How to find Heroin online Iran
How to find Heroin online IranHow to find Heroin online Iran
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How to find Heroin online Iran
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人気提案 ノラネコぐんだん 絵本
For almost all injecting drug users IDUs , the first site of injection is the arm. Although injection to sites other than the arm is associated with higher risks, literature is limited regarding this behavior. We aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of using IV access points other than the arm among a national sample of IDUs in Iran. Data on socio-demographics, pattern of drug use, and injection-related behaviors were entered into a logistic regression to determine predictors of injection to sites other than the arm. From all participants, The other injection sites were the femoral venous sinus Using sites other than the arm for IV injection is linked to socio-demographics, drug use data, and injection-related characteristics that can be used by policy makers. This information can be used for harm reduction planning. Intravenous IV access points can develop several local complications that may involve skin or vascular structure 1 — 9. These complications vary in severity from a simple erythema and pain, to necrosis, thrombophlebitis, vein sclerosis, and occlusion. Following these complications, injecting drug users IDUs show interest in using other IV access points from an unusable vein to a new useable one 10 , Clinicians, public health practitioners, and policy makers may use such information to protect the health of IDUs. Although we know that first injections often begin in the arm as the primary point for IV access 10 , there is lack of knowledge on trajectory of IDUs in using different IV access points. According to the current literature, most IDUs begin their injecting practice using the arm and then gradually shift to other sites including forearm, upper arm, hand, neck, feet, leg, and femoral vein. The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence and associated factors of non-arm injection among Iranian IDUs using heroin. Data came from the National Drug Dependence Survey that was conducted in and used a cross-sectional design. The main survey had a sample size of 7, performed by the research center for substance abuse and dependence at the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Some other manuscripts have been published from this database 12 , The sampling strategy in treatment centers and prisons was random, but snowball in streets. The number of samples taken from every province was proportional to the population of the province. The sampling started in April and lasted for 5 months. Each interview took 60—90 min. Data were collected using a paper-based questionnaire that was the modified version of the one used in the previous national survey in Iran The questionnaire included 69 items in nine sections. This study used a sample of all IDUs with at least once daily heroin injections for 1 year. Participants were all heroin users with at least once daily heroin injections. We entered the following data into our analysis: socio-economic data, drug use pattern, and injection-related data. Responses included the femoral venous sinus, groin, neck, and other sites. The study was approved by the ethical review committee of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants after they had been verbally reassured that the information would be kept confidential, especially from the correctional system. Logistic regression was used for multivariable analysis. From the total IDUs who were enrolled into this study, most participants were mostly men, Muslim, and had started drug use with opioids Table 1. Table 1. Participants had a mean age of First drug use and injection had begun at Injection duration was 6. Sites other than the arm were reported to be the site of injection among Table 2. From the above list of factors, the effect of injection duration and injection frequency on likelihood of shifting to other sites of injection was expected, as shift in IV access point occurs as drug injection progresses. That is, the shift in site of drug use may be a part of the natural history of drug injection. However, in the very limited pool of published evidences about pattern of IV access points, we could not find any evidence confirming or rejecting our findings about the association of being Sunni, family income, age at first drug use, or our outcome. In contrast to our expectations, and opposite to the literature that emphasizes the role of low socio-economic status as a risk factor of poor health 15 — 18 and health risk behaviors 19 , 20 , our study suggested that IDUs with higher family income may be at higher risk of shifting to using other IV access points. Different from most of the literature, it was not lower age at first drug use 21 , 22 but higher age at first drug use that was associated with higher risk of shifting from the arm to another injection site. Baldwin et al. Heavy drug use, during a critical period of neurobiological development, may also lead to dysfunction in memory and learning, inhibition, and executive functioning and neuronal activation, or even ultimately alterations in brain structure The use of injection sites other than the arm among IDUs is a major public health concern. Such behaviors are often associated with an increased risk of vascular complications such as deep vein thrombosis, leg ulcers, and vascular insufficiency. In addition, in some sites such as the groin and neck, the close proximity to other organs poses the risk of inadvertent trauma to these sites Unfortunately, data is systematically scarce in this regard Within non-arm injection sites, the most frequent site was the groin. According to the literature, among heroin IDUs, groin injection seems convenient, providing quick access, with little mess and less pain than smaller more awkward veins. The formation of sinuses over time facilitates continued use of the groin According to our findings, likelihood of non-arm injection increases by an increase in injection duration. Literature confirms that most IDUs begin to use other injection sites years after their first injection According to a study, IDUs shift to injection in the forearm in 2 years, shift to injection in the upper arm in 3. Injectors decide to shift to a new injection site when they believe the previous site is no longer accessible Based on harm reduction protocols, practices such as the rotation of injecting sites may prevent scar tissue occlusion, swelling, infections, and deep vein thrombosis among IDUs. In addition, literature cites that IDUs believe that this rotation is both difficult and unreliable. The rotation of injecting to both arms needs using non-dominant hands, which might seem problematic to IDUs. Secondary to this perceived difficulty, IDUs find other IV access points as convenient, providing quick access, with little mess and less pain than previously used arm veins Non-arm injection is of interest because it is linked to high rates of local complications including tissue damage, infections, and deep venous thrombosis 10 , Our recommendation to service providers is that site of injection is an important factor that should be asked about when a service is being delivered to an IDU. Harm reduction services in Iran should include safe injecting trainings for IDUs. This study sheds more light on the risk factors of transition to more severe injection sites. Of the factors, injection frequency and living status are modifiable, and can be considered as the target of prevention programs. Injecting to sites such as the femur or neck should be strongly discouraged, because of the associated health hazards. These veins are at proximity of vital arteries. Missing the aimed vein may result in hitting the artery or nerves, which may cause major health problems for the IDU 28 , Promotion of safe injection should be considered as a part of harm education programs, and may encourage the practice of safe injection among IDUs. Such training programs can be delivered as a part of needle exchange programs. Safe injecting education programs may benefit from information about the motivations for transitioning to new IV access points. We do not know whether training programs that enhance safe injection information among IDUs will increase the use of peripheral veins and decrease the use of risky injection sites such as neck and groin. IDUs should not be encouraged to use others for injection or injection facilitation, as presence of other IDUs at the time of injection may increase the risk of shared injection, which is linked to risk of blood-borne infections such as HIV. However, IDUs should receive information on health risks associated with transition to other access points for injections. Not only may the findings of this research be of interest to the policy makers in Iran, but they may also benefit the global harm reduction community. Groin injecting is a neglected topic. Similar studies will shed more light on factors that are linked to similar practices among IDUs. Information provided by this study is hoped to be used for the development of evidence-based safe injecting advice. Although Iran is a country that includes multiple ethnicities with unique cultures, we did not enter ethnicity to our analysis. Some participants were sampled using a snowball strategy, thus the results are not generalizable to all Iranian male IDUs. This study did not enquire data on the pattern of transition between different injection sites. The study only included heroin users, thus further research is needed on individuals who inject drugs other than heroin. This study had a retrospective design. Longitudinal studies are still required. Further work is needed to better understand the natural history of IDUs, especially their pattern of shift in IV access points. This behavior is attached to some socio-economic and drug-related characteristics. Information on factors associated with non-arm injection may be used for evidence-based harm reduction practice. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Recent incarceration linked to cutaneous injection-related infections among active injection drug users in a Canadian setting. J Community Health 35 6 —6. Cutaneous complications among i. J Dermatol 36 1 —9. Injection site abscesses in intravenous drug users. Frequency of associated complications related to localisation. Chirurg 76 11 —7. Del Giudice P. Cutaneous complications of intravenous drug abuse. Br J Dermatol 1 :1— CrossRef Full Text. Dermatology 2 — Horowitz HW. Learning to recognize scarring among intravenous drug users: a tool for HIV risk reduction. Am J Public Health 87 7 —4. Cherubin C, Sapira JD. The medical complications of drug addiction and the medical assessment of the intravenous drug user: 25 years later. Ann Intern Med 10 — Stein MD. Medical complications of intravenous drug use. J Gen Intern Med 5 3 — Maliphant J, Scott J. Harm Reduct J 2 1 Physical injecting sites among injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia. Drug Alcohol Depend 62 — Needle and syringe sharing among Iranian drug injectors. Harm Reduct J 6 Substance-dependent professional drivers in Iran: a descriptive study. Traffic Inj Prev 10 3 — Berkman L, Kawachi I, editors. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press Blakely T. Wellington: Ministry of Health The global distribution of risk factors by poverty: a complementary CRA. In: Murray C, editor. Geneva: World Health Organization Blakely T, Pearce N. Socioeconomic position is more than just NZ Dep. N Z Med J — Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with injecting drug use among drug users in Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 53 11 —6. Int J Drug Policy 21 1 — Social circumstances of initiation of injection drug use and early shooting gallery attendance: implications for HIV intervention among adolescent and young adult injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 32 1 — High risk behaviors of injection drug users registered with harm reduction programme in Karachi, Pakistan. Harm Reduct J 4 Effects of race, neighborhood, and social network on age at initiation of injection drug use. Am J Public Health 95 4 — The age of initiation of drug use and sexual behavior may influence subsequent HIV risk behavior: a systematic review. Drinking against unpleasant emotions: possible outcome of early onset of alcohol use? Alcohol Clin Exp Res 34 6 —7. The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. Clin EEG Neurosci 40 1 —8. Vascular complications of injecting drug misuse. Br J Surg 83 10 — Femoral vein thrombophlebitis and septic pulmonary embolism due to a mixed anaerobic infection including Solobacterium moorei : a case report. J Med Case Reports 2 1 Localized gangrene of the scrotum and penis: a complication of heroin injection into the femoral vessels. J Urol 1 : —3. Pubmed Abstract Pubmed Full Text. Psychiatry 5 The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Epidemiology and consequences of illicit drug use in developing countries. Psychiatry, 07 April Sec. Introduction Intravenous IV access points can develop several local complications that may involve skin or vascular structure 1 — 9. Materials and Methods Design and Setting Data came from the National Drug Dependence Survey that was conducted in and used a cross-sectional design. Secondary Analysis This study used a sample of all IDUs with at least once daily heroin injections for 1 year. Codes of Ethics The study was approved by the ethical review committee of the University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences. Results Demographics and Drug-Related Data From the total IDUs who were enrolled into this study, most participants were mostly men, Muslim, and had started drug use with opioids Table 1. This article is part of the Research Topic Epidemiology and consequences of illicit drug use in developing countries View all 5 Articles. People also looked at.
How to find Heroin online Iran
German customs find heroin hidden in Iranian carpets | The Straits Times
How to find Heroin online Iran
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The nine carpets, with heroin-packed chords in their weave, were bound for Poland, France, Belgium and Africa. The drugs had a street value of several million euros. The find led to arrests in the three European destination countries, said customs service spokeswoman Heike Wilsdorf, without giving numbers or further details. The highly-refined heroin was packed inside sheathed cords that were 'extremely cleverly and elaborately woven into nine carpets,' said a customs service statement on Tuesday. The drugs were spotted at the airport of the eastern city of Leipzig in X-ray images of the carpets, which were suspiciously heavy, each packing 5kg of heroin. The customs service said one was addressed to Congo but did not specify whether the destination was Democratic Republic of Congo or the Republic of Congo. Join ST's Telegram channel and get the latest breaking news delivered to you. Just sign up for a free account and log in to continue reading. German customs find heroin hidden in Iranian carpets. Sign up. Already have an account? Log in. Resend verification e-mail. Subscribe now. Frequently asked questions. Good job, you've read 3 articles today! Back to the top.
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Frontiers | Drug Injection to Sites other than Arm: A Study of Iranian Heroin Injectors
How to find Heroin online Iran