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Reading, engaging with, and sharing our publications, papers and commentary gives evidence-based science and policy the audience it needs and deserves. By checking this box I consent to the use of my information provided for email marketing purposes. Mephedrone 4-methylmethcathinone is a former legal-high that is now banned across the EU. It is a manufactured substance rather than natural substance. It appears as a white or off-white powder which is primarily either snorted or swallowed. Injection has also been reported. Injection of drugs is associated with higher risks of overdose and other harms like infection. Mephedrone is a stimulant and its effects are reported to be similar in some ways to cocaine and MDMA. As mephedrone has only been widely used from around onwards, not much has been established scientifically about the specific effects of the drug. People who have used mephedrone report stimulant effects such as increased energy, self-confidence and talkativeness. When mephedrone is snorted, it only takes a few minutes for its effects to appear, and the effects generally peak in half an hour or less. When swallowed usually wrapped in a cigarette paper its effects can take more than 45 minutes to appear, depending on factors like how much food is in the stomach. People using the drug also report a comedown period after use, which can also be compared to the comedown periods experienced after cocaine , speed or MDMA use. Users have reported that it is very tempting to take more mephedrone again and again to keep the high going and to prevent the comedown. This increases the risks of immediate harm and may increase the risk of becoming addicted. Much of the information in this section was taken from Schifano et al, There have been deaths associated with or caused by mephedrone use , although not as many as were reported in the media. Usually, deaths involved very high doses, mephedrone use with alcohol and other drugs including interacting prescription drugs or pre-existing problems such as heart or liver conditions. Mephedrone deaths and serious emergencies occur in a similar way to deaths from other strong stimulants. The drug effects can overload the heart, and overheating can cause seizures and organ failure. Fatal accidents have also been associated with the drug. It should always be treated as a medical emergency if someone collapses having taken mephedrone, suffers seizures, or sudden chest pains. Other much more common nasty effects, usually associated with moderate or high doses, include feeling unbearably hot, feeling faint or that your heart is racing uncomfortably fast. Some people suffer paranoia, frightening hallucinations, confusion, panic and agitation. If you or a friend gets these symptoms, stay as calm as you can, move if necessary to a more relaxed, cooler environment and try to calm down. Lying down may be helpful, taking slow breaths, breathing in and out of a paper bag helps with panic. If it does help and you feel totally recovered, it is still sensible not to get back into the party and take more mephedrone. Some people have binged on mephedrone for several days. Eating, drinking, sleeping and resting are vital. Missing these things makes someone more likely to suffer from any of the potential harms, from the slightly unpleasant effects to seizures, psychosis and death. As with other stimulants such as speed or cocaine , taking mephedrone if you have a heart problem or high blood-pressure is likely to be riskier. Mental health should be taken into account, as the chance of panic, paranoia, hallucinations and compulsive bingeing are likely to be increased if you have a disorder that predisposes you to these. The risks of harm, including death, are likely to be increased by taking the drug whilst being on prescribed medication especially antidepressants or particularly taking other stimulant drugs such as amphetamines, MDMA and cocaine. Not enough is currently known about mephedrone to say how harmful use would be over a long period of time. It is probable that the long term harms of mephedrone would be similar to drugs such as cocaine and MDMA due to their similar effects and structure. There is also some suggestion that mephedrone could be quite addictive, with cravings and low mood unless the drug is taken. However, there has not yet been enough rigorous scientific investigation into mephedrone addiction. Mephedrone harm reduction advice is partly based on what we know of related drugs like amphetamines and MDMA, as not enough research has been done on mephedrone specifically. If you are dancing also you may overheat and become dehydrated. It is therefore a good idea to take regular breaks from dancing and drink moderate amounts of water. Before mephedrone was made illegal, people would sell mephedrone as plant fertilizer, bath salts or as a research chemical. This was a disguise for selling it for use as a recreational drug, to get around the law. Drug Science is an independent, science-led drugs charity. We rely on donations to continue to promote evidence-based information about drugs without political or commercial interference. We are grateful … But we need more. Becoming a donor will help ensure we can continue our work. Join our Community and access opportunities to become more deeply engaged in our work. Search for:. Keep up with developments in drug science Reading, engaging with, and sharing our publications, papers and commentary gives evidence-based science and policy the audience it needs and deserves. Home Mephedrone Meow Meow. Mephedrone Meow Meow. Previous: MDMA. Module: Psilocybin Science. Next: Modafinil. What is mephedrone? What are the different forms of mephedrone? How does mephedrone work as a drug in the body and brain? What are the effects of mephedrone? Does mephedrone have any medical uses? None known. What are the risks of using mephedrone? Are there health conditions that make mephedrone more dangerous? Mixing mephedrone with other drugs. What are the long-term effects of mephedrone on health and wellbeing? Mephedrone harm reduction advice. Mephedrone myths and misunderstandings. Is it actually plant food or bath salts? Related Content. December 1 Would you let your teenager try psychedelics? November 15 Where are we now? November 14 November 10 Support our work and help ensure that evidence-based research can influence policy and public opinion, not political or commercial agenda.
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Certain types of amphetamines are used in clinical medicine for their medical value. However, there are other types of amphetamines which have no medical value and are abused simply as recreational drugs. A number of these types of amphetamines are highly addictive and one version of this substance that is gaining increasing notoriety is mephedrone. As the drug is just beginning to gain widespread attention, very little information about its addictive potential is widely available. Mephedrone is a synthetic psychoactive drug and stimulant that is made by combining cathinone and amphetamine drugs. The drug is not the same as methadone, which is used as medication to treat heroin addiction. Mephedrone was initially created by chemists who were aiming to develop a cheaper alternative to ecstasy or amphetamine, which would yield the same effects. The drug is popularly abused on the club scene for recreational purposes, and many of its abusers are under the false impression that mephedrone is non-addictive. While all these effects may seem harmless, you should know that long-term abuse of mephedrone can lead to a variety of physical, mental and behavioural disorders. The best thing is to abstain from ever using mephedrone. The longer you let substance abuse go on, the more danger you expose yourself and your loved ones to. Mephedrone sold on the streets is available in a variety of forms, including crystals, powder, tablets and capsules. Depending on the chemical process used to prepare it, mephedrone can have a strong odour that can be likened to that of fish, urine, bleach, vanilla or chemicals used for cleaning electronic circuit boards. Most abusers of mephedrone abuse the drug by snorting it or by taking it orally. You can also smoke or inject it or use it via rectal intake. Bath salts are known to contain mephedrone, while other synthetic cathinones can commonly be found in certain insecticides and plant foods. Researchers within the pharmaceutical industry initially created mephedrone in the s while experimenting with cathinone. However, mephedrone never came to be legitimately used as medication, unlike other synthetic cathinones such as the antidepressant, buproprion, or the appetite suppressant, pyrovalerone. Thereafter, mephedrone remained mostly unknown until the early s, when it began to make a comeback as an illicitly manufactured stimulant. At present, the sale, possession or use of mephedrone is banned by government law. However, the drug is still widely made in China, from where it is exported to other countries around the world for recreational abuse. Between and , mephedrone abuse grew rapidly in the UK. This helped dealers effectively circumvent the provisions of consumer standards, the Medicines Act, and the Misuse of Drugs Act. After it was classified as a Class B drug in the UK in April , mephedrone immediately went underground and its sale was taken over by street dealers. This increased the price of the drug and the purity of mephedrone illicitly sold on the streets since then is often very questionable. You might use mephedrone in order to enjoy some of its psychoactive or stimulant effects, but you need to keep in mind that as with any other form of substance abuse, recreational use of mephedrone can easily lead to long-term physical and psychological issues. However, because it is a psychoactive substance, it can definitely lead to psychological addiction. This can occur rapidly, due to the fact that the enjoyable effects of mephedrone usually last for only about an hour or less. This leads to re-dosing repeatedly over a short period of time and subsequently a dependence on the drug to achieve a desired level of satisfaction. By abusing mephedrone in such a manner, psychological addiction can develop in as little as just a few days. Abusing mephedrone is a danger to both your physical and mental health. These dangers can become apparent within a very short time of continued abuse. If you or a loved has developed a mephedrone habit, please seek help right away. The sooner mephedrone usage is stopped, the sooner you or your loved one will be out of danger. There might be no proof that mephedrone is physically addictive, but there are a variety of clinical assertions that the drug can cause side effects, whose severity ranges from moderate to severe. You can expect to experience the following if mephedrone is continuously abused:. The greatest risk of abusing mephedrone is an accidental overdose, which can lead to more serious health complications that require immediate medical intervention. Around , the abuse of mephedrone amongst young people was close to reaching epidemic levels. Available evidence has already shown clearly that mephedrone abuse can lead to psychological addiction in as little as a few days. Amphetamine is a stimulant that acts on your central nervous system when used. Stimulants are psychoactive drugs that enhance performance of certain physical and mental functions. Cathinone on the other hand is a substance that is extracted from the khat plant. Cathinone can occur naturally, but mephedrone is a synthetic version of cathinone. Mephedrone can be categorised under the entactogen class of psychoactive drugs, because it can cause enhanced emotional and social sensations similar to the effects of MDMA or ecstasy. One of the greatest dangers of abusing mephedrone is the relatively short duration of its effects. This cycle of continuous dosing is what ultimately leads to developing a psychological dependence on the drug. Users commonly abuse the drug by snorting it. There are also those who prefer to take it orally, smoke it or ingest it. Others even use it as a suppository. The abuse of mephedrone has been linked to the development of certain physical and mental complications. These and similar preparations can also contain active ingredients such as MDPV and butylone, which are substances capable of causing mind-altering effects. Aside from being consumed as an ingredient in bath salts, mephedrone can also be abused by itself as an intravenous IV drug. Continued abuse of the drug can trigger a variety of dangerous and unpleasant short-term side effects, and can also negatively impact your normal cognitive function, memory and mood on a permanent basis. Synthetic cathinones like mephedrone affect the central nervous system in a way that closely resembles how stimulants such as methylphenidate Ritalin , cocaine, MDMA and amphetamines operate. These substances — including mephedrone — affect the production of the neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in your brain. Increasing serotonin levels will enhance your sense of well-being and happiness. A dopamine increase caused by mephedrone will trigger an intense feeling of euphoria by increasing activity in the parts of your brain that produce pleasurable rewards. Possible short-term side effects of mephedrone are varied. People who use the drug in increasingly high doses or intravenously are at the most risk, as they might face complications such as chest tightness, blurred vision, heart muscle inflammation or hyponatremia a dangerous form of fluid imbalance. Other possible short-term complications include:. Typical stimulant drugs can cause addiction after long-term use. This implies that long-term abuse might not lead to substance dependence, but can lead to major depressive disorder. Quitting mephedrone after abusing it over a long period of time can be difficult for most addicts, due to the fact their body has to relearn how to function normally without the substance in their system. To make the withdrawal period as comfortable as possible, it is recommended that you opt for a medically assisted detox. This will help manage and minimise the symptoms of withdrawal and facilitate a healthy and smoother recovery. On the 16th April , mephedrone was declared illegal and its importation into the UK was banned. The drug now enjoys a Class B drug status which means selling it, possessing it or giving it away is an illegal act that is punishable by law. Dealing the drug can earn a year jail term and an unlimited fine, while possession could lead to a five -ear jail term. The price of mephedrone on the street has risen sharply since its ban. Even though the price is now roughly triple what it once was, the purity of a typical mephedrone batch is often low, as dealers combine the drug with other substances. In-depth research has proven mephedrone is unsafe, regardless of the dosage used. A number of deaths related to the abuse of mephedrone have been recorded in both the UK and Sweden. Evidence also suggests that continued mephedrone usage can eventually lead to impotence and even more drastic health complications. Making a full recovery from mephedrone addiction is not impossible, as long as you get the right type of help. Most psychological and physical issues brought on by mephedrone abuse often heal naturally if given enough time. The important thing is to quit mephedrone today, so your body can begin recovering and you can get your life back on track. The longer you wait before you get help, the more damage will be done. Mephedrone is a synthetic psychoactive drug and stimulant that is made by combining cathinone and amphetamine classes of drugs. Aside from these effects, abusing mephedrone can also lead to a number of physical, mental and behavioural disorders — some of which can be short or long-term. Typically, the effects of mephedrone last for about an hour before fading. Effects are said to be similar to those experienced when combining ecstasy and cocaine. Methadone is a legal pharmaceutical medication and synthetic opiate used as a potent painkiller to help people going through heroin withdrawal. Mephedrone has no medicinal value. Bath salts and mephedrone are not the same. The relationship between the two substances lies in the fact that bath salts often contain mephedrone as an active ingredient. A survey of Mixmag readers in indicated that Mephedrone was the fourth most popular street drug in the UK behind cocaine, cannabis and ecstasy. In , as its use became more prevalent, the UK parliament classified Mephedrone as a Class B drug and its sale illegal. In order to determine if you are addicted to mephedrone or any other substance, the following will be taken into consideration:. This can lead to an abuser re-dosing several times within hours in order to maintain the effects of the drug. This frequent dosing and re-dosing can lead to a psychological addiction to mephedrone and in some cases, perhaps physical addiction as well. After detox rids your body of toxins from abusing mephedrone , rehabilitation follows, which consists of a variety of therapies. The rehabilitation process will restore you psychologically and help you find new ways to enjoy life healthily and cope without being plagued by substance dependence. Mephedrone Addiction and Abuse. What is Mephedrone? If you use mephedrone, it is possible to experience any of the following immediate effects:. Euphoria Excitement Talkativeness Stimulation. Increased openness Restlessness Increased libido. Get Confidential Help Now. Causes of mephedrone abuse and addiction You might use mephedrone in order to enjoy some of its psychoactive or stimulant effects, but you need to keep in mind that as with any other form of substance abuse, recreational use of mephedrone can easily lead to long-term physical and psychological issues. Risks of mephedrone abuse There might be no proof that mephedrone is physically addictive, but there are a variety of clinical assertions that the drug can cause side effects, whose severity ranges from moderate to severe. Profuse sweating Paranoia Nausea Heart palpitations. Headaches Hallucinations Extreme panic attacks Blue or cold fingers. Why is mephedrone addictive? Addictive properties of mephedrone: Methods of use. Mephedrone abuse and addiction: Signs, effects and symptoms The abuse of mephedrone has been linked to the development of certain physical and mental complications. Signs and symptoms of mephedrone abuse Signs and symptoms that are typically indicative of mephedrone abuse include:. A strong odour of cat urine or something similar on the drug abuser High energy levels and incessant talkativeness Insomnia Hyperhidrosis excessive sweating Headaches and heart palpitations. Vomiting Blue colour and cold sensation in the fingers Rapid and unexplained weight loss Increasing frequency and severity of panic attacks Hallucinations and increasing paranoia. Effects of mephedrone abuse Synthetic cathinones like mephedrone affect the central nervous system in a way that closely resembles how stimulants such as methylphenidate Ritalin , cocaine, MDMA and amphetamines operate. Short-term mephedrone abuse effects Possible short-term side effects of mephedrone are varied. Vomiting Twitching or muscle tremors Loss of normal circulation in lips Lack of appetite Insomnia. Increased heart rate or irregularity Increased body temperature and blood pressure Hostility or paranoia Heart failure. Energy surges Dry mouth Dilated pupils Anxiety. Long-Term mephedrone abuse effects Typical stimulant drugs can cause addiction after long-term use. Other recorded long-term side effects of mephedrone abuse include:. Difficulty sleeping Muscle spasms. Mephedrone withdrawal Quitting mephedrone after abusing it over a long period of time can be difficult for most addicts, due to the fact their body has to relearn how to function normally without the substance in their system. Withdrawal symptoms can include:. Tiredness Stuffy nose Irritability Increased appetite. Feeling depressed, emotional and tearful Feeling anxious Difficulty concentrating Cravings. Mephedrone abuse: Facts and statistics On the 16th April , mephedrone was declared illegal and its importation into the UK was banned. Get clean and quit mephedrone today Making a full recovery from mephedrone addiction is not impossible, as long as you get the right type of help. What kind of drug is mephedrone? What are the effects of taking mephedrone? Abusers of mephedrone often use the drug to experience the following effects: Boost in confidence and alertness Euphoria Excitement Increased openness Heightened sex drive Aside from these effects, abusing mephedrone can also lead to a number of physical, mental and behavioural disorders — some of which can be short or long-term. What is the difference between mephedrone and methadone? Their names might be similar, but mephedrone and methadone are different substances. Is mephedrone the same as bath salts? What are the street names for mephedrone? How common is mephedrone addiction? Are You addicted to mephedrone? What causes addiction? How is mephedrone addiction treated? How Long Does Rehab Take? How Much Does Rehab Cost? Where Should I Attend Rehab? What Is Luxury Treatment? Is Insurance Accepted? We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Ok Read More.
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Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Remember me Log in. Lost your password? Rated 5. Mephedrone , also known as 4- methyl methcathinone 4-MMC or 4- methyl ephedrone , is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. Description Additional information Reviews 1 Mephedrone , also known as 4- methyl methcathinone 4-MMC or 4- methyl ephedrone , is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. It is chemically similar to the cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa. Mephedrone may comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort or inject, producing similar effects to MDMA , amphetamines and cocaine. In addition to its stimulant effects, mephedrone produces side effects , of which bruxism is the most common. The metabolism of mephedrone has been studied in rats and humans and the metabolites can be detected in urine after usage. By , 4-MMC was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound, and by , it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom. How to Order 4-MMC Online Users have reported that 4-MMC causes euphoria , stimulation , an enhanced appreciation for music , an elevated mood , decreased hostility , improved mental function and mild sexual stimulation ; these effects are similar to the effects of cocaine , amphetamines and MDMA , and last different amounts of time depending on the way the drug is taken. Of 70 Dutch users of mephedrone, 58 described it as an overall pleasant experience and 12 described it as an unpleasant experience. In a survey of UK users who had previously taken cocaine, most users found it produced a better-quality and longer-lasting high and was less addictive. It is a chiral compound and both of its enantiomers display similar potency as substrates at dopamine transporters. R -Mephedrone is much less potent than 4-MMC as a substrate at serotonin transporters. The keto oxygen renders 4-MMC more hydrophilic than the corresponding methylamphetamines , which may account for the higher doses required to achieve a similar effect, because meph is less able to cross the blood—brain barrier. A study in mice investigated the interrelation between these two substances , focusing on the psychostimulant and rewarding properties of mephedrone. It found that at low non-stimulant doses alcohol significantly enhanced the psychostimulant effects of mephedrone. This effect was mediated by an increase in synaptic dopamine , as haloperidol , but not ketanserin , was able to block the potentiation by alcohol. Similarly, the rewarding properties of mephedrone were enhanced by a low non-rewarding dose of alcohol. Quantity 5 g, 10 g, 25 g, 50 g, g, g, g. Rated 5 out of 5. Related products. Quick View. Select options. Search for:. Powered by Joinchat. How can we help? Choose an option 5 g 10 g 25 g 50 g g g g Clear.
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Mephedrone , also known as 4-methylmethcathinone 4-MMC , or 4-methylephedrone , is a synthetic stimulant and entactogen drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. Slang names include meph , \\\\[ 5 \\\\] drone , \\\\[ 6 \\\\] and MCAT. It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which users can swallow, snort or inject, producing similar effects to MDMA , amphetamines , and cocaine. As well as producing the intended stimulant effects, negative side effects occur when mephedrone is used, with teeth grinding the most common. The metabolism of mephedrone has been studied in rats and humans, and the metabolites can be detected in urine after usage. Nothing is known about the potential neurotoxicity of mephedrone, but scientists have suggested possible dangers associated with its use based on its similarity to other drugs. Several people have died after consuming mephedrone, but some deaths that the media attributed to the drug were later determined to have been caused by other factors. Mephedrone was first synthesised in but did not become widely known until it was rediscovered in By mephedrone was reported to be available for sale on the internet, by law enforcement agencies had become aware of the compound and by it had been reported in most of Europe, becoming particularly prevalent in the United Kingdom. Mephedrone was first made illegal in Israel in , followed by Sweden later that year. In it was made illegal in many European countries and in December , the EU ruled it illegal. In September the USA temporarily classified mephedrone as illegal, with effect from October Mephedrone is one of hundreds of designer drugs or legal highs that have been reported in recent years, including artificial chemicals such as synthetic cannabis and semi-synthetic substances such as methylhexaneamine. These drugs are primarily developed to avoid being controlled by laws against illegal drugs, thus giving them the label of designer drugs. A drug similar to mephedrone, containing cathinone , was sold legally in Israel from around , under the name hagigat. When this was made illegal, the cathinone was modified and the new products were sold by the Israeli company, Neorganics. Their research suggests that the drug first became available to purchase on the internet in , when it was also discussed on internet forums. Europol noted that they became aware of it in , after it was found in Denmark, Finland and the UK. Between the summer of and March the use of mephedrone grew rapidly in the UK, with it becoming readily available at music festivals , head shops and on the internet. Whilst the evidence is anecdotal, researchers, charity workers, teachers and users have reported widespread and increasing use of the drug. The drug's rapid growth in popularity was believed to be related to both its availability and legality. In comparison over a similar time period, the entries for cocaine and MDMA were accessed approximately times. Media organisations including the BBC and The Guardian , as well as a news section in the Annals of Botany \\\\[ 38 \\\\] later corrected \\\\[ 39 \\\\] , incorrectly reported that mephedrone was commonly used as a plant fertiliser. In fact sellers of the drug described it as 'plant food' because it was illegal to sell the compound for human consumption. On 30 March , Alan Johnson , the then Home Secretary , announced that mephedrone would be made illegal 'within weeks' after the ACMD sent him a report on the use of cathinones. He said that the decision by the Home Secretary was 'unduly based on media and political pressure' and there was 'little or no discussion about how our recommendation to classify this drug would be likely to impact on young people's behaviour. We need to stop harming people who need help and support'. The parliamentary debate was held on 8 April, one day after the general election had been announced, meaning it was during the so-called 'wash-up period' when legislation is passed with little scrutiny. Only one hour was spent debating the ban and all three parties agreed, meaning that no vote was required. Compared to previous surveys, more users purchased it off dealers, rather than the internet. Of the various drugs used by the survey participants, it was the most likely for users to have concerns about. Rather than the price rising due to increased scarcity of the drug, it is thought to have risen for two other reasons. Firstly dealers know that there is still demand for mephedrone, but are aware that supplies of mephedrone may be exhausted in the future. Secondly, the dealers perceive that customers are likely to be willing to pay more, for an illegal substance. In the first six months of , the number of cocaine related deaths fell for the first time in four years, and fewer soldiers tested positive for cocaine in than in She suggested that this may have been due to users switching to mephedrone from cocaine, but cautioned that before full figures are available for and , it will be difficult to determine whether mephedrone saved lives, rather than cost them. There have been no formal published studies into the effects of mephedrone psychological and behavioural effects of mephedrone on humans nor on animals from which the potential effects could be extrapolated. As a result, the only information available comes from users themselves and clinical reports of acute mephedrone toxicity. Users have reported that mephedrone causes euphoria , stimulation , an enhanced appreciation for music , an elevated mood , decreased hostility , improved mental function and mild sexual stimulation ; these effects are similar to the effects of cocaine, amphetamines and MDMA. These effects last different amounts of time, depending on the way the drug is taken. When taken orally, users report they can feel the effects within 15—45 minutes, when snorted the effects are felt within minutes and peak within half an hour. The effects last for between two and three hours when taken orally or nasally, but only half an hour if taken intravenously. The ECMDDA reported that mephedrone can cause various unintended side effects including: poor concentration , teeth grinding , problems focusing visually, poor short-term memory , hallucinations, delusions, erratic behaviour \\\\[ 1 \\\\] and dilated pupils. Other effects that users in internet forums have noted include changes in body temperature, increased heart rate , breathing difficulties, loss of appetite, increased sweating , discolouration of extremeties, anxiety , paranoia and depression. They reported that none of their patients suffered from cold or blue peripheries, contrary to other reports. Nine out of the 15 of patients had a Glasgow Coma Scale GCS of 15 indicating that they were in a normal mental state, 4 had a GCS below 8, but these patients all reported using a central nervous system depressant, most commonly GHB , with mephedrone. The patients also reported polydrug use of a variety of compounds. Almost nothing is known about the long-term effects of the drug due to the short history of its use. Mephedrone can come in the form of capsules, tablets or white powder that users may swallow, snort, inject, smoke or use rectally. Of those, two thirds snorted the drug and the average dosage per session was 0. Users who snorted the drug reported using more per session than those who took it orally 0. This was contrary to another study in New Zealand where users of benzylpiperazine thought that because it was legal it was safe. The drugs advice charity Lifeline recommends that to reduce the potential harm caused by using mephedrone, users should only use mephedrone occasionally less than weekly , use less than 0. Users should also drink plenty of water whilst taking the drug as it causes dehydration. Very little is known about the pharmacology of mephedrone. The actions of amphetamines and cathinones are determined by the differences in how they bind to noradrenalin, dopamine and serotonin transporters. We don't have a testing system. It could be very dangerous, we just don't know. These chemicals have never been put into animals, let alone humans. He also told the BBC 'all we can say is \\\\[mephedrone\\\\] is probably as harmful as ecstasy and amphetamines and wait until we have some better scientific evidence to support that. An article published in a edition of British Journal of Pharmacology examined the effects of mephedrone, MDMA , and amphetamine in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Dopamine and serotonin were collected using microdialysis, and increases in dopamine and serotonin were measured using HPLC. Reward and drug seeking are linked to increases in dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens, and drug half-life plays a role in drug seeking as well. Based on histological examination, most of the author's probes were in the nucleus accumbens shell. They reached their peak concentrations at 40 minutes and 20 minutes, respectively, and returned to baseline by minutes post injection. Analysis of the ratio of the AUC for dopamine DA and serotonin 5-HT indicated that mephedrone was preferentially a serotonin releaser, with a ratio of 1. Additionally, half-lives for the decrease in DA and 5-HT were calculated for each drug. Mephedrone had decay rates of MDMA had decay values of Taken together, these findings show that mephedrone induces a massive increase in both DA and 5-HT, combined with rapid clearance. The rapid rise and subsequent fall of DA levels could explain some of the addictive properties that mephedrone displays in some users. Based on the analysis of rat and human urine by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry , mephedrone is thought to be metabolised by three phase I pathways. It can be demethylated to the primary amine producing compounds 2, 3 and 5 the ketone group can be reduced producing 3 or the tolyl group can be oxidised producing 6. It is thought that 5 and 6 are further metabolised by conjugation to the glucuronide and sulfate derivatives. Knowledge of the primary routes of metabolism should allow the intake of mephedrone to be confirmed by drug tests , as well as more accurate determination of the cause of side effects and potential for toxicity. As of March , there have been no reported studies on the potential neurotoxicity of mephedrone \\\\[ 77 \\\\] nor is the median lethal dose known. Shortly afterwards they 'developed palpitations, 'blurred tunnel vision,' chest pressure and sweating'. The patient was treated with 1 mg of lorazepam and the sympathomimetic features decreased and they were discharged within 6 hours of arrival. He was treated with lorazepam and discharged 15 hours after admission. Simon Gibbons and Mire Zloh of The School of Pharmacy, University of London stated that based on the chemical similarities between methcathinone and mephedrone, 'it is highly likely that mephedrone will display neurotoxicity'. They concluded that experimental research is needed to investigate the toxicity of mephedrone. The doctors treating the patient stated it was caused by either a direct toxic effect of mephedrone on the heart muscle, or by an immune response. The patient started to recover after arriving at the hospital and it was not necessary to administer any medication. Mephedrone may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to provide evidence in a medicolegal death investigation. In , an year-old Swedish woman died in Stockholm after taking mephedrone. The tabloid newspaper Svenska Dagbladet reported that the woman went into convulsions and turned blue in the face. An autopsy showed severe brain swelling. The possession of mephedrone became classified as a criminal offence in Sweden on 15 December In , there were unconfirmed reports speculating about the role mephedrone has played in the deaths of several young people in the UK. By July , mephedrone had been alleged to be involved in 52 fatalities in the UK, but detected in only 38 of these cases. Of the nine that coroners had finished investigating, two were caused directly by mephedrone. Toxicology reports showed that the teenagers had in fact not taken any mephedrone and that they in fact died as a result of consuming alcohol and the heroin substitute methadone. Mephedrone has been implicated in the death of a 22 year old male, who had also injected black tar heroin. Mephedrone was found in his blood at a concentration of 0. The blood concentration of morphine, a metabolite of heroin, was 0. Mephedrone is a white substance. It is sold most commonly as crystals or a powder, but also in the form of capsules or pills. Mephedrone can be synthesised in several ways. The simplest method, due to the availability of the compounds, \\\\[ 1 \\\\] is to add 4-methylpropiophenone dissolved in glacial acetic acid to bromine , creating an oil fraction of 4'-methylbromopropiophenone. The oil fraction can then be dissolved in dichloromethane CH 2 Cl 2 and drops of the solution added to another solution of CH 2 Cl 2 containing methylamine hydrochloride and triethylamine. Hydrochloric acid HCl is then added and the aqueous layer is removed and turned alkaline using sodium hydroxide before the amine is extracted using CH 2 Cl 2. The CH 2 Cl 2 is then evaporated using a vacuum, creating an oil which is then dissolved in a non-aqueous ether. HCl gas is then bubbled through the mixture to produce 4-methylmethcathinone hydrochloride. It can also be produced by oxidising the ephedrine analogue 4-methylephedrine using potassium permanganate dissolved in sulfuric acid. Because 4-methylephedrine can be obtained in a specific enantiomeric form it is possible to produce mephedrone consisting of only one enantiomer. There is a danger associated with this method as it may cause manganese poisoning if the product is not correctly purified. A stereospecific form of S -mephedrone could be prepared via Friedel—Crafts acylation. The first step in the synthesis would react toluene and S -N-trifluoroacetylalanoyl chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride , then deprotect the intermediate with hydrochloric acid-propyl alcohol. This would produce S methylcathinone, which could then be methylated to produce mephedrone. One published study that analysed samples of mephedrone bought off the internet in the UK in found that it was racemic a mixture of both stereoisomers and of high purity. When mephedrone was rediscovered in , it was not specifically illegal to possess in any country. As its use has increased many countries have passed legislation making the possession, sale and manufacturing of mephedrone illegal. It was first made illegal in Israel , where it had been found in products such as Neodoves pills, in January In June , it was classified as a narcotic with the possession of 15 grams or more resulting in a minimum of two years in prison - a longer sentence, gram for gram than given for the possession of cocaine or heroin. In , as its use became more prevalent, many countries passed legislation prohibiting mephedrone. On 7 April the Misuse of Drugs Act Amendment Order was passed by parliament, making mephedrone and other substituted cathinones, Class B drugs from 16 April In some countries, mephedrone is not specifically listed as illegal but is controlled under legislation that makes compounds illegal if they are analogs of drugs already listed. In Australia during it was not specifically listed as prohibited, \\\\[ 15 \\\\] but the Australian Federal Police state that it is an analogue to methcathinone and therefore illegal. In February , 22 men were arrested in conjunction with importing mephedrone. Cathinone and methcathinone are listed in separate sections of Schedule III while diethylpropion and pyrovalerone also cathinones , are listed in separate sections of Schedule IV, each without language to capture analogues, isomers, etc. The Drug Enforcement Administration state that as an analogue of methcathinone , possession of mephedrone can be controlled by the Federal Analog Act , but according to the Los Angeles Times this only applies if it is sold for human consumption. This action was claimed to be necessary to protect the public from the supposed hazard posed by the drug. Except as authorized by law, this action will make possessing and selling Mephedrone or the products that contain it illegal in the U. Wikimedia Foundation. Naphyrone — NRG 1 redirects here. For the protein NRG1, see Neuregulin 1. Designer drug — Not to be confused with Drug design. Designer drug is a term used to describe drugs that are created or marketed, if they had already existed to get around existing drug laws, usually by preparing analogs or derivatives of existing drugs by… … Wikipedia. Methedrone — Not to be confused with methedrine, mephedrone, methadone, or methylone. Substituted amphetamine — Optical isomers of amphetamine D amphetamine … Wikipedia. Mephedrone Not to be confused with methedrine, methedrone , methadone , or methylone. Retrieved Addiction 1 : — PMID Ecstasy and related drug trends bulletin. Archived from the original on Annales de Toxicologie Analytique 21 S1 : Lifeline publications. London: The Daily Telegraph. BBC News. International Journal of Drug Policy 22 2 : — Mephedrone: the phantom menace'. Vice Magazine. The Observer. 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March The Drug Treatment Centre Board. Regulation amending the Ordinance banning certain hazardous goods\\\\]' in Swedish. Dala Demokraten. City Magazine. September Retrieved 17 March Croatian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare. Selected laws in Germany - Buzer. Romanian Health Ministry. Isle of Man Today. Irish Independent. Police Professional. Office of Public Sector Information. The Huntsville Times. Irish Department of Health and Children. The Irish Times. Belgian Department of Justice. Italian Ministry of Health. French Ministry of Health and Sports. Die Presse. Deutsche Welle. Sydney Morning Herald. The Age. New Zealand Ministry of Health. The Southland Times. Canadian Department of Justice. Globe and Mail. Canadian Medical Association Journal 9 : E—4. John's streets'. CBC News. The Montreal Gazette. The Telegram. United States Drug Enforcement Agency. Los Angeles Times. New York State Health Department. May 23 ABC News. Categories: Dopamine agonists Serotonin receptor agonists Cathinones Drugs acting on the nervous system Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system Euphoriants Phenethylamines Sympathomimetic amines. Designer drug is a term used to describe drugs that are created or marketed, if they had already existed to get around existing drug laws, usually by preparing analogs or derivatives of existing drugs by… … Wikipedia Methedrone — Not to be confused with methedrine, mephedrone, methadone, or methylone. Dictionaries export , created on PHP,. Mark and share Search through all dictionaries Translate… Search Internet. RS methylamino 4-methylphenyl propanone \\\\[ 1 \\\\] Oral , insufflation , IV, rectal , \\\\[ 2 \\\\] smoking \\\\[ 3 \\\\]. CID Contents 1 History 1. State level. Drug policy by country. Adenosine antagonists. See also Sympathomimetic amines. Phenethylamines and amphetamines , cathinones, etc. Receptor ligands. Reuptake inhibitors. Releasing agents. Enzyme inhibitors. DAT inhibitors. VMAT inhibitors. PAH inhibitors. TH inhibitors. MAO inhibitors. COMT inhibitors. DBH inhibitors. Amphetamines Phenylisopropylamines. Catecholamines and relatives..