Incertion
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Incertion
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^ Banavali, Nilesh K. (2013). "Partial Base Flipping is Sufficient for Strand Slippage near DNA Duplex Termini". Journal of the American Chemical Society . 135 (22): 8274–8282. doi : 10.1021/ja401573j . PMID 23692220 .
^ "Mechanisms: Genetic Variation: Types of Mutations" . Evolution 101: Understanding Evolution For Teachers . University of California Museum of Paleontology. Archived from the original on 2009-04-14 . Retrieved 2009-09-19 . ] Understanding Evolution For Teachers Home. Retrieved on September 19, 2009
^ Brown, Terence A. (2007). "16 Mutations and DNA Repair" . Genomes 3 . Garland Science. p. 510. ISBN 978-0-8153-4138-3 .
^ Faraone, Stephen V.; Tsuang, Ming T.; Tsuang, Debby W. (1999). "5 Molecular Genetics and Mental Illness: The Search for Disease Mechanisms: Types of Mutations" . Genetics of Mental Disorders: A Guide for Students, Clinicians, and Researchers . Guilford Press. p. 145 . ISBN 978-1-57230-479-6 .
^ Shmilovici, A.; Ben-Gal, I. (2007). "Using a VOM Model for Reconstructing Potential Coding Regions in EST Sequences" (PDF) . Journal of Computational Statistics . 22 (1): 49–69. doi : 10.1007/s00180-007-0021-8 . S2CID 2737235 .
Pierce, Benjamin A. (2013). Genetics: A Conceptual Approach (5th ed.). W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-1-4641-5084-5 .
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Insertion (genetics) .
In genetics , an insertion (also called an insertion mutation ) is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence. This can often happen in microsatellite regions due to the DNA polymerase slipping. Insertions can be anywhere in size from one base pair incorrectly inserted into a DNA sequence to a section of one chromosome inserted into another. The mechanism of the smallest single base insertion mutations is believed to be through base-pair separation between the template and primer strands followed by non-neighbor base stacking, which can occur locally within the DNA polymerase active site. [1] On a chromosome level, an insertion refers to the insertion of a larger sequence into a chromosome. This can happen due to unequal crossover during meiosis .
N region addition is the addition of non-coded nucleotides during recombination by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase .
P nucleotide insertion is the insertion of palindromic sequences encoded by the ends of the recombining gene segments.
Trinucleotide repeats are classified as insertion mutations [2] [3] and sometimes as a separate class of mutations. [4]
Insertions can be particularly hazardous if they occur in an exon , the amino acid coding region of a gene . A frameshift mutation , an alteration in the normal reading frame of a gene, results if the number of inserted nucleotides is not divisible by three, i.e., the number of nucleotides per codon . Frameshift mutations will alter all the amino acids encoded by the gene following the mutation. Usually, insertions and the subsequent frameshift mutation will cause the active translation of the gene to encounter a premature stop codon , resulting in an end to translation and the production of a truncated protein. Transcripts carrying the frameshift mutation may also be degraded through Nonsense-mediated decay during translation, thus not resulting in any protein product. If translated, the truncated proteins frequently are unable to function properly or at all and can possibly result in any number of genetic disorders depending on the gene in which the insertion occurs. Methods to detect DNA sequencing errors were developed. [5]
In-frame insertions occur when the reading frame is not altered as a result of the insertion; the number of inserted nucleotides is divisible by three. The reading frame remains intact after the insertion and translation will most likely run to completion if the inserted nucleotides do not code for a stop codon. However, because of the inserted nucleotides, the finished protein will contain, depending on the size of the insertion, multiple new amino acids that may affect the function of the protein.
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Some interesting coding problems on Sorting
Library implementation of sorting algorithms
Some important topics about sorting
Some interesting coding problems on Sorting
Library implementation of sorting algorithms
Some important topics about sorting
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// Function to sort an array using
void insertionSort( int arr[], int n)
// Move elements of arr[0..i-1],
// that are greater than key, to one
// position ahead of their
while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key)
// A utility function to print an array
void printArray( int arr[], int n)
int arr[] = { 12, 11, 13, 5, 6 };
int N = sizeof (arr) / sizeof (arr[0]);
// This is code is contributed by rathbhupendra
/* Function to sort an array using insertion sort*/
void insertionSort( int arr[], int n)
/* Move elements of arr[0..i-1], that are
greater than key, to one position ahead
of their current position */
while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key) {
// A utility function to print an array of size n
void printArray( int arr[], int n)
/* Driver program to test insertion sort */
int arr[] = { 12, 11, 13, 5, 6 };
int n = sizeof (arr) / sizeof (arr[0]);
// Java program for implementation of Insertion Sort
/*Function to sort array using insertion sort*/
for ( int i = 1 ; i < n; ++i) {
/* Move elements of arr[0..i-1], that are
greater than key, to one position ahead
of their current position */
while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key) {
arr[j + 1 ] = arr[j];
/* A utility function to print array of size n*/
static void printArray( int arr[])
for ( int i = 0 ; i < n; ++i)
System.out.print(arr[i] + " " );
public static void main(String args[])
int arr[] = { 12 , 11 , 13 , 5 , 6 };
InsertionSort ob = new InsertionSort();
} /* This code is contributed by Rajat Mishra. */
# Python program for implementation of Insertion Sort
# Traverse through 1 to len(arr)
for i in range ( 1 , len (arr)):
# Move elements of arr[0..i-1], that are
# greater than key, to one position ahead
# of their current position
while j > = 0 and key < arr[j] :
arr[j + 1 ] = arr[j]
# This code is contributed by Mohit Kumra
// C# program for implementation of Insertion Sort
for ( int i = 1; i < n; ++i) {
// Move elements of arr[0..i-1],
// that are greater than key,
// to one position ahead of
// their current position
while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key) {
arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
// A utility function to print
static void printArray( int [] arr)
for ( int i = 0; i < n; ++i)
Console.Write(arr[i] + " " );
int [] arr = { 12, 11, 13, 5, 6 };
InsertionSort ob = new InsertionSort();
// This code is contributed by ChitraNayal.
function insertionSort(& $arr , $n )
for ( $i = 1; $i < $n ; $i ++)
// Move elements of arr[0..i-1],
// that are greater than key, to
// one position ahead of their
while ( $j >= 0 && $arr [ $j ] > $key )
$arr [ $j + 1] = $arr [ $j ];
for ( $i = 0; $i < $n ; $i ++)
// This code is contributed by ChitraNayal.
// Javascript program for insertion sort
// Function to sort an array using insertion sort
/* Move elements of arr[0..i-1], that are
greater than key, to one position ahead
of their current position */
while (j >= 0 && arr[j] > key)
arr[j + 1] = arr[j];
// A utility function to print an array of size n
document.write(arr[i] + " " );
let arr = [12, 11, 13, 5, 6 ];
// This code is contributed by Mayank Tyagi
Comparison among Bubble Sort, Selection Sort and Insertion Sort
Insertion sort to sort even and odd positioned elements in different orders
Count swaps required to sort an array using Insertion Sort
Sorting by combining Insertion Sort and Merge Sort algorithms
Difference between Insertion sort and Selection sort
Time complexity of insertion sort when there are O(n) inversions?
An Insertion Sort time complexity question
C Program for Binary Insertion Sort
C program for Time Complexity plot of Bubble, Insertion and Selection Sort using Gnuplot
Sorting algorithm visualization : Insertion Sort
Insertion Sort Visualization using JavaScript
Java Program for Binary Insertion Sort
Java Program for Recursive Insertion Sort
C++ Program for Recursive Insertion Sort
Insertion Sort for Doubly Linked List
Python Program for Binary Insertion Sort
Python Program for Recursive Insertion Sort
Insertion Sort by Swapping Elements
Why Quick Sort preferred for Arrays and Merge Sort for Linked Lists?
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Insertion sort is a simple sorting algorithm that works similar to the way you sort playing cards in your hands. The array is virtually split into a sorted and an unsorted part. Values from the unsorted part are picked and placed at the correct position in the sorted part.
Consider an example: arr[]: {12, 11, 13, 5, 6}
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To sort an array of size N in ascending order:
Time Complexity: O(N^2) Auxiliary Space: O(1)
Insertion sort takes maximum time to sort if elements are sorted in reverse order. And it takes minimum time (Order of n) when elements are already sorted.
Insertion Sort algorithm follows incremental approach.
Yes, insertion sort is an in-place sorting algorithm.
Yes, insertion sort is a stable sorting algorithm.
Insertion sort is used when number of elements is small. It can also be useful when input array is almost sorted, only few elements are misplaced in complete big array.
We can use binary search to reduce the number of comparisons in normal insertion sort. Binary Insertion Sort uses binary search to find the proper location to insert the selected item at each iteration. In normal insertion, sorting takes O(i) (at ith iteration) in worst case. We can reduce it to O(logi) by using binary search. The algorithm, as a whole, still has a running worst case running time of O(n^2) because of the series of swaps required for each insertion. Refer this for implementation.
Below is simple insertion sort algorithm for linked list.
Refer this for implementation.
Other Sorting Algorithms on GeeksforGeeks/GeeksQuiz Selection Sort , Bubble Sort , Insertion Sort , Merge Sort , Heap Sort , QuickSort , Radix Sort , Counting Sort , Bucket Sort , ShellSort , Comb Sort Coding practice for sorting. Please write comments if you find anything incorrect, or you want to share more information about the topic discussed above.
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Marginal cord insertion is an abnormal type of umbilical cord attachment during pregnancy. Instead of inserting in the center of the placenta, the umbilical cord attaches at the margins. There’s a chance that the fetus may develop more slowly with this kind of insertion. Usually, though, marginal cord insertions don’t cause problems during pregnancy.
Aragie H, Oumer M. Marginal cord insertion among singleton births at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33731044/) BMC Pregnancy Childbirth . 2021;21(1):211. Published 2021 Mar 17. Accessed 6/21/2022.
Asoglu MR, Crimmins S, Kopelman JN, et al. Marginal placental cord insertion: the need for follow up? (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32397941/) [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 13]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med . 2020;1-7. Accessed 6/21/2022.
Krzyżanowski A, Kwiatek M, Gęca T, et al. Modern ultrasonography of the umbilical cord: prenatal diagnosis of umbilical cord abnormalities and assessement of fetal wellbeing. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31036798/) Med Sci Monit . 2019;25:3170-3180. Published 2019 Apr 30. Accessed 6/21/2022.
Liu CC, Pretorius DH, Scioscia AL, et al. Sonographic prenatal diagnosis of marginal placental cord insertion: clinical importance. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12054298/) J Ultrasound Med. 2002;21(6):627-632. Accessed 6/21/2022.
Nkwabong E, Njikam F, Kalla G. Outcome of pregnancies with marginal umbilical cord insertion. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31164018/) J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med . 2021;34(7):1133-1137. Accessed 6/21/2022.
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Marginal cord insertion is a type of abnormal umbilical cord attachment during pregnancy . The umbilical cord is the lifeline that connects a fetus to its mother (birthing parent) via a shared organ called the placenta. Nutrients and oxygen from the placenta travel through the umbilical cord and to the fetus, allowing it to grow and develop.
With a normal cord insertion, the umbilical cord inserts in the center of the placenta. The center is the most secure place of attachment. Normal attachment supports the seamless flow of nutrients from parent to the placenta to and fetus.
With a marginal cord insertion, the umbilical cord attaches at the edge of the placenta (about 20 millimeters away from the margin) instead of in the center, where it’s less secure. In some — but not all — cases, this type of attachment may slow the flow of nutrients from the placenta to the fetus, causing the fetus to develop more slowly — a condition called IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction). This could also lead to a decelerated fetal heart rate during labor. But, it’s important to note that most pregnancies with marginal cord insertion will have a normal outcome.
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Marginal cord insertion occurs when the umbilical cord is within two centimeters or less from the edge of the placenta. The umbilical cord is still attached, just not in the center.
Marginal cord insertion is more common in multiple births (births involving twins, triplets, etc.) than in pregnancies involving one baby. Occurrence ranges from 2% to 25% of pregnancies, with singleton pregnancies (one baby) being on the low end and multiple births (more than one baby) on the high end of this range.
You likely won’t experience symptoms. Instead, your healthcare provider will notice atypical umbilical cord attachment during a routine pregnancy ultrasound .
Researchers aren’t sure what causes marginal cord insertion. Still, certain factors may increase the likelihood of an atypical umbilical cord attachment. Marginal cord insertion is most common in pregnancies involving more than one baby (twins, triplets). Other factors may include:
Having one or more of these factors apply to you doesn’t mean you’ll experience an abnormal cord insertion. For instance, many people who use ART have normal cord insertions. Most importantly, many people with irregular cord insertions have healthy pregnancies.
Most abnormal cord insertions are detected during the second trimester of pregnancy (weeks 14 to 27). Still, it may be difficult for your healthcare provider to pinpoint precisely where the umbilical cord has attached to the placenta.
Your provider may use the doppler feature during an ultrasound to visualize the blood flow between the placenta and the fetus. This information can be helpful when trying to identify the umbilical cord insertion point.
No treatments exist that can correct a marginal cord insertion. Instead, your healthcare provider will closely monitor your pregnancy to prevent complications.
The provider will monitor the growth of the baby, and look for other potential risks. At times a c-section may be recommended.
Close monitoring can reduce your risk of these outcomes.
No. You can’t prevent a marginal cord insertion. Still, you can work closely with your healthcare provider to monitor your pregnancy and take actions to increase your chances of successful delivery and a healthy baby.
It’s possible. Often, marginal cord insertion doesn’t pose risks to the pregnancy or prevent the fetus from getting enough nutrients. If this is
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