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By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. To browse Academia. The targeted area of our research is the road networks which extended along the Arpa and Yeghegis Rivers and their tributaries. The physical remains of archaeological sites and architectural buildings make up the medieval archaeological landscape of Vayots Dzor, which was actively integrated into the material and cultural exchanges, entailed within the phenomenon of the Silk Road. Across the seasons VDSRS has carried out an integrated study in the broad area from Chiva village to Vardahovit and from Gnishik to the Selim pass, recording and mapping multifarious archaeological sites settlements, fortresses, caravanserais, bridges, monastic complexes, chapels, khachkars i. The core of our research is based on the combination of three main groups of methods: a fieldwork, including site-based surveys and excavations generating spatial and material data, b study of literary and epigraphic sources, c study of travel notes, archival materials and ethnographic data, as well as related literature. The VDSRS is also focused on the study of daily life in the local communities which lived along the route, and questions how local people were linked with external worlds in all directions. As we will explore, our research program provides a picture of the Vayots Dzor region as a local world; at the same time, we will explore how due to the political strategies of the Orbelyans the region was involved in the greater Silk Road system. Ultimately, our ongoing work moves between explorations of how medieval inhabitants of Vayots Dzor experienced the world, and reflections on the continuing importance of the medieval landscape of Vayots Dzor in negotiations of Armenian memory, identity, and world politics. The medieval settlement of Arpa located to the 0. Arpa had an important administrative role as well, serving as a seat of government for prince Tarsayich Orbelyan. This research, focused on Arpa settlement, has generated important results, providing new datasets on both everday life and engagement with largescale phenomena. Arpa provides us with a view into the everyday life of people situated at a key point in both local political and social landscape, and along the route of travel. Our discussion of the results of a first season of excavation demonstrates the potential for continuing research into the medieval past of Vayots Dzor at both the site and landscape scales. Il progetto costituisce il primo esperimento di Light Archaeology in Armenia e nel Caucaso e i risultati attesi includono tanto progressi nella ricerca storicoarcheologica sul Medioevo armeno cc. In questo lavoro gli autori si soffermano sul secondo aspetto, presentando i quadri teorici e metodologici adottati al fine di approfondire la conoscenza sui fenomeni materiali e storici osservabili nella realizzazione dei paesaggi medievali a Vayots Dzor. In , the University of Florence and the State University of Yerevan started a joint archaeological and territorial research project in Vayots Dzor Armenia , in order to investigate the impact of long-range Eurasian connectivity in the creation and promotion of local medieval landscapes. The team is devoted to the development of integrated archaeological research, based on non-destructive investigation methods. The project represents the first experiment with Light Archaeology in Armenia and Caucasus, and expected results include advances in both archaeological-historical research about Armenian Middle Ages cc. The authors of the present paper shall focus on the latter point and present theoretical and methodological frameworks adopted by the Italian partner of the project in order to enhance the knowledge on material and historical phenomena observable in the making of medieval landscapes in Vayots Dzor. Within this chapter we will lay out a discussion of why landscape-scale archaeological research is so crucial to scholarship moving forward, particularly focussing on high and late medieval 12th—15th centuries AD Silk Road heritage within the Republic of Armenia. We will provide a brief overview of how the methods and research priorities of the first seasons of the Vayots Dzor Silk Road Survey VDSRS emerged from historical data pertaining to that landscape, as well as perceived obligations to heritage management concerns at the local and institute level. Ultimately, this chapter will attempt a preliminary synthesis of the VDSRS data, with the aim in mind of re characterising the Vayots Dzor section of the Silk Road Corridor as an object of study both in terms of its particular history and also with an awareness of the contemporary relevance of archaeological research in this region. This paper presents the preliminary results of archaeological research focused on political economy within the Kasakh Valley and the Armenian Highlands during the medieval period. Data from archaeological survey are compared with historical descriptions and information from architectural inscriptions in order to develop an understanding of the relationship between the archaeological landscape and medieval political economy. This project investigates how political changes in the Armenian highlands, such as the rise to power of the Vachutyans and other nobility, were related to trade relationships through the highlands at that time. The Kasakh valley was chosen for this project in order to better understand to the trade route which passed through the valley: this route is attested for the Roman and late medieval eras through documents and monuments. Archaeological and topographic data are integrated within a GIS database, enabling spatial analyses of the Kasakh valley archaeological landscape as a whole. These analyses observe changes over time in the structure and relationships of this landscape: between settlements, monasteries, fortresses, and the trade route s. The analyses address the question: how did political economy and landscape interact in the Kasakh valley, as local nobility created their power out of changing ideas about the world and the movement of people and goods through it. Archaeological sites of different periods that were leading centers in political, economical, social, cultural and other aspects in their respective periods have recently become an informative source for the study of the archaeology of Medieval Armenia. The activity of these sites stopped due to different political situations, sometimes also geographical changes or because they lost their important function of leading centers. The sites of Metsamor, Arguishtikhinili, Armavir, Artashat and Vagharshapat are such sites in the Ararat Plain where life continued in the High and into the Late medieval periods as well. The archaeological researches in these sites have been limited to only recording the medieval layer. This paper is the first and preliminary attempt to study the chronologically broader span of the activity of such sites in the medieval period showing their interconnections as a concentrated urban system. This study is important to fill in the hiatus of Armenian historical-historigraphical sources in the Mongol and Ilkhanid periods. In the Ararat Plain Dvin was the most important political, administrative, economical, cultural and religious center from the 4th century to the third decade of the 13th century. Records of the High and Late medieval layers including various residential and economic complexes and evidence of the urban production at the sites of Metsamor, Arguishtikhinili, Armavir, Artashat and Vagharshapat confirm the trade-economic and cultural connections between these settlements which formed around Dvin, the central city of the region. It is worth mentioning that after the fall of Dvin the urban life continues in these settlements into the Mongol-Ilkhanid periods and later, too. The study of the material culture of the medieval period in Metsamor is a good example to represent the different aspects of social life of settlements in High Middle Ages and links between the local settlements within a wider region. The medieval settlement in Metsamor which developed at the place of an ancient fortress was a constituent part of the medieval urban system in the Ararat plain. Although the assemblage of the archaeological material is not so large, with its variety it demonstrates the inhabitation of the site and provides new details for medieval chronology. The archaeological evidence from Metsamor reveals that the medieval settlement was connected with Dvin and contemporary settlements of the region through trade and economic ties and shared through culture. International Scientific Conference of Farsala, Proceedings, Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. The Making of the Silk Road in Armenia cc. Franklin and Babajanyan Franklin Early results of research into trade routes and political economy of medieval north Armenia Kate Franklin. Anatolica XL. Kate Franklin. Jennifer Webster. The Institute is a multi-profile scientific organization, which conducts fundamental and applied investigations in the fields of archaeology, cultural anthropology, folklore studies, ethnosociology, epigraphy, archaeobiology, physical anthropology. As the national center of investigation of material and non-material cultural heritage, the Institute tries to provide scientific parity to the leading regional and international centers in the above-mentioned spheres. Cover - Martiros Saryan, Mt. The targeted area of our research is the road networks which extended along the Arpa and Yeghegis rivers and their tributaries. Across the — seasons the VDSRS has carried out an integrated study in the broad area from Chiva village to Vardahovit and from Gnishik to the Selim pass, recording and mapping multifarious archaeological sites settlements, fortresses, caravanserais, bridges, monastic complexes, chapels, khachkars i. Manandyan ; Manandyan The archaeological landscape of Medieval Armenia is therefore to a large extent a record of Armenian participation within, and agency in constructing, these interrelated Silk Road cultures. This article situates the ongoing research of the Vayots Dzor Silk Road Survey within the longer tradition of medieval archaeology in Armenia. Toramanyan reviewed monuments and sites from cities and towns to villages Toramanyan Other works, like V. For much of the 20th century and into the first decades of the 21st century, medieval archaeology in Armenia has centered on the ongoing excavations at the city of Dvin revealing new data in the study of urban planning, crafts and material culture as well as propounding issues relevant to the intense studies of architecture, spiritual and cultural life in monasteries and churches2 Kalantaryan, Melkonyan , In recent decades the excavations of medieval sites were mainly directed to the monuments to be restored which were funded by state or international organizations of preservation of world cultural heritage, as well by private sponsorship. However, the ongoing work at Dvin has always been complemented by investigations of sites across diverse landscapes, from monasteries and fortresses to small churches, palaces, and caravanserais. Agricultural deep ploughing and construction of new buildings as well as infrastructure such as roads or conduits have generated new opportunities for excavations of multifarious medieval sites e. Vostink Hostun settlement in Vayots Dzor, a 14th century underground tomb in Yerevan etc. Franklin, Topographic imagery provided by earthexplorer. Aghavnadzor: Nerkin Ulgyur S. Astvatsatsin ; 2. Aghavnadzor: Verin Ulgyur S. Stepanos church ; 3. Arpi: Jrov-vank cave ; 4. Arpi: Erdech fortress; 5. Aghavnadzor: Apana ruins; 6. Aghavnadzor: Mirash settlement; 7. Rind: Chknavor cave-matur; 8. Areni: Arpa bridge; 9. Areni: S. Sargis matur; Tsitsakhach site; Aghavnadzor: Hobkakhach matur; Agarakadzor: Dadali bridge; Agarakadzor: cemetery; Agarakadzor: Anapat settlement; Gandzak church; Boloraberd settlement; Gnishik church; Aghavnadzor: Khachi-til khachkar; Aghavnadzor: caravanserai site; Noravank; Nor Amaghu; Khachik: S. Astvatsatsin church; Hin Amaghu Tkharb ; Getap-1 Dadayi fortress; Tsaturi bridge; Getap: medieval settlement; Shatin: Aghvank; Shatin: Chubuk-Kyorpi bridge and khachkars; Shatin: Berdakar and Angueghi Nahataki matur; Shativank; Shatin: Vostink Hostun settlement; Shatin: Gheshlagh ruined church; Pir-Bulagh spring, khachkar; Artabuynk: Chri-vank; Hrasekaberd; Chiva: medieval settlement; Vardablur Tsughrik settlement ; Areni: Arpa settlement; Kachik: Karkopi Vank; Horbategh: Bakchajugh ameliorated settlement; Bakhchajugh khachkars; Horbategh: Gutani Art ameliorated church ; Getap: Bridge and khachkar; Horbategh: Hreshtakapetats church; Artabuynk: zhamatun; Artabuynk: cemetery 1; Artabuynk: cemetery 2; Artabuynk: matur near water mill; Agarakadzor: church; Shatin: Bridge; Aghavnadzor: khachkar dated ; Aghavnadzor: Matur central ; Aghanvnadzor: Matur eastern ; Shatin: Hasan-Chplan Matur; Shatin: Vanki dzor S. Hovhannes church; Shatin: Matur NE ; Aghnjadzor: Early period Fortress? Arates monastery; Getikvank: surface collection; Yeghegis: Kura-Araxes site; Yeghegis: Chknavori kar Anapat; Vardahovit: Jani settlement; Yeghegis: khachkars near school; Yeghegis: ruined church Katoghike ; Tsaghats-kar monastery: stone formations Ishxani art ; Goghtanik church; Aghnjadzor: Cemetery; Hin Karaglukh ameliorated settlement; Hermon Vank; Hors: church; Yeghegis: Collected khachkars; Yeghegis: Water mill; Bridge near Selim pass ; Aghnjadzor: Bridges; Aghnjadzor: Lernantsk caravanserai; Salli: S. Mamas church, cemetery; Vernashen: Boloraberd Proshaberd ; Yeghegis: S. Nshan Karapet church; Selim caravanserai; Selimberd ruins; Selimberd lower; Selimberd upper; Selimberdkhachkar; Smbataberd; Vernashen: Spitakavor monastery; Sevazhayr: khachkars and grave markers; Getikvank: Grave markers; Sevajayr: Turkish cemetery; Tsaghats-kar monastery: S. Karapet church; Hors: Vank ameliorated settlement; Yeghegis: Four khachkars; Yeghegis: Jewish settlement; Yeghegis: Jewish cemetery; Aghnjadzor: Yavar ameliorated settlement; Yeghegis: Zorats S. Stepanos church; Yeghegis: Zorats surrounding wall; Vardahovit: Jani mill stone; Karaglukh: Tukh-Manuk matur. Firstly, this involves integrating and opening Armenian archaeological data to wider academic discussions, and secondly, consists of following governmental strategies in making tourism the critical potential of which is medieval heritage one of the priorities in economic development of the country. In this case the development of landscape archaeology contributes to the study of both cultural transformation of the landscape through time, as well as the effects of natural changes, the efforts of environmental conservation, and the construction of such landscapes as a tourism product. At the core of a landscape approach is integrating past and ongoing research of sites, monuments, inscriptions, and material culture into a networked understanding of human society in space - but the approach also centres on questions of how people in the past created spaces and landscapes which framed and continue to frame social lives. In the study of landscape archaeology, the research of roads and infrastructure including bridges and routes as well as agricultural and industrial construction has an important significance spanning all realms of the medieval history of Armenia; a long view on the processes of landscape creation supports investigations of social and economic life, culture, architecture and technology, discussed in global perspective. In particular, working in Vayots Dzor it is impossible to ignore the entanglement of archaeology, tourism and development, as the construction of modern trade routes connecting Armenia with the Republic of Georgia, the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, and northern Iran coincide with the development of touristic heritage corridors, wine trails, and ecotourism zones. Like many places in Eurasia, Vayots Dzor is situated between multiple international narratives of the Silk Road in the present just as it was in the medi- Astghik Babajanyan, Kathryn Franklin eval past. As we work in Vayots Dzor, we see the local implications of these world-scale shifts. A new hotel opening in will cover nearly 1. Local inhabitants of the villages of Vayots Dzor work part time as archaeological excavators, guides, and re-enactors demonstrating traditional lavash baking and dance to increasing numbers of tourists. Manandyan; Manandyan; Arakelyan ; Harutyunyan In order to develop scientific approaches to problems rooted in historical sources, the VDSRS accentuates the importance of integrated study and especially the results of archaeological investigations and excavations both to reveal patterns of local life through materiality, and to ask how local people participated in the material and cultural interconnections created by the Silk road phenomenon. Following on a dissertation focused on the social life of trade oriented around the caravanserai at Arai village in Aragatsotn, K. Franklin turned to the links between travel and trade and everyday life in neighboring village landscapes Franklin ; Franklin et al. Meanwhile, A. Beginning in with a seed grant from ARISC, we transformed our ongoing conversations about material, economic and social life in the High and Late Middle Ages into a systematic project aimed at reconstructing and researching the medieval archaeology of Vayots Dzor at the nested scales of texts, routes, landscape, sites, architecture, and material culture. In the 12 — 15th centuries, routes running along the Arpa and Yeghegis rivers linked local towns to the major cities such as Dvin, Tabriz, Partav, Tbilisi and the coasts of the Black and Caspian Seas. The geographic position of Vayots Dzor had internal significance as well, connecting the central province of Ayrarat to the southeastern peripheral province of Syunik. Thus the network of human settlement, political and religious activity, and infrastructure of Vayots Dzor had vital geographical significance for the integration of the region in the political, economic and cultural processes of the country. The records of roads and infrastructure were attested both in written sources, and in the landscape which preserves a system of caravanserais, bridges, controlling fortresses and watch-towers as well as settlements Fig. The landscape of Vayots Dzor one of the 12 administrative regions of the Medieval Syunik province is marked by high reliefs and sudden changes: plateaus, canyons and peaks carved by the seismic changeability of riverbeds and mountain slopes. Alternating layers of ancient sea beds and volcanic flows are now raised hundreds of meters above the valley floors, a visual reminder of the complex geology further reflected in the shifting colors of stone architecture from valley to valley. The distinctive landscape combined with environmental conditions has attracted human occupation from prehistoric Lalayan , — ; Gasparyan , — ; Gasparyan et al. The landscape of the region testifies to successive periods of construction and orientation around travel, including during the 9 — 7th centuries BC when the Urartian Empire marked the valleys and hilltops of Vayots Dzor with a well-preserved fortification Fig. A view of Proshaberd Fortress, photographed from the north-east Photo: A. A view of Ertech Fortress, photographed from the north-east Photo: K. In historical sources Vayots Dzor was first mentioned in the 5th century, in the context of the events succeeding the battle of Avarayr Yeghishe , , ; Stepanos Orbelyan , A view of Hermon monastery, photographed from the south-east Photo: A. In the 9 — 11th centuries a complicated political situation was sustained in Vayots Dzor, as the result of first feudal conflicts and then Arab invasions. After the decline of the Bagratid kingdom the region was under the rule of the Seljuks late 11th to late 12th centuries. At the end of the 12th century combined Armenian-Georgian armies united Armenia under the Zakaryans. Vayots Dzor as well the greater province of Syunik was then ruled by the Orbelyan princely family on behalf of a series of empires, including the Georgian kingdom and the Mongol Ilkhanate. For this reason, as well as due to their dominance in the historical and epigraphic records, our work is oriented around the lives and works of the Orbelyans and their contemporaries. This period was remarkable in the development of connectivity and commerce in Eurasia that maintained what has been termed the pax mongolica, a century of relatively stabilized social, economic and cultural life following the extensive Mongol conquests. Unifying a large part of Eurasian continent under their political authority the Mongol state sustained and supported trade and the network of routes of the Silk Road under its rule, managing through networks of regional administrators and the army Yakubowski , 2 — 3; Weatherford , 10 — As a result, trade circulation and also the assortment of available goods increased intensively between formerly isolated empires of East and West as the routes became safe for caravans and merchants Abu-Lughod , 7 — 16; , 33 — Due to the established postal and relay system yam along the roads the communication and information transportation was carried out faster Lane , 35; , ; Margaryan , , intensifying the connections among cultures and markets. After the Mongol invasions AD s the Orbelyans took a flexible, pragmatic political stance in relationships with the Mongols and received inju status, and thus were liberated from the sovereignty of the Zakaryan martial family which, historians have argued, conserved their sociopolitical autonomy Orbelyan , — ; Shahnazaryan , — The integration of the Orbelyans and of Vayots Dzor within the global system of the Mongol government is visible in art and architecture produced under their patronage, as well as in the role that they played in statecontrolled international trade and cultural policies. Finally, within the globalization processes of the medieval world system, the 13 — 14th centuries were marked by the progress of technologies, sciences and education, and Vayots Dzor emerged as a dense centre of education and literacy in the Caucasus, featuring some of the most famous universities Gladzor and Hermon where students coming from different parts of Greater Armenia as well from Cilicia were educated. Despite this historical significance, the medieval landscape of Vayots Dzor has not until very recently been the subject of integrated study. The research program of the VDSRS builds on decades of research by architects, archaeologists and historians at scattered sites and monuments, in order to reconstruct the physical and social landscape of this critical region. The Vayots Dzor Silk Road Survey: Goals and Methods The VDSRS methodology is oriented towards unifying new with existing datasets in order to generate a fuller understanding of the Vayots Dzor Silk Road landscape to support both future research at the landscape scale and more effective management of the archaeological heritage in this region. The project methodology is oriented by two main aims: 1. This methodology consists of integrated approaches corresponding to the nested scales of research discussed above, including survey, epigraphy, excavation, and materials analysis in collaboration with laboratory specialists. As we will discuss, analyses of textsin-place such as inscriptions and textual narratives of the landscape then serve to contextualize and complement the data collected in fieldwork. Written testimonies and oral narratives. Historical descriptions of places are necessary for archaeological research, both for providing information about the topography of places in the past, and for showing how medieval and modern perceptions of landscapes are shaped by the reading of texts. The historian describes the construction of monasteries, churches, and bridges; the author acts as an epigraphist as well, copying inscriptions of those buildings which are no longer preserved. Architectural inscriptions as well as manuscript records written in the literacy centres of Vayots Dzor constitute precise sources that provide information about the built landscape. These contain data of built edifices, names, toponyms and dates as well as endowment of lands, orchards, and production facilities by the Orbelyans and their liegemen Barkhudaryan ; Khachikyan; Numerous inscriptions have been recorded from the architectural remains in Vayots Dzor; a major aim of the VDSRS is to re-situate these texts in their landscape, so as to understand the spatial as well as temporal relationships between the medieval places named in the inscriptions. Travellers' accounts of the 19 — 20th centuries and oral narratives are the third critical sources that provide data on medieval landscape and the changes during subsequent periods. Between the Medieval period and the present numerous events and contingencies contributed to the continuing transformation of the landscape, including devastating invasions of Turkoman tribes, resettlements after the widescale deportations of Safavid Shah Abbas the Great — , and agricultural amelioration works during the Soviet period cf. Jalalyants ; Kajberuni ; Lalayan ; ; Yeghiazaryan The authors of travel narratives recount the history of the region and describe the historical sites and villages that they traveled, along with the lifeways, traditions and legends of local people. Some travelers provided drawings and photos of significant monuments and copied inscriptions. These travelers made early attempts to tie historically-attested places to locations in the landscape: for instance, drawing upon Armenian and foreign historians, the late 19th century traveler Kajberuni confirmed the locations of numerous settlements and monuments and their historical names, which had inevitably been distorted over the 17 — 19th centuries. In combination with these historical travel accounts, we collected information from numerous interlocutors among the elder generation of villagers during our survey in order to record and map the location of sites that are lost due to resettlements or ameliorations, but preserved in local memory Fig. The best example is the 13th century caravanserai which was located on the medieval road led from Arpa village to the Selim pass, at the southwest of Aghavnadzor village. No traces of this building can currently be seen despite the fact that the caravanserai was partially excavated in Yeghiazaryan , 77 — 78 and was described by V. Harutyunyan Harutyunyan , 35 — The systematization of written and oral accounts frames the ongoing collection of spatial and material data through field investigation. Our fieldwork to date has consisted of site-based survey, surface collection, and excavations at the site of Arpa, a central place in the medieval history of Vayots Dzor and a central node in our surveyed landscape. In research seasons from to surveys were carried out along the Arpa and Yeghegis rivers and their tributaries: the Gnishik, Grav, Aghavnadzor, Hors, Selim, and Artabuynk streams. Although the list provides rough descriptive information on the locations, categories and dating of sites, this information is in many cases quite vague. One of our primary aims in the framework of our site-based survey in Vayots Dzor is therefore to improve the accuracy and usefulness of available knowledge about listed archaeological heritage in the region. During surveys we use also Soviet As it is augmented every season, our dataset is shared via a map currently hosted by the Harvard WorldMap open-source platform. A critical aspect of the archaeological survey is intensive material collection, mainly of ceramics but also metal and glass; such finds are a key indicator of the presence of a site and its estimated dimension. Moreover, diagnostic materials contribute to establish the chronology of ruined settlements or other sites. The VDSRS also records and maps those sites that contain no traces of structures but which feature a rich collection of ceramic sherds we also note the location of moved gravestones and khachkars which sometimes are the only evidences of once-existing medieval settlements mentioned in historical sources or maps, but which were entirely destroyed due to Soviet amelioration or later development Figs 15, Analysing ceramic material obtained both through surveys and through excavations at Arpa, we try to understand Fig. Angueghi matur, dedicated to the martyrs of Vardanants Photo: A. Gheshlagh ruins at Shatin. A local showing the ruins with a stelea with princely family iconography in front of Holy Virgin Photo: A. Chri-vank chapel in Artabuynk village Photo: K. A new-built shrine at the ameliorated field of Vank settlement site in Hors Photo: K. Franklin and K. Azatyan surveying and collecting surface material at the ameliorated field of Hin Karaglukh settlement site Photo: D. A view of abandoned Apana village to the north of Aghavnadzor Photo: D. Fragments of gravestones and khachkars in the masonry of the Club in Areni village Photo: A. Results and Discussion As we continue to gather and analyze data, one major result is an evolving account of material and spatial patterns of Medieval Vayots Dzor as a region. This Astghik Babajanyan, Kathryn Franklin landscape-scale picture of medieval life transcends, but also serves as the context for, the study of individual sites. Working back and forth across scales of data supports diachronic analysis of how places changed over time, as well as broader synchronic assessment of how networks were constructed within Vayots Dzor and connecting to external regions. The results of our studies have been discussed in terms of general site types Franklin, Babajanyan a, — and as has been the excavation of Arpa specifically Babajanyan, Franklin , , but here we will accentuate the categories of sites for discussion in the context of medieval built landscape and its further transformation. The first category of recorded sites is settlements, which are found predominantly ruined presenting only faintly visible contours of dwellings. A number of medieval settlements were mentioned in historical sources as endowments to monasteries, but we also located those with no attributed name, such as an extensive settlement north-east of Getap. Some settlements had historical significance such as Yeghegis town and Arpa village that were seats of government for the Orbelyans. A proportion of medieval settlements were resettled in the 17th — 18th centuries and later were abandoned, such as Apana and Boloraberd Fig. The VDSRS also located settlement sites that had been significantly destroyed by Soviet-era field amelioration; due to the disturbance of sediment, these frequently provide the most abundant collection of surface material. The presence of newbuilt shrines or isolated khachkars may also indicate the location of previously inhabited sites, as modern visitors collect surface materials over time into sites of reflection and veneration Fig. The distribution of recorded settlement sites suggests that during the High and Late Medieval period settlements in Vayots Dzor not only punctuated the main valley routes, but were also distributed in a network through the uplands, connected by small trails and associated with numerous springs. Fortifications constitute the second major category of recorded sites Figs 3 — 6. Forts and fortresses are distributed throughout the survey area. The latter type for example Selimberd, Hrasekaberd may also feature some visible architectural structures or evidences of human activities on the hilltops and slopes Figs 5, 6. The distribution of medieval forts and fortresses was potentially based in part on intervisibility, to provide defensive connectivity between each other during warfare cf. Earley-Spadoni ; Hammer In this mode, the landscape of surveillance and connectivity continued in use from the Urartian period to the modern day. A series of medieval forts and settlements were built upon the foundations of Urartian fortresses cf. Melkonyan et al. The third category of sites is monasteries, which played an important role in the organization of religious, economic, cultural and educational life. Monastic complexes may consist of churches, narthexes, bell-towers, familial cemeteries, residential and economic buildings including mills, oil presses, pottery and glass kilns surrounded by defensive walls Figs 7, 8. Stepanos Orbelyan recorded the construction of gardens and other infrastructure around monasteries of which now primarily the walled centre remains, such as Hermon; part of our long-term project is to record the productive landscapes around these sites. We recorded also churches that are ruined but preserve only the apse and collected fragments of khachkars, inscriptions or ashlar stones Figs 9, The fourth category — civic buildings mansions, caravanserais, bridges , though long of interest primarily as demonstrations of architectural typology, had a great significance in the formation of the medieval built landscape. A number of these buildings have been detected only as architectural spolia, either in studies of the beginning of the 20th century or by our excavations at Arpa Orbelyan , ; Hovsepyan , , fig. The best-preserved building is Chesar Orbelyan's mansion in Hors village Fig. The rectangular hall of the building is divided with two rows of columns, and had a protruding apse with bema in the northern part, as well as large niches to either side of the surviving doorway. As sites for systematic excavation, these civic or elite buildings have huge potential to inform on the artifact assemblages associated with the administrators of Vayots Dzor who straddled Armenian and Mongol worlds. The caravanserais and bridges are the most durable, and potentially the most important component in the infrastructural system of the Silk Roads network which was constructed under Orbelyan sponsorship. Acting on behalf of the Mongol state and following local traditions of donation and hospitality, the Orbelyans in the 13 — 14th centuries ensured routes and created comfortable conditions for the movement of caravans by marking roads with stone pillars such as those found along side the Harzhis caravanserai Harutyunyan , 26 — The VDSRS mapped preserved caravanserais such as Selim partly excavated in , see Babajanyan, Zaqyan and Aghnjadzor as well as locating the site of a medieval caravanserai in Aghavnadzor see above. The monastic guest house probably catered for both pilgrims and passing caravans making revenues for the Noravank monastery. As interest in the history and culture of the Silk Road grows, these impressive sites may potentially serve as increasingly popular tourist destinations; this possibility raises the issue of their frequently precarious state of preservation. While the Selim caravanserai was excavated and reconstructed in the Soviet era, other buildings, like the caravanserais at Harjis and Aghndjadzor, are unconsolidated ruins. A critical part of the landscape of long-term mobility through Vayots Dzor, bridges mark the locations of medieval river crossings, points of administrative intervention in travel and, in their differential states of preservation, the ways that routes of travel have shifted over the last several centuries. For example, while the VDSRS recorded medieval bridges that are still in use, such as the 13th century Dadali bridge near Agarakadzor mentioned above, we also found and recorded ruined fragments of the 13th century bridge at Arpa and the 17th century AD Tsaturi bridge on the Yeghegis river south of Shatin Franklin, Babajanyan a, fig. Bridges, especially those that are still in use, demonstrate the ongoing importance of the fabric of the medieval past in the present. The inscription of the nearby erected khachkar attests the construction of the bridge Fig. The cemeteries, shrines and isolated khachkars are grouped in the last category of sites recorded by the VDSRS. The cemeteries may be isolated tombfields but are more frequently associated with churches and contemporary graveyards with gravestones; many medieval cemeteries are identified by the presence of erected or flat-lying khachkars, mostly of simple design but sometimes with rich ornament and inscriptions. The examination of cemeteries provides information of the chronological sequence of sites as the types, iconography and inscriptions of gravestones and khachkars are frequently a primary source for dating as well as attribution, such as the Orbelyan family markers and the presence of the Jewish community cemeteries of the 13 — 14th centuries in Yeghegis Amit, Stone ; Stone, Amit Numerous carved High-to-Late Medieval grave markers in Vayots Dzor depict everyday artifacts and scenes of ritual practice, providing a glimpse into medieval material life. Cemeteries also attest to the history of resettlement and demographic change in later periods, as in the case of a Late Medieval-Early Modern Muslim cemetery near Sevazhayr. From the perspective of architectural history numerous relatively new-built small shrines have been overlooked; these shrines are built of collected and stacked stones and are the site of ongoing ritual by local people and visitors. However, fragments of khachkars, gravestones or architectural spolia we find in the masonry or erected inside serve as a memory of medieval built landscape. The shrines as well as isolated khachkars or gravestones may be located at or near the places of historical events battle, martyrdom Fig. Figs 15, 16 or may be entirely built from stones of earlier churches Fig. Medieval churches frequently contain earlier khachkars as spolia within their walls; this practice continues into the present, demonstrated by the numerous gravestones and khachkars used to build clubs or Cultural Houses in towns and villages such as Areni, Aghavnadzor, and Horbategh Fig. Material Culture In parallel with the study of the Silk Routes network in Vayots Dzor, one of the significant results of the VD- Astghik Babajanyan, Kathryn Franklin SRS is the exploration of the activity of people dwelling in the villages situated along the roads through the analysis of material culture, in its own right and in conjunction with architecture, texts and landscape. The excavations at Arpa village have been critical for our understanding of the material particularities of daily life and the integration of villages into the social and cultural life of Medieval Armenia. In addition, as the first site in Vayots Dzor systematically excavated by the VDSRS, Arpa serves as an anchor for our developing typologies linking sites across the research area. The medieval site at Arpa had well-preserved living contexts dated to the 13 — 14th centuries, was a significant station along the transit road leading from Nakhijevan to the southeastern coasts of Sevan lake, and had been a residence of Tarsayich Orbelyan see more detailed in Babajanyan, Franklin In spite of its significance as an archaeological site and as a setting for significant medieval events, Arpa is quite precarious. The seismicity of the Vayots Dzor landscape has covered the site in layers of landslide from the overhanging limestone cliffs; meanwhile, the residents of modern Arpa dig into the medieval strata to construct new graves in the expanding cemetery. The first season of VDSRS excavations at Arpa continues to inform on everyday life in the village in a number of aspects, raising new questions about both local culture and more regional relationships which will continue to be investigated at Arpa and other sites. The integration of excavations with survey and surface collection has enabled us to begin the work of reconstructing Medieval Vayots Dzor as a network of interrelated sites of different types, with different roles in the dynamics of medieval society. The examination of ceramics collected through surveys in comparison with assemblages of Arpa and other medieval sites of Armenia demonstrates the presence of the main functional and typological types unearthed at Arpa and mainly correspond to the 12 — 15th centuries. This type of ceramic is distinguished by a bright, flame-red burnished surface, and, though produced in the Medieval period 12 — 15th centuries , bears an intriguing resemblance to the wares of the Urartian or Classical periods Babajanyan, Franklin , , ; , Babajanyan, drawings: K. This latter category is expressed especially in the glazed wares, representing types typical of both the 12 — 13th centuries — monochrome and polychrome glazed, sgraffito and splashed decorated wares and late 13th and 14th centuries — monochrome, duochrome and polychrome painted and splashed wares coated with transparent colored or colorless glaze Fig. The analysis of ceramics suggests a well-preserved coherent cultural landscape of Vayots Dzor in the 12 — 15th centuries, which remains to be fully comprehended through further investigations in the future. Of course, the glazed ceramics found at Arpa and at surveyed sites represent both local production and imports, or emulations of imports, from production centres elsewhere in Armenia and further afield within the Silk Road ecumene. Assessed together, the pottery assemblage of Vayots Dzor makes up a material world that is both self-contained and tangled within the other spaces of the region. That is, even as ceramics represent a realm of aesthetics, technology and taste, they also intersect with economic, ecological, and even architectural cultures of the same time and place. To give just one example, the ceramic evidence for wine making — such as two large Vayots Dzor style wine jars recovered from Arpa Babajanyan, Franklin , fig. For more than a century, Medieval archaeology has progressed in step with Medieval history — sometimes in quite visible ways, as new epigraphic texts are literally unearthed. Medieval archaeology is also increasingly and by necessity collaborative, as specialists in botanical and zooarchaeological data, GIS and remote sensing have joined the excavators, epigraphers, and architects in the field. We have briefly discussed the present stage of the VDSRS investigations, our aims, methods and main results, demonstrating the high significance of the area in the integration of the Silk Routes network in cultural and political modes, and as a case study in medieval archaeology at the landscape scale. In the — seasons we have focused our survey into multiple tributary branches of the Arpa river, and future investigations will be directed at an expanding survey area. We carried out a first season of excavations at the medieval village of Arpa which is important for our frameworks of the study of Silk Roads culture in Vayots Dzor, as well being significant for the future directions of medieval archaeology. The medieval villages excavated in Armenia are quite few in number, and their archaeological investigation in tandem with ongoing work on urban, monastic, fortified and infrastructural sites is crucial for a full understanding of the complex topography of Medieval Armenia and the wider South Caucasus. Our landscape-scale study of ceramic assemblages has also raised the importance of museum collections for the re-consideration of older datasets. In undertaking medieval landscape archaeology, we are inevitably drawn into consideration of the ongoing perceptions, transformations, and reconfigurations of the medieval landscape of Vayots Dzor during later periods. In order to recover the medieval landscape, we contend with Early Modern re-use and 20th century erasure, as well as the selective reconstruction or curation of medieval buildings and monuments in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods. As we continue to work in Vayots Dzor we are looking for more ways to share our research with broader popular as well as academic audiences, whether through open-source data sharing, or exhibitions and public events. Just as our work demonstrates the agency of Armenians like the Orbelyans to shape their own destiny within the world of the Silk Road, we hope that our research will provide narratives through which people in Vayots Dzor and further afield can situate themselves both within a long history and a changing world. Acknowledgements We would like to express our sincere gratitude for the support of Dr Pavel Avetisyan. We also wish to thank Davit Davtyan, who participated in all of the campaigns of surveys and excavations at Arpa, and Karen Azatyan, who joined us in and contributes to the study of medieval assemblages held in Yeghegnadzor Regional museum. Bibliography Abu-Lughod J. Abu-Lughod J. Amit D. Babajanyan A. Metsamorian Readings I, Yerevan, , — Barkhudaryan S. Earley-Spadoni T. Franklin K. Gasparyan B. Hammer E. Harutyunyan V. Hovsepyan G. Jalalyants S. Kajberuni G. Kalantaryan A. Khachikyan L. Lalayan Ye. Lane G. Manandyan H. Margaryan H. Melkonyan H. Sargsyan G. Shahnazaryan A. Abrahamyan , Yerevan: Sovetakan Grogh in Armenian. Stone M. Toramanyan T. Weatherford J. Yakubowski A. Yeghiazaryan H. Zaryan A. Andreas Umland. Chapter uyen nguyen. Dogan Cetinkaya , Baki Tezcan. Immanence in the Cambridge Spinoza Lexicon, eds. Hubner and Steinbereg Yitzhak Y. Squire, 'A portrait of the ancient artist? Self-portraiture in Graeco-Roman visual culture', in T. Greub and M. Roussel eds. Michael Squire. Assessment of writing skills Natela Doghonadze. Penjaminan mutu pelayanan rumah sakit berbasis patient safety Marsella unyang Kinh doanh cf hoang thi lan anh. Superconducting nano-striplines as quantum detectors Sergio Pagano. Cervical spine in the Apert syndrome Sven Kreiborg. Mutagenesis studies on cultured mammalian cells. 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