Https M Xhamster
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Https M Xhamster
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dot-com company
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pornographic actor or erotic model database
↑ xhamster. Site Info (angol nyelven). Alexa Internet . [2016. március 19-i dátummal az eredetiből archiválva]. (Hozzáférés: 2015. november 2.)
↑ Popular porn websites 'host adverts with malware' (angol nyelven). The Independent . (Hozzáférés: 2014. szeptember 12.)
↑ http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-22093141
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A jegyzet a CC-BY-SA-3.0 , valamint a GFDL 1.2 vagy későbbi változata alatt lesz közzétéve. További részletekért lásd a felhasználási feltételeinket .
Képjegyzet módosításához olyan böngészőre van szükség, ami támogatja a XMLHttpRequest objektumot. A te böngésződ nem támogatja ezt az objektumot, vagy nincs engedélyezve a használata (Internet Explorerben előfordulhat, hogy az ActiveX komponens ki van kapcsolva), így nem tudod módosítani a képannotációt. Elnézést a kellemetlenségért.
Az xHamster ingyenes, pornográf videomegosztó oldal , székhelye az Egyesült Államokbeli Houston , Texas államban. A weblap 2016 januárjában a 76. volt az Alexa világranglistáján. [1]
Conrad Longmore kutató állítása szerint az oldalakon megjelenő reklámokban rosszindulatú programok találhatók, amik a felhasználó engedélye nélkül telepítenek kártékony fájlokat a számítógépre. Longmore úgy nyilatkozott a BBC -nek, hogy a legnagyobb veszélyt a két népszerű oldal – az xHamster és a Pornhub – jelenti. [2] [3]
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A porn website that has taken umbrage with the Investigatory Powers Bill is urging everyone that visits its site to sign a petition calling for the recently-passed legislation.
Visitors to xHamster from the UK are being greeted with a pop-up message that asks them if they're aware of the new "surveillance" law and calls for them to sign a petition against it.
The Investigatory Powers Bill, which critics dub the Snoopers' Charter, has been controversial among the privacy conscious. It ratifies hacking and surveillance powers for the country's security services, as well as the ability to break encryption.
It also includes a provision for the bulk data collection of Britons' browsing habits, requiring internet and communications service providers to store the metadata of websites visited for 12 months.
The petition, which has over 170,000 signatures , describes the bill as "an absolute disgrace to both privacy and freedom and needs to stop!" It also says that as the legislation is yet to receive Royal Assent it isn't too late for it to be revoked - but the charter was in fact ratified at the end of November and will come into force in 2017. It is not the first
The Petitions Committee said it would not be scheduling another debate. And the Government responded: "The Investigatory Powers Act dramatically increases transparency around the use of investigatory powers. It protects both privacy and security and underwent unprecedented scrutiny before becoming law."
It is highly unlikely that additional signatures will have an effect on the legislation, which passed despite widespread criticism from rights organisations and major technology companies, including Apple, Google, Facebook and Microsoft.
The last three of these teamed up to submitted evidence that said the bill "could have far reaching implications - for our customers, for your own citizens and for the future of the global technology industry".
The UK has just legalized the most extreme surveillance in the history of western democracy. It goes farther than many autocracies. https://t.co/yvmv8CoHrj
Meanwhile Edward Snowden, the whistleblower who revealed GCHQ's extensive surveillance powers, described it as "the most extreme surveillance in the history of western democracy".
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Temporal range: Middle Miocene – present
^ "Cricetinae (Hamsters)" .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Fox, Sue. 2006. Hamsters . T.F.H. Publications Inc.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Barrie, Anmarie. 1995. Hamsters as a New Pet. T.F.H. Publications Inc., NJ ISBN 0-86622-610-9 .
^ Patricia Pope Bartlett (2003). The Hamster Handbook . Barron's Educational Series. p. 113 . ISBN 978-0-7641-2294-1 .
^ Neumann, K; Michaux, J; Lebedev, V; Yigit, N; Colak, E; Ivanova, N; Poltoraus, A; Surov, A; Markov, G (2006). "Molecular phylogeny of the Cricetinae subfamily based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes and the nuclear vWF gene" (PDF) . Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution . 39 (1): 135–48. doi : 10.1016/j.ympev.2006.01.010 . hdl : 2268/77207 . PMID 16483801 .
^ Lebedev, V. S., N. V. Ivanova, N. K. Pavlova, and A. B. Poltoraus. 2003. Molecular phylogeny of the Palearctic hamsters. In Proceedings of the International Conference Devoted to the 90th Anniversary of Prof. I. M. Gromov on Systematics, Phylogeny and Paleontology of Small Mammals (A. Averianov and N. Abramson eds.). St. Petersburg.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Fritzsche, Peter. 2008. Hamsters: A Complete Pet Owner's Manual. Barron's Educational Series Inc., NY ISBN 0-7641-3927-4 .
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Kuhnen, G. (2002). Comfortable quarters for hamsters in research institutions. In "Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals" Eds V. Reinhardt and A. Reinhardt. Animal Welfare Institute, Washington DC. pp.33-37
^ Douglas Harper, The Online Etymology Dictionary , entry for "hamster"
^ Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, s.v. "hamster" (29 May 2008) Merriam-Webster.com
^ Carnaby, Trevor (2006). Beat about the Bush: Mammals . Jacana Media. ISBN 978-1-77009-240-2 .
^ Geyken, Alexander (1 July 2009). "Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache: Hamster " . Linguistik Online . 39 (3). doi : 10.13092/lo.39.479 . ISSN 1615-3014 .
^ King, LeeAnne Engfer ; photographs by Andy (1997). My pet hamster & gerbils . Minneapolis: Lerner. p. 13. ISBN 978-0822522614 .
^ Thomas A. Scott (1995). Concise encyclopedia biology (Rev. ed.). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. p. 299 . ISBN 978-3110106619 .
^ Jump up to: a b c "Anatomy | About Hamsters | Hamsters | Guide | Omlet US" . www.omlet.us . Retrieved 20 November 2019 .
^ Bartlett, Patricia Pope; Earle-Bridges, Michele (2003). The Hamster Handbook . Barron's Educational Series. p. 21 . ISBN 9780764122941 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Hamster Body Language & Behavior: What it Means" . Caring Pets . Retrieved 20 November 2019 .
^ "All About Keeping Hamsters as Pets" . The Spruce Pets . Retrieved 20 November 2019 .
^ "Is it Safe For Your Hamster to Eat That?" . The Spruce Pets . Retrieved 20 November 2019 .
^ Jump up to: a b "hamster." Encyclopædia Britannica . Standard Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007.
^ Petri, Ines; Dumbell, Rebecca; Scherbarth, Frank; Steinlechner, Stephan; Barrett, Perry (2014). "Effect of Exercise on Photoperiod-Regulated Hypothalamic Gene Expression and Peripheral Hormones in the Seasonal Dwarf Hamster Phodopus sungorus" . PLOS ONE . 9 (3): e90253. Bibcode : 2014PLoSO...990253P . doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0090253 . PMC 3946023 . PMID 24603871 .
^ Jump up to: a b "Welcome to the British Hamster Association Web Site" .
^ Gattermann, R.; Fritzsche, P.; Neumann, K.; Al-Hussein, I.; Kayser, A.; Abiad, M.; Yakti, R. (2001). "Notes on the current distribution and the ecology of wild golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)". Journal of Zoology . 254 (3): 359–365. doi : 10.1017/S0952836901000851 .
^ Musser, Guy. "hamster | Facts & Breeds" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 1 February 2018 .
^ "How Soon Can You Take a Hamster From Its Mother?" . animals.mom.me . Retrieved 20 November 2019 .
^ "Leonard Goodwin – Telegraph" . The Daily Telegraph . 14 January 2009. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022 . Retrieved 18 January 2009 .
^ Testimony from Grant C Riddle (born 1929, living in Lake Wildwood, CA) who had a pet hamster in 1942.
^ Jump up to: a b c d Logsdail, Chris; Logsdail, Peter; Hovers, Kate (2002). Hamsterlopaedia : a complete guide to hamster care . Lydney: Ringpress. p. 161. ISBN 978-1860542466 .
^ Mahtani, Shibani; Yu, Theodora (20 January 2022). "Hong Kong hamster massacre: Residents resist 'zero covid' city's pet project" . Washington Post . Archived from the original on 22 January 2022 . Retrieved 22 January 2022 .
^ Ting, Victor; Choy, Gigi; Cheung, Elizabeth (18 January 2022). "Coronavirus: 2,000 hamsters to be culled over fears of first animal-to-human transmission in Hong Kong, pet store customers ordered into quarantine" . South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 22 January 2022 . Retrieved 22 January 2022 .
^ Slotte, J. Peter; Pörn, M. Isabella; Härmälä, Ann-Sofi (1994). "19 Flow and Distribution of Cholesterol—Effects of Phospholipids". In Hoekstra, Dick (ed.). Cell lipids . Vol. 40. San Diego : Academic Press . pp. 483–502/xii+638. ISBN 978-0-12-153340-3 . ISSN 0070-2161 . OCLC 30147917 . ISBN 0-12-153340-9 ISBN 9780080585116
Wikispecies has information related to Cricetinae .
Look up hamster in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cricetinae .
Wikiquote has quotations related to Hamster .
Extant subfamilies of family Cricetidae
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Species of hamsters (subfamily Cricetinae)
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Cricetidae
Hamsters are rodents (order Rodentia) belonging to the subfamily Cricetinae , which contains 19 species classified in seven genera . [1] [2] They have become established as popular small pets . [3] The best-known species of hamster is the golden or Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ), which is the type most commonly kept as pets. Other hamster species commonly kept as pets are the three species of dwarf hamster, Campbell's dwarf hamster ( Phodopus campbelli ), the winter white dwarf hamster ( Phodopus sungorus ) and the Roborovski hamster ( Phodopus roborovskii ).
Hamsters are more crepuscular than nocturnal and, in the wild, remain underground during the day to avoid being caught by predators. They feed primarily on seeds, fruits, and vegetation, and will occasionally eat burrowing insects. [4] Physically, they are stout-bodied with distinguishing features that include elongated cheek pouches extending to their shoulders, which they use to carry food back to their burrows , as well as a short tail and fur-covered feet.
Taxonomists generally disagree about the most appropriate placement of the subfamily Cricetinae within the superfamily Muroidea . Some place it in a family Cricetidae that also includes voles , lemmings , and New World rats and mice ; others group all these into a large family called Muridae . Their evolutionary history is recorded by 15 extinct fossil genera and extends back 11.2 million to 16.4 million years to the Middle Miocene Epoch in Europe and North Africa; in Asia it extends 6 million to 11 million years. Four of the seven living genera include extinct species. One extinct hamster of Cricetus , for example, lived in North Africa during the Middle Miocene, but the only extant member of that genus is the European or common hamster of Eurasia.
Neumann et al. (2006) conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis of 12 of the above 17 species using DNA sequence from three genes : 12S rRNA , cytochrome b , and von Willebrand factor . They uncovered the following relationships: [5]
The genus Phodopus was found to represent the earliest split among hamsters. Their analysis included both species. The results of another study [6] suggest Cricetulus kamensis (and presumably the related C. alticola ) might belong to either this Phodopus group or hold a similar basal position.
The genus Mesocricetus also forms a clade . Their analysis included all four species, with M. auratus and M. raddei forming one subclade and M. brandti and M. newtoni another.
The remaining genera of hamsters formed a third major clade. Two of the three sampled species within Cricetulus represent the earliest split. This clade contains C. barabensis (and presumably the related C. sokolovi ) and C. longicaudatus .
The remaining clade contains members of Allocricetulus , Tscherskia , Cricetus , and C. migratorius . Allocricetulus and Cricetus were sister taxa . Cricetulus migratorius was their next closest relative, and Tscherskia was basal.
Although the Syrian hamster or golden hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ) was first described scientifically by George Robert Waterhouse in 1839, researchers were not able to successfully breed and domesticate hamsters until 1939. [3] The entire laboratory and pet populations of Syrian hamsters appear to be descendants of a single brother–sister pairing. These littermates were captured and imported in 1930 from Aleppo in Syria by Israel Aharoni , a zoologist of the University of Jerusalem . [7] In Jerusalem, the hamsters bred very successfully. Years later, animals of this original breeding colony were exported to the United States, where Syrian hamsters became a common pet and laboratory animal. Comparative studies of domestic and wild Syrian hamsters have shown reduced genetic variability in the domestic strain. However, the differences in behavioral, chronobiological, morphometrical, hematological, and biochemical parameters are relatively small and fall into the expected range of interstrain variations in other laboratory animals. [8]
The name "hamster" is a loanword from the German, which itself derives from earlier Middle High German hamastra . It is possibly related to Old Church Slavonic khomestoru , which is either a blend of the root of Russian хомяк ( khomyak ) "hamster" and a Baltic word (cf. Lithuanian staras "hamster"); [9] or of Persian origin (cf. Av hamaēstar "oppressor"). [10] The collective noun for a group of hamsters is "horde". [11] In German, the verb "hamstern" is derived from "Hamster". It means " Hoarding ". [12]
Hamsters are typically stout-bodied, with tails shorter than body length, and have small, furry ears, short, stocky legs, and wide feet. They have thick, silky fur, which can be long or short, colored black, grey, honey, white, brown, yellow, red, or a mix, depending on the species. Two species of hamster belonging to the genus Phodopus , Campbell's dwarf hamster ( P. campbelli ) and the Djungarian hamster ( P. sungorus ), and two of the genus Cricetulus , the Chinese striped hamster ( C. barabensis ) and the Chinese hamster ( C. griseus ) have a dark stripe down their heads to their tails. The species of genus Phodopus are the smallest, with bodies 5.5 to 10.5 centimetres ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 4 to 4 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long; the largest is the European hamster ( Cricetus cricetus ), measuring up to 34 cm ( 13 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) long, not including a short tail of up to 6 cm ( 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 in).
The hamster tail can be difficult to see, as it is usually not very long (about 1 ⁄ 6 the length of the body), with the exception of the Chinese hamster , which has a tail the same length as the body. One rodent characteristic that can be highly visible in hamsters is their sharp incisors ; they have an upper pair and lower pair which grow continuously throughout life, so must be regularly worn down. Hamsters are very flexible, however their bones are somewhat fragile. They are extremely susceptible to rapid temperature changes and drafts, as well as extreme heat or cold.
Hamsters have poor eyesight; they are nearsighted and colorblind . [13] [14] Their eyesight leads to them not having a good sense of distance or knowing where they are. Even though their eyesight isn't good it doesn't stop a hamster from climbing their cages or even from them being adventurous. Hamsters can sense movement around at all times. This sense helps them protect themselves from harm in the wild but in a household situation it helps them sense when their owner may be near and might be going to pick them up. [15] Hamsters have scent glands on their flanks (and abdomens in Chinese and dwarf hamsters) which they rub against the substrate, leaving a scent trail. [16] Hamsters also use their sense of smell to distinguish between the sexes, and to locate food. Mother hamsters can also use their sense of smell to find their own babies and find out which ones aren't theirs. The scent glands can also be used to mark their territories, their babies, or their mate. [17] Hamsters catch sounds by having their ears upright. They tend to learn similar noises and begin to know the sound of their food and even their owner's voice. [15] They are also particularly sensitive to high-pitched noises and can hear and communicate in the ultrasonic range. [7]
Hamsters are omnivores , which means they can eat meat and vegetables. Hamsters that live in the wild eat seeds, grass, and even insects. [15] Although pet hamsters can survive on a diet of exclusively commercial hamster food, other items, such as vegetables, fruits, seeds, and nuts, can
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