Human Male Female

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Human Male Female
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Characteristics distinguishing between femininity and masculinity
For the grammatical concept, see Grammatical gender . For other uses, see Gender (disambiguation) .
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This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( July 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
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This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Gender" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( July 2021 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message )
Further information: Gender and religion
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^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Haig, David (April 2004). "The Inexorable Rise of Gender and the Decline of Sex: Social Change in Academic Titles, 1945–2001" (PDF) . Archives of Sexual Behavior . 33 (2): 87–96. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.359.9143 . doi : 10.1023/B:ASEB.0000014323.56281.0d . PMID 15146141 . S2CID 7005542 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2012.

^ Jump up to: a b c "What do we mean by "sex" and "gender"?" . World Health Organization . Archived from the original on 30 January 2017 . Retrieved 26 November 2015 .

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^ Maddux, James E.; Winstead, Barbara A. (11 July 2019). Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-64787-1 . Archived from the original on 4 August 2021 . Retrieved 4 August 2021 .

^ Jump up to: a b Kevin L. Nadal, The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender (2017, ISBN 1483384276 ), page 401: "Most cultures currently construct their societies based on the understanding of gender binary—the two gender categorizations (male and female). Such societies divide their population based on biological sex assigned to individuals at birth to begin the process of gender socialization."

^ Heinemann, Isabel (May 2012). Inventing the Modern American Family: Family Values and Social Change in 20th Century United States . Campus Verlag. p. 36. ISBN 978-3-593-39640-8 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2021 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 .

^ MONEY J. Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: psychologic findings. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. 1955 Jun;96(6):253-64. PMID 14378807.

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^ Horley, James; Clarke, Jan (11 July 2016). Experience, Meaning, and Identity in Sexuality: A Psychosocial Theory of Sexual Stability and Change . Springer. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-137-40096-3 . Archived from the original on 17 August 2021 . Retrieved 17 August 2021 .

^ Witt, Charlotte E. (2011). Feminist metaphysics: explorations in the ontology of sex, gender and identity . Springer. p. 48. ISBN 978-90-481-3782-4 . OCLC 780208834 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2022 . Retrieved 6 September 2021 .

^ Butler, Judith , "Sex and Gender in Simone de Beauvoir's Second Sex" in Yale French Studies , No. 72 (1986), pp. 35–49.

^ Kimmel, Michael S. (2017). The gendered society (Sixth ed.). New York. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-19-026031-6 . OCLC 949553050 .

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^ Paludi, Michele Antoinette (2008). The Psychology of Women at Work: Challenges and Solutions for Our Female Workforce . ABC-CLIO. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-275-99677-2 . Archived from the original on 20 October 2021 . Retrieved 30 August 2021 .

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^ Jump up to: a b Holmes, Brooke (2012). "Introduction". Gender: Antiquity and its Legacy . Oxford University Press. pp. 1–2. ISBN 9780195380828 . For as it turns out, what we call gender is a fairly recent concept. It's not that people in Ancient Greece and Rome didn't talk and think and argue about the categories of male and female, masculine and feminine and the nature and extent of sexual difference. They did in [ways] both similar to and very different from our own. The problem is that they didn't have the concept of gender that has grown so influential in the humanities and the social sciences over the past four decades.

^ Holmes, Brooke (2012). "Introduction". Gender: Antiquity and its Legacy . Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 9780195380828 . The concept of gender, as I've just said, is recent. So what is it and where does it come from? Simone de Beauvoir famously wrote: 'one is not born, but rather becomes, woman'...But the term 'gender', which had long been associated with grammar, only started to move towards what she was describing in the later 1950s and 1960s.

^ Render, Meredith. (2006) "Misogyny, Androgyny, and Sexual Harassment: Sex Discrimination in a Gender-Deconstructed World". Harvard Journal of Law & Gender . Vol. 29(1) (Winter). pp. 99–150.

^ Greenberg, Julie A (1999). "Defining Male and Female: Intersexuality and the Collision Between Law and Biology". Arizona Law Review . 41 : 265.

^ J.E.B. v. Ala. ex rel. T.B. , 114 S. Ct. 1419, 1436 n.1 (1994)

^ Aristotle (2004) [1st pub. Modern Library NY, 1954]. Rhetoric . Translated by Roberts, William Rhys. Mineola, NY: Dover . ISBN 978-0-486-43793-4 . OCLC 55616891 . Archived from the original on 17 June 2020 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . A fourth rule is to observe Protagoras' classification of nouns into male, female and inanimate.

^ Fowler's Modern English Usage , 1926: p. 211.

^ Money, John ; Hampson, Joan G; Hampson, John (October 1955). "An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism". Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp . 97 (4): 301–19. PMID 13260820 . By the term, gender role, we mean all those things that a person says or does to disclose himself or herself as having the status of boy or man, girl or woman, respectively. It includes, but is not restricted to sexuality in the sense of eroticism. Gender role is appraised in relation to the following: general mannerisms, deportment and demeanor, play preferences and recreational interests; spontaneous topics of talk in unprompted conversation and casual comment; content of dreams, daydreams, and fantasies; replies to oblique inquiries and projective tests; evidence of erotic practices and, finally, the person's own replies to direct inquiry.

^ " gender , n." Oxford English Dictionary Online . Oxford English Dictionary. p. Sense 3(b). Archived from the original on 21 July 2017 . Retrieved 5 January 2017 .

^ Usage note: Gender , Archived 21 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Fourth Edition, (2000).

^ Mikkola, Mari (12 May 2008). "Feminist Perspectives on Sex and Gender." Archived 25 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine Stanford University.

^ Jump up to: a b c Butler (1990)

^ Snow, D.A. and Oliver, P.E. (1995). "Social Movements and Collective Behavior: Social Psychological Dimensions and Considerations", pp. 571–600 in Karen Cook, Gary A. Fine, and James S.House (eds.) Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology . Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

^ Taifel, H. & Turner, J.C. (1986). "The social identity of intergroup relations", pp. 7–24 in S. Worchel & W.G. Austin (eds.) The psychology of intergroup relations . Chicago: Nelson-Hall. ISBN 0-8185-0278-9 .

^ Terry, D.J.; Hogg, M.A. (1996). "Group norms and the attitude-behavior relationship: A role for group identification". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin . 22 (8): 776–793. doi : 10.1177/0146167296228002 . S2CID 145426706 .

^ Pathak, Sunita, and Pathak, Surendra "Gender and the MDGs with Reference to Women as Human" Archived 25 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine . Academia.edu.

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^ Jump up to: a b Warnecke, T. (2013). "Entrepreneurship and Gender: An Institutional Perspective". Journal of Economic Issues . 47 (2): 455–464. doi : 10.2753/JEI0021-3624470219 . S2CID 153502466 .

^ Spade, J., Valentine, C. (2011). The kaleidoscope of gender: prisms, patterns, and possibilities . Pine Forge Press. 3rd edition

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^ Vigo, Julian. 'The Body in Gender Discourse: The Fragmentary Space of the Feminine.' La femme et l'écriture . Meknès, Maroc, 1996.

^ Bornstein, Kate (1995). Gender Outlaw – On Men, Women and the rest of us , Vintage, ISBN 0-679-75701-5 pp. 51–52

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^ Jump up to: a b Birke, Lynda (2001). "Chapter 24, In Pursuit of Difference." The Gender and Science Reader . New York: Routledge, pp. 309–22.

^ Ehrensaft, Diane (25 May 2017). "Gender nonconforming youth: current perspectives" . Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics . 8 : 57–67. doi : 10.2147/ahmt.s110859 . ISSN 1179-318X . PMC 5448699 . PMID 28579848 .

^ Jump up to: a b Money, J (1955). "Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: Psychologic findings". Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital . 96 (6): 253–264. PMID 14378807 .

^ Laurie, Timothy (2014). "The Ethics of Nobody I Know: Gender and the Politics of Description" . Qualitative Research Journal . 14 (1): 64–78. doi : 10.1108/qrj-03-2014-0011 . hdl : 10453/44221 . Archived from the original on 2 November 2021 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 .

^ Maria Llorente, Culture, Heritage, and Diversity in Older Adult Mental Health Care (2018, ISBN 1615372059 ), page 184: "Historically, in many, if not most, cultures, gender traditionally has been conceived as binary, but the modern and preferred understanding is that gender actually occurs on a spectrum."

^ Marie L. Miville, Angela D. Ferguson, Handbook of Race-Ethnicity and Gender in Psychology (2014, ISBN 1461488605 ), page 47: "In Western societies, as in many regions of the world, gender has been historically conceptualized and constructed as a binary (being either "male" or "female") largely determined by both biological (genetic and hormonal) and social cognitive (social, cultural reinforcement, and modeling of gendered behaviour)."

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^ Jump up to: a b Treuer, Anton (2011). "Women and Gender" . The Assassination of Hole in the Day . Borealis Books. ISBN 9780873518017 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2021 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 .

^ Gilbert Herdt, ed. (1996). Third Sex Third Gender: Beyond Sexual Dimorphism in Culture and History . ISBN 978-0-942299-82-3 . OCLC 35293440 .

^ Kehoe, Alice B. (2002). "Appropriate Terms" . SAA Bulletin . Society for American Archaeology 16(2), UC-Santa Barbara . ISSN 0741-5672 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2004 . Retrieved 1 May 2019 . At the conferences that produced the book, Two-Spirited People , I heard several First Nations people describe themselves as very much unitary, neither "male" nor "female," much less a pair in one body. Nor did they report an assumption of duality within one body as a common concept within reservation communities; rather, people confided dismay at the Western proclivity for dichotomies. Outside Indo-European-speaking societies, "gender" would not be relevant to the social personae glosses "men" and "women," and "third gender" likely would be meaningless. The unsavory word "berdache" certainly ought to be ditched (Jacobs et al. 1997:3–5), but the urban American neologism "two-spirit" can be misleading.

^ Nanda, Serena (1998). Neither Man Nor Woman: The Hijras of India . Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-534-50903-7

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^ de Beauvoir, Simone (1949) The Second Sex .

^ Fausto-Sterling (2000) Chapter 3 "Of Gender and Genitals", pp. 44–77

^ Chafetz, J.S. (1974). Masculine/Feminine or Human? An Overview of the Sociology of Sex Roles . Itasca, Illinois: F.E. Peacock.

^ Chafetz, J.S. (1978). Masculine/Feminine or Human? An Overview of the Sociology of Sex Roles . Itasca, Illinois: F.E. Peacock. ISBN 978-0-87581-231-1 . OCLC 4348310 .

^ Garrett, Stephanie (1992). Gender Archived 11 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine , Routledge, p. vii ISBN 0-422-60570-0 .

^ Butler (1990) p. 9.

^ Jump up to: a b Hurst, C. (2007) Social Inequality: Forms, Causes, and Consequences . 6th Edition. pp. 131, 139–142

^ Schwalbe, M. (2005). The Sociologically Examined Life: Pieces of the Conversation Third Edition. pp. 22–23 ISBN 0-07-282579-0

^ Smith, N. and Stanley, E. (2011). Captive Genders. 1st ed. Edinburgh: AK Press.

^ Center for American Progress, (2016). Unjust: How The Broken Criminal Justice System Fails LGBT People. Washington.

^ Lydon et al., "Coming Out of Concrete Closets: A Report on Black & Pink's National LGBTQ Prisoner Survey."

^ Dworkin, Andrea (1995). "My Life as a Writer", pp. 33–34 in Dworkin, Andrea Life and Death: Unapologetic Writings on the Continuing War Against Women . New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-3626-2

^ Hawkesworth, Mary (2005). "Engendering political science: An immodest proposal". Politics & Gender . 1 (1): 141–156. doi : 10.1017/s1743923x0523101x . S2CID 146467636 .

^ Karen, Beckwith (2005). "A Common Language of Gender?". Politics & Gender . 1 (1): 132. doi : 10.1017/s1743923x05211017 . S2CID 146644541 .

^ White, Linda (1964). Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women, 2nd ed . Oxford Press. pp. 6–7.

^ White, Linda (1964). Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women
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