III. 2. Hyksos

The XIV Dynasty is one of the dynasties of pharaohs that ruled in Ancient Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period in the 18th-17th centuries BC. Manetho writes that the Hyksos formed the XV Dynasty, replacing the XIII and XIV Dynasties. In fact, the XIV Dynasty was already a Hyksos dynasty. Representatives of the XIV Dynasty controlled part of Lower Egypt as opposed to the XIII Dynasty. The rulers of this dynasty mostly had Canaanite or East Semitic names, i.e. they were not native Egyptians. Eusebius of Caesarea, quoting Manetho, writes about 76 pharaohs from Xois, who ruled for 484 years. The name Xois is close to the name Hyksos. Kim Ryholt pointed out that during excavations in Avaris, a large royal palace was found, built during the Second Intermediate Period. He suggested that it was in Avaris that the capital was located during the reign of the XIV Dynasty. This means that the XV Dynasty of the Hyksos was the successor of a dynasty that was also of Hyksos origin.

Modern archaeological finds made in Edfu in 2010-2011 showed that the XV Dynasty already existed in the middle of the XIII Dynasty. Seals with the cartouche of the Hyksos pharaoh Khyan and seals with the cartouche of the pharaoh of the XIII Dynasty Sobekhotep IV were found. This means that these pharaohs were either contemporaries, or the difference in the years of their reign was small. It can be concluded that during the reign of Sobekhotep IV, one of the powerful representatives of the XIII Dynasty, its representatives no longer controlled all of Egypt, at that time part of Lower Egypt was already controlled by the Hyksos.

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