INFANTE PHILIP DUKE OF CALABRIA

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Charles III (Spanish: Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain in the years 1759 to 1788. He was also Duke of Parma and Piacenza, as Charles I (1731–1735); King of Naples, as Charles VII; and King of Sicily, as Charles III (or V) (1735–1759). He was the fourth son of Philip V of Spain and the eldest son of Philip's second wife, Elisabeth Farnese. He was a proponent of enlightened absolutism and regalism. In 1731, the 15-year-old Charles became Duke of Parma and Piacenza following the death of his childless grand-uncle Antonio Farnese. In 1734, at the age of 18, he led Spanish troops in a bold and almost entirely bloodless march down Italy to seize the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily and enforce the Spanish claim to their thrones. In 1738, he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony, daughter of Augustus III of Poland, who was an educated, cultured woman. The couple had 13 children, eight of whom reached adulthood. They resided in Naples for 19 years. Charles gained valuable experience in his 25-year rule in Italy, so that he was well prepared as the monarch of the Spanish Empire. His policies in Italy prefigured ones he would put in place in his 30-year rule of Spain. Charles succeeded to the Spanish throne in 1759 upon the death of his childless half-brother Ferdinand VI. As king of Spain, Charles III made far-reaching reforms to increase the flow of funds to the crown and defend against foreign incursions on the empire. He facilitated trade and commerce, modernized agriculture and land tenure, and promoted science and university research. He implemented regalist policies to increase the power of the state regarding the church. During his reign, he expelled the Jesuits from the Spanish Empire and fostered the Enlightenment in Spain. Charles launched enquiries into the Iberian Peninsula's Muslim past, even after succeeding to the Spanish throne. He strengthened the Spanish Army and the Spanish Navy. Although he did not achieve complete control over Spain's finances, and was sometimes obliged to borrow to meet expenses, most of his reforms proved successful in providing increased revenue to the crown and expanding state power, leaving a lasting legacy. In the Spanish Empire his regime enacted a series of sweeping reforms with the aim of bringing the overseas territories under firmer control by the central government, reversing the trend toward local autonomy, and gaining more control over the Church. Reforms including the establishment of two new viceroyalties, realignment of administration into intendancies, creating a standing military, establishing new monopolies, revitalizing silver mining, excluding American-born Spaniards (criollos) from high civil and ecclesiastical offices, and eliminating many privileges (fueros) of clergy. Historian Stanley Payne writes that Charles "was probably the most successful European ruler of his generation. He had provided firm, consistent, intelligent leadership. He had chosen capable ministers ... [his] personal life had won the respect of the people." John Lynch's assessment is that in Bourbon Spain "Spaniards had to wait half a century before their government was rescued by Charles III."

In connection with: Charles III of Spain

Charles

III

Spain

Title combos: of III of III Spain Charles Spain III of

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Infante Gabriel of Spain

Infante Gabriel of Spain (12 May 1752 – 23 November 1788) was the son of King Charles III of Spain and Maria Amalia of Saxony.

In connection with: Infante Gabriel of Spain

Infante

Gabriel

Spain

Title combos: Infante Gabriel Infante Spain Gabriel Spain Gabriel Infante of

Description combos: Infante was Spain 1752 King of May Infante 1752 23 Maria Infante Infante 23 the of Spain of May of Spain III Gabriel Amalia of Spain was King Gabriel Infante Charles May and of Saxony Infante 12 and May Spain was of of Gabriel Amalia III and Infante 23 Gabriel Saxony Infante the May May 12 Saxony King Charles 1752 1788 1752 III May King Charles of Infante 12 Spain of of son Gabriel and son 12 of the III of

Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria

Don Carlos María Alfonso Marcelo de Borbón-Dos Sicilias y Borbón-Parma, Infante of Spain, Duke of Calabria (16 January 1938 – 5 October 2015) was, at his death, the last male infante of Spain during the reigns of his cousins King Juan Carlos I and King Felipe VI. Additionally, he was also one of two claimants to the headship of the dynasty which ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies prior to its incorporation into the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, in which capacity he was also the Grand Master of one of the three branches of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George.

In connection with: Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria

Title combos: of Duke Calabria Infante Carlos Duke Carlos Infante Calabria

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Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria

Infante Alfonso of Spain, Prince of the Two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria (30 November 1901 – 3 February 1964) was one of two claimants to the title of the head of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies from 1960 until his death in 1964. He was the son of Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias. He was born and died in Madrid, Spain. Alfonso's mother was María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias, but she died in childbirth in 1904. Alfonso XIII, King of Spain, was unmarried at the time so as the Princess of the Asturias's eldest son, the young infante became heir presumptive to the Spanish crown, though, unlike his mother, he never held the title of Prince of Asturias. He was heir presumptive until the birth of his cousin, Alfonso, to Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenie in 1907.

In connection with: Infante Alfonso, Duke of Calabria

Title combos: Calabria Infante Infante of Calabria Duke of Infante Calabria

Description combos: to the Princess death at until Two Infante Two crown death in though of King Bourbon as the Spain the 1901 death 30 at was Mercedes to Sicilies and in Spain the Alfonso to Asturias of presumptive de Two Two Princess Calabria until his Bourbon the from Two Prince of of son las was of of He held 1964 presumptive Carlos two the title was Sicilies the of Prince until Two mother Alfonso presumptive He Spain Two Prince Mercedes of of

Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria

Philip of Naples and Sicily, "Duke of Calabria", Infante of Spain (13 June 1747 – 19 September 1777) was the eldest son and heir-apparent of Charles III of Spain, but was excluded from the succession to the thrones of Spain and Naples due to his intellectual disability. His younger brothers, Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies replaced him in the succession. When his father became King of Spain in 1759, Philip remained in Naples where he lived until his death from smallpox at the age of 30.

In connection with: Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria

Title combos: Infante Philip Infante of Philip of Duke Infante Philip

Description combos: succession he Philip Naples of of Calabria Spain remained Naples son in 1747 III Philip apparent due Two smallpox excluded Charles him where and brothers Spain June thrones apparent September Spain Philip of succession 1747 Philip Infante and but was thrones III of brothers father death in Naples Spain Charles June September due him of was intellectual and of and Naples brothers and his was apparent Two and where Philip but to of of brothers due Spain disability and IV 1759

Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria

Prince Pedro of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, Duke of Calabria, Grandee of Spain (Spanish: Pedro Juan María Alejo Saturnino de Todos los Santos; born 16 October 1968), is the only son of Infante Carlos, Duke of Calabria, and Princess Anne of Orléans. As primogeniture heir of the kings of the Two Sicilies, he is the principal claimant to the headship of the Royal House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, which ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies before the unification of Italy.

In connection with: Prince Pedro, Duke of Calabria

Title combos: of Duke of Pedro Prince Prince of Pedro Duke

Description combos: Santos of of Prince Spain Sicilies heir of of the the Two Kingdom Royal Calabria Pedro Orléans the Sicilies claimant Calabria primogeniture the Sicilies ruled Two Anne kings Infante María Duke Sicilies primogeniture 16 son of principal of of the is of Orléans Kingdom ruled heir House claimant headship Prince which of primogeniture the Grandee of only Pedro Infante Pedro October primogeniture heir Grandee Infante Santos of claimant Prince Sicilies 16 son ruled de Spain principal Prince Italy Spanish he claimant

Infante Philip of Spain

Infante Philip of Spain could refer to two sons of Spanish kings: Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria, the eldest son and once heir-apparent of Charles III of Spain Infante Philip of Spain (1712–1719), son of Philip V of Spain

In connection with: Infante Philip of Spain

Infante

Philip

Spain

Title combos: Infante Philip of Philip Spain Infante Spain Philip of

Description combos: son of of sons of of Infante Infante kings Infante two Calabria Philip could Duke Spanish of heir of of Spain refer apparent Philip Calabria two Philip Infante Calabria once could Duke Infante of Duke Spain III Infante two of kings of of Spain Infante 1719 Philip Spain of apparent the Philip of to III of of could Philip apparent of the of Calabria 1719 to son of of of of heir eldest 1712 Philip son two of once 1712 Spain