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British mathematician and philosopher
German philosopher and mathematician
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Born:
c.355
Alexandria
Egypt
... (Show more)
Died:
March 415
Alexandria
Egypt
... (Show more)
Movement / Style:
Neoplatonism
... (Show more)
A-B-C, 1-2-3… If you consider that counting numbers is like reciting the alphabet, test how fluent you are in the language of mathematics in this quiz.
Hypatia Teaching at Alexandria , watercolour and brown ink on paper by Robert Trewick Bone; in the Yale Center for British Art, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Artist's impression of the murder of Hypatia of Alexandria at the hands of followers of Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria.
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Hypatia is famous for being the greatest mathematician and astronomer of her time, for being the leader of the Neoplatonist school of philosophy in Alexandria , for spectacularly overcoming the profound sexism of her society, and for suffering a violent death at the hands of ignorant zealots.
Hypatia was brutally murdered by a mob of Christian fanatics. They pulled her from her carriage on a street in Alexandria, dragged her to a church, stripped her naked, beat her to death and/or flayed her, tore off her limbs, and burned her remains.
Hypatia , (born c. 355 ce —died March 415, Alexandria), mathematician , astronomer , and philosopher who lived in a very turbulent era in Alexandria ’s history. She is the earliest female mathematician of whose life and work reasonably detailed knowledge exists.
Hypatia was the daughter of Theon of Alexandria, himself a mathematician and astronomer and the last attested member of the Alexandrian Museum ( see Researcher’s Note: Hypatia’s birth date ). Theon is best remembered for the part he played in the preservation of Euclid ’s Elements , but he also wrote extensively, commenting on Ptolemy ’s Almagest and Handy Tables . Hypatia continued his program, which was essentially a determined effort to preserve the Greek mathematical and astronomical heritage in extremely difficult times. She is credited with commentaries on Apollonius of Perga ’s Conics ( geometry ) and Diophantus of Alexandria ’s Arithmetic ( number theory ), as well as an astronomical table (possibly a revised version of Book III of her father’s commentary on the Almagest ). These works, the only ones she is listed as having written, have been lost, although there have been attempts to reconstruct aspects of them. In producing her commentaries on Apollonius and Diophantus, she was pushing the program initiated by her father into more recent and more difficult areas.
She was, in her time, the world’s leading mathematician and astronomer, the only woman for whom such claim can be made. She was also a popular teacher and lecturer on philosophical topics of a less-specialist nature, attracting many loyal students and large audiences. Her philosophy was Neoplatonist and was thus seen as “pagan” at a time of bitter religious conflict between Christians (both orthodox and “heretical”), Jews, and pagans. Her Neoplatonism was concerned with the approach to the One, an underlying reality partially accessible via the human power of abstraction from the Platonic forms , themselves abstractions from the world of everyday reality. Her philosophy also led her to embrace a life of dedicated virginity.
An early manifestation of the religious divide of the time was the razing of the Serapeum , the temple of the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis , by Theophilus , Alexandria’s bishop until his death in 412 ce . This event was perhaps the final end of the great Library of Alexandria , since the Serapeum may have contained some of the Library’s books. Theophilus, however, was friendly with Synesius, an ardent admirer and pupil of Hypatia, so she was not herself affected by this development but was permitted to pursue her intellectual endeavours unimpeded. With the deaths of Synesius and Theophilus and the accession of Cyril to the bishopric of Alexandria, however, this climate of tolerance lapsed, and shortly afterward Hypatia became the victim of a particularly brutal murder at the hands of a gang of Christian zealots . It remains a matter of vigorous debate how much the guilt of this atrocity is Cyril’s, but the affair made Hypatia a powerful feminist symbol and a figure of affirmation for intellectual endeavour in the face of ignorant prejudice . Her intellectual accomplishments alone were quite sufficient to merit the preservation and respect of her name, but, sadly, the manner of her death added to it an even greater emphasis.
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Alexandria, Province of Egypt, Eastern Roman Empire
The play Hypatia , performed at the Haymarket Theatre in January 1893, was based on the novel by Charles Kingsley. [207]
Julia Margaret Cameron 's 1867 photograph Hypatia , also inspired by Charles Kingsley's novel [207]
An actress, possibly Mary Anderson , in the title role of the play Hypatia , c. 1900. Similarities between this image and the Gaspard portrait at right indicate this one may have served as a model for the Gaspard. [227]
This fictional portrait of Hypatia by Jules Maurice Gaspard, originally the illustration for Elbert Hubbard 's 1908 fictional biography, has now become, by far, the most iconic and widely reproduced image of her. [228] [229] [230]
— Made-up quote attributed to Hypatia in Elbert Hubbard 's 1908 fictional biography of her, along with several other similarly spurious quotations [232]
^ / h aɪ ˈ p eɪ ʃ ə , - ʃ i ə / hy- PAY -shə, -shee-ə ; [2] [3] Greek : Ὑπατία , Koine pronunciation [y.pa.ˈti.a]
^ Using music to relieve lustful urges was a Pythagorean remedy [61] stemming from an anecdote from the life of Pythagoras claiming that, when he encountered some drunken youths trying to break into the home of a virtuous woman, he sang a solemn tune with long spondees and the boys' "raging willfulness" was quelled. [62]
^ The Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus , writing before the Serapeum's destruction in 391 AD, refers to the Serapeum's libraries in the past tense, indicating that the libraries no longer existed by the time of the Serapeum's destruction.
^ Jump up to: a b O'Connor, John J. ; Robertson, Edmund F. , "Hypatia of Alexandria" , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews
^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter ; Setter, Jane ; Esling, John (eds.). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6 .
^ Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0 .
^ Benedetto, Canio; Isola, Stefano; Russo, Lucio (31 January 2017). "Dating Hypatia's birth : a probabilistic model" . Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems . 5 (1): 19–40. doi : 10.2140/memocs.2017.5.19 . ISSN 2325-3444 .
^ Krebs, Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries ; The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy , 2nd edition, Cambridge University Press , 1999: "Greek Neoplatonist philosopher who lived and taught in Alexandria."
^ O'Connor, John J. ; Robertson, Edmund F. , "Pandrosion of Alexandria" , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews
^ Deakin 2012 .
^ Edward Jay Watts, (2006), City and School in Late Antique Athens and Alexandria . "Hypatia and pagan philosophical culture in the later fourth century" , pp. 197–198. University of California Press
^ Deakin 1994 , p. 147.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Theodore 2016 , pp. 182–183.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Deakin 2007 , p. 107.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bradley 2006 , p. 60.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Booth 2017 , p. 112.
^ Deakin, Michael (3 August 1997), Ockham's Razor: Hypatia of Alexandria , ABC Radio , retrieved 10 July 2014
^ Jump up to: a b Watts 2008 , pp. 191–192.
^ Dzielska 1996 , pp. 66–70.
^ Watts 2008 , p. 150.
^ Jump up to: a b Watts 2008 , p. 192.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Cameron 2016 , p. 194.
^ Jump up to: a b Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993 , p. 47.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Booth 2017 .
^ Watts 2017 , p. 21.
^ Deakin 2007 , p. 52.
^ Jump up to: a b c Deakin 2007 , p. 53.
^ Jump up to: a b Dzielska 1996 , p. 70.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Castner 2010 , p. 49.
^ Deakin 2007 , pp. 51–52.
^ Jump up to: a b Dzielska 1996 , p. 68.
^ Jump up to: a b Penella 1984 , pp. 126–128.
^ Hoche 1860 , pp. 435–474.
^ J. C. Wensdorf (1747–1748) and S. Wolf (1879), as cited by Penella (1984) .
^ Ed. Michael Gagarin (2010), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome , Oxford University Press, p. 20, ISBN 978-0195170726 {{ citation }} : CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link )
^ Jump up to: a b Socrates of Constantinople , Ecclesiastical History
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "Suda online, Upsilon 166" , www.stoa.org
^ Bregman 1982 , p. 55.
^ Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993 , pp. 49–50.
^ Jump up to: a b Oakes 2007 , p. 364.
^ Dzielska 1996 , p. 56.
^ Haas 1997 , p. 311.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Watts 2008 , p. 200.
^ Watts 2008 , pp. 200–201.
^ Bregman 1982 , pp. 38–39.
^ Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993 , pp. 58–59.
^ Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993 , p. 58.
^ Watts 2017 , pp. 67–70.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Waithe 1987 , p. 173.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Curta & Holt 2017 , p. 283.
^ Watts 2017 , p. 88.
^ Dzielska 1996 , p. 28.
^ Banev 2015 , p. 100.
^ Watts 2017 , pp. 88–90.
^ Jump up to: a b c Bradley 2006 , p. 63.
^ Dzielska 1996 , p. 53.
^ Booth 2017 , p. 141.
^ Booth 2017 , p. 117.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Deakin 2007 , p. 62.
^ Booth 2017 , pp. 116–117.
^ Booth 2017 , p. 116.
^ Booth 2017 , pp. 128–130.
^ Watts 2017 , pp. 74–75.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Watts 2017 , p. 75.
^ Riedweg 2005 , p. 30.
^ Jump up to: a b c Booth 2017 , p. 128.
^ Watts 2017 , p. 60.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Watts 2008 , p. 196.
^ Wessel 2004 , p. 49.
^ Watts 2017 , pp. 57–61.
^ Jump up to: a b c Deakin 2007 , p. 82.
^ Watts 2017 , p. 196.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dzielska 1996 , p. 95.
^ Watts 2008 , pp. 195–196.
^ Watts 2008 , pp. 196–197.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Watts 2008 , p. 197.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dzielska 2008 , p. 139.
^ Deakin 2007 , p. 83.
^ Haas 1997 , pp. 310–311.
^ Seaver, James Everett (1952), Persecution of the Jews in the Roman Empire (300-438) , Lawrence, University of Kansas Publications, 1952.
^ "John of Nikiu: The Life of Hypatia" , www.faculty.umb.edu , retrieved 19 July 2020
^ Wessel 2004 , pp. 36–37.
^ Haas 1997 , p. 312.
^ Wessel 2004 , p. 36.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Wessel 2004 , p. 37.
^ Haas 1997 , p. 306.
^ Haas 1997 , pp. 306–307.
^ Jump up to: a b Haas 1997 , pp. 307, 313.
^ Haas 1997 , p. 307.
^ Watts 2008 , pp. 197–198.
^ Jump up to: a b c Novak 2010 , pp. 239–240.
^ Jump up to: a b Watts 2008 , p. 198.
^ Watts 2008 , pp. 199–200.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Haas 1997 , pp. 312–313.
^ Jump up to: a b Chronicle 84.87–103 , archived from the original on 31 July 2010
^ John, Bishop of Nikiû, Chronicle 84.87–103
^ Grout, James, "Hypatia" , Penelope , University of Chicago
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Novak 2010 , p. 240.
^ Watts 2017 , pp. 114–115.
^ Jump up to: a b Haas 1997 , p. 313.
^ Dzielska 1996 , p. 93.
^ Watts 2017 , pp. 115–116.
^ Jump up to: a b Watts 2008 , pp. 198–199.
^ Jump up to: a b c Watts 2017 , p. 116.
^ Jump up to: a b Watts 2008 , p. 199.
^ Haas 1997 , pp. 235–236, 314.
^ Haas 1997 , p. 314.
^ Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993 , p. 59.
^ Ecclesiastical History , Bk VII: Chap. 15 (miscited as VI:15).
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Watts 2017 , p. 117.
^ Belenkiy 2010 , pp. 9–13.
^ Cameron 2016 , p. 190.
^ Watts 2017 , p. 157.
^ Jump up to: a b Watts 2017 , p. 121.
^ Dzielska 1996 , pp. 95–96.
^ Jump up to: a b Haas 1997 , p. 436.
^ Haas 1997 , pp. 67, 436.
^ Jump up to: a b Watts 2008 , pp. 197–200.
^ MacDonald, Beverley and Weldon, Andrew. (2003). Written in Blood: A Brief History of Civilization (pg. 173). Allen & Unwin.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Castner 2010 , p. 50.
^ Jump up to: a b Deakin 2007 , p. 111.
^ Jump up to: a b Cameron 2016 , pp. 194–195.
^ Jump up to: a b Dzielska 2008 , p. 132.
^ Bradley 2006 , pp. 59–60.
^ Booth 2017 , p. 106.
^ Jump up to: a b c Waithe 1987 , pp. 174–175.
^ Engels 2009 , pp. 97–124.
^ Jump up to: a b Emmer 2012 , p. 74.
^ Jump up to: a b Dzielska 1996 , pp. 71–2.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Cameron 2016 , pp. 193–194.
^ Jump up to: a b Booth 2017 , pp. 108–111.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Emmer 2012 , p. 76.
^ Jump up to: a b c Dzielska 1996 , pp. 71–72.
^ Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993 , p. 45.
^ Cameron, Long & Sherry 1993 , pp. 45–47.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Waithe 1987 , p. 175.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Booth 2017 , p. 110.
^ Deakin 1992 , pp. 20–22.
^ Jump up to: a b c Booth 2017 , p. 109.
^ Bradley 2006 , p. 61.
^ Jump up to: a b Deakin 1992 , p. 21.
^ Sir Thomas Little Heath (1910), Diophantus of Alexandria; A Study in the History of Greek Algebra (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, republished 2017, pp. 14 & 18
^ Dzielska 1996 , p. 72.
^ Deakin 1994 .
^ Dixon, Don, COSMOGRAPHICA Space Art and Science Illustration
^ Knorr 1989 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d Deakin 2007 , pp. 102–104.
^ Jump up to: a b c Deakin 1
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