said it best: "I did find it odd when you said you were in love with her. She's married you know . . . and she's your sister." To be fair, Margot ( Gwyneth Paltrow ) is Richie's ( Luke Wilson ) adopted sister in the 2001 Wes Anderson movie.
In Guillermo del Toro's 2015 gothic horror film Crimson Peak , Tom Hiddleston and Jessica Chastain play brother and sister Thomas and Lucille, who have an eerily close relationship — to the point that Thomas's wife Edith ( Mia Wasikowska ) has to fear for her life due to Lucille's jealousy.
A very young Brooke Shields and Christopher Atkins play cousins who survive a shipwreck and then fall in love in this 1980 romantic adventure drama film.
Eva Green plays a woman who gives birth to a clone of her late lover (played by Matt Smith) and then has sex with him when he's an adult in this 2010 film.
In the onscreen adaptions of the novel of the same title by Vladimir Nabokov (there are two film versions, one 1962 and one in 1997), a 30-something man named Humbert Humbert marries the mother of a 12-year-old girl he hopes to become sexually involved with.
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