In Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Jsp Section

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Genes are the blueprints for making proteins. Our bodies need proteins to develop and work properly. Most genes come in pairs. One is inherited from the mother and the other from the father. Genes inherited from our biological parents are expressed in specific ways. One of these basic patterns is called autosomal dominant inheritance.
Sex chromosomes, which determine male or female gender
Autosomes, which are all of the other chromosomes (chromosome pairs 1 through 22) or nonsex chromosomes
Autosomal inheritance of a gene means that the gene is located on one of the autosomes. This means that males and females are equally likely to inherit the gene. "Dominant" means that a single copy of the gene can cause a particular trait, such as brown eyes instead of blue eyes. When a parent has a dominant gene, there is at least a 50% chance that any child they have will also have the trait.
There are 4 possible combinations in the children (see figure). These combinations are possible every time a pregnancy occurs between these 2 individuals. The gender of the children (whether they are sons or daughters) does not matter. The chance is 50/50 for them to inherit the autosomal genes.
A characteristic of some dominant genes is that they can have variable expression. This means that some people have milder or more intense characteristics than others. Another important characteristic of dominant genes is that, in some cases, they can have reduced penetrance. This means that sometimes a person can have a dominant gene copy but not show any signs of the gene. The concept of reduced penetrance is particularly important in the case of autosomal dominant cancer susceptibility genes. If a person has inherited a cancer susceptibility gene, it does not mean they will automatically develop cancer. It simply means that the person has inherited a mutation in a gene that gives them a higher chance to develop cancer than someone without the mutation.
Examples of conditions involving autosomal dominant inheritance are: 
©2021 University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, NY

Autosomal dominant means one copy of the abnormal gene from only one parent or in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder or disease. In some cases, an affected person inherits the autosomal dominant condition from an affected parent. In others, the autosomal dominant condition may result from a new mutation in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family. This is called a de novo mutation. Huntington’s disease, Marfan syndrome and neurofibromatosis type 1 are common examples of an autosomal dominant genetic disorders.
Autosomal refers to the fact that whatever gene is involved is found on one of the first 22 chromosomes (called the autosomes) and not on the X or Y chromosome (the sex chromosomes).
Dominant refers to the above explanation that you have two copies of each gene, one from mom and one from dad, and in order to have an autosomal dominant condition, a person only has to have one copy of the abnormal gene. They can inherit this copy from mom or dad, who may also have the condition.
Often autosomal dominant conditions can be seen in multiple generations within the family. If one looks back through their family history they notice their mother, grandfather, aunt/uncle, etc., all had the same condition. In cases where the autosomal dominant condition does run in the family, the chance for an affected person to have a child with the same condition is 50% regardless of whether it is a boy or a girl. These possible outcomes occur randomly. The chance remains the same in every pregnancy and is the same for boys and girls.
There are cases of autosomal dominant gene changes, or mutations, where no one in the family has it before and it appears to be a new thing in the family. This is called a de novo mutation. For the individual with the condition, the chance of their children inheriting it will be 50%. However, other family members are generally not likely to be at increased risk.
Figure 1 illustrates autosomal dominant inheritance. The example below shows what happens when dad has the condition, but the chances of having a child with the condition would be the same if mom had the condition.
Figure 1. Autosomal dominant inheritance
Some dominant genetic conditions can affect family members very differently. This is called variable expression. The condition does not actually miss out a generation, but some people have such mild symptoms of the condition that they appear to be unaffected. They may not even know that they have the condition.
In conditions which occur later in life (adult onset conditions e.g. inherited breast cancer and Huntington’s disease), people may have died earlier of unrelated causes leaving no time for the condition to appear, or the correct diagnosis may never have been given. However, the parents may have passed on the condition to their children.
Sometimes a child born with a dominant genetic condition can be the first person to be affected in the family. This may happen because a new gene change has occurred, for the first time, in either the egg or the sperm that went to make that child. When this happens, the parent of that child is not affected. The parents are very unlikely to have another child affected by the same condition, but you should always discuss the risks with your doctor. However, an affected child, who now has the changed gene, can pass it on to his or her children.
Autosomal recessive means two copies of the abnormal gene, one from each parent (one abnormal gene from mum and one abnormal gene from dad), is needed to cause the disorder or disease. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition. Autosomal recessive disorders are typically not seen in every generation of an affected family. Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia are common examples of an autosomal recessive genetic disorders.

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In Autosomal Dominant Inheritance Jsp Section