How can I buy cocaine online in Santander

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How can I buy cocaine online in Santander

Our community members are treated to special offers, promotions and adverts from us and our partners. You can check out at any time. More info. Santander has issued a warning to all its customers about the prevalence of investment scams, stating they are 'more common than you think'. Fraudsters often use sophisticated and sometimes aggressive tactics to trick individuals into investing. The bank has highlighted that these scams can often appear as enticing adverts on social media or through online searches, promising high returns that usually seem too good to be true. As a result, the bank is doing its utmost to protect its customers from such scams. It noted that cryptocurrency scams are particularly prevalent at present, leading to the bank imposing limits on payments to cryptocurrency. However, criminals often try to circumvent these preventative measures by persuading victims to transfer their money to another account in their name, before forwarding it onto them. Santander advises carrying out personal checks to ensure the investment opportunity is legitimate. Customers should also be wary of clone firms and fakes, ensuring they are dealing with a legitimate registered firm. Only use the contact details for a firm that appears on the FCA register. Staying in control is key. Always check the IFA firm and people you're dealing with are legitimate. Finally, don't be fooled by a professional website, glossy brochure or a celebrity endorsement. These do not always mean that an investment is genuine. Take extra crypto care. Never allow anyone to set up a cryptocurrency wallet, upload ID or manage investments remotely on your behalf. For more information on investment scams, visit the FCA website, which you can find more information here. You can also visit Take Five , which is a national campaign offering impartial, straightforward advice. By Branwen Jones Reporter. Get the latest Wales Online breaking news on WhatsApp. Join us on WhatsApp. Check it out: Santander advises carrying out personal checks to ensure the investment opportunity is legitimate. Avoid clones and fakes: Customers should also be wary of clone firms and fakes, ensuring they are dealing with a legitimate registered firm. Stay in control: Staying in control is key. Don't be fooled: Finally, don't be fooled by a professional website, glossy brochure or a celebrity endorsement. Crypto care: Take extra crypto care. Story Saved. Follow Wales Online. Facebook Twitter. More On Your Money. Police have confirmed that a woman died at the property. Boss laid off member of staff because she came back from maternity leave pregnant again. Woman taken to hospital after emergency services shut Cardiff city centre bridge. The pubs in Wales looking for new landlords and how much they will cost you. Nearly 10, complaints made to Ombudsman about councils in Wales last year. Local Government. Police probe death of loving father who died in military exercise in Wales. Brecon Beacons. Man who hasn't left home in years just wants to be able to 'go to the chippy'. UK News. Man arrested at airport in connection with alleged baseball bat attack at Cardiff football match. Police investigate unexplained death of woman in Welsh town. Wales autumn squad: Scrum-half recalled 10 years after last cap and England U20s star picked. Wales Rugby Team. Strictly Come Dancing. Your Money. Warren Gatland names 'best back in Wales' as he hints at change of heart. Top Stories. Man arrested at Bristol Airport in connection with alleged baseball bat attack at football match. Police caught him after he boasted to his ex-partner about how much money he was making. Man suffers multiple head injuries after alleged assault. This is Gatland's most exciting squad for some time but Wales must now find right balance. Cardiff Airport. Three left in need of help off Welsh coast as Storm Ashley hits. Wales weather.

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How can I buy cocaine online in Santander

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Previously, geo-sourcing to five major coca growing regions within South America was accomplished. However, the expansion of coca cultivation throughout South America made sub-regional origin determinations increasingly difficult. The former methodology was recently enhanced with additional stable isotope analyses 2 H and 18 O to fully characterize cocaine due to the varying environmental conditions in which the coca was grown. An improved data analysis method was implemented with the combination of machine learning and multivariate statistical analysis methods to provide further partitioning between growing regions. Here, we show how the combination of trace cocaine alkaloids, stable isotopes, and multivariate statistical analyses can be used to classify illicit cocaine as originating from one of 19 growing regions within South America. The data obtained through this approach can be used to describe current coca cultivation and production trends, highlight trafficking routes, as well as identify new coca growing regions. Cocaine remains one of the most widely used narcotics in the world, and the United States is a primary consumer 1. The widespread abuse of cocaine has led to numerous investigations into its production and characterization 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6. In the past, profiling studies have focused on the isolation of trace alkaloids present in illicit cocaine with the intent of comparing and thus linking samples seized by law enforcement agencies 7 , 8 , 9 , Comparison analyses provide valuable information; however, due to the movement of cocaine for processing and distribution between multiple locations, successful sample-to-sample association is often difficult. Chemical profiling does, however, have significant merit in building the foundation for determining the origin of illicit cocaine. The alkaloid content of cocaine is primarily indicative of the coca variety utilized for production, as the minor plant alkaloids that are carried through illicit processing vary by cultivar. Additionally, the prevalence of each variety differs throughout South America, thus indicating a probable region of growth 3 , 4 , 5. Recent analyses of coca varieties and numerous cultigens have further enhanced our understanding of the known variations of alkaloid content within cocaine Stable isotope ratios are utilized in various fields of study for geographical origin determinations and predicting environmental patterns 13 , 14 , The stable isotopes present in cocaine are unaffected by illicit processing methods 16 and are therefore a reflection of the environment in which the coca was cultivated. Due to the natural variations in alkaloids and stable isotopes, characteristic profiles were easily identified and thus provided the basis for classification of cocaine by country of origin, i. Over the past 15 years, however, the data have exhibited less definitive separation between the classic regions due to the expansion of coca cultivation. In the early s, cultivation in Colombia began to increase exponentially in response to law enforcement efforts to eliminate the shipment of cocaine base from Peru. The five aforementioned regions are now only part of a list of 19 known coca growing regions Fig. Despite the large shift in coca cultivation, assignment of cocaine to its source country is still possible with the previous methodology, but resolution between specific regions has been greatly reduced. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic differences are expected in cocaine throughout South America due to the effects of precipitation and humidity conditions on isotope incorporation in plants 17 , Until now, however, this type of data has been unexplored for cocaine. Furthermore, an updated data analysis scheme based on exploratory spatial data analysis ESDA and chemometrics based multivariate statistical analysis methods was developed to simultaneously evaluate all collected data and visualize trends among the known growing regions under study. This provided the foundation for assigning accurate sub-regional classifications to illicit cocaine samples. By incorporating additional stable isotope analyses and multivariate statistical analyses to the existing geo-sourcing program, we have successfully developed methodology to classify illicit cocaine as originating from one of 19 known coca growing regions within Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru. All regions are illustrated in Fig. Cocaine was extracted, purified, and analyzed for total alkaloid content. Average results from the analyses are listed in Table 1. The standard deviation for each measurement is shown in parentheses. Each collected coca leaf sample was referenced with the geographical coordinates of the originating field in addition to the general sub-regional location. The geospatial nature of the data provided a means to visualize each variable across a very large area. As illustrated in Fig. In this study, the kriging interpolation method 21 was utilized to produce each isoscape, and parameters were selected in order to produce the least amount of error within the landscapes. The same treatment was applied to the alkaloid data as shown in Fig. The ordinary kriging method was selected with the intent to illustrate the variation of each measurement only in terms of location. This process is not part of the final determination of origin for cocaine samples, but is instead used for a visualization aid when identifying and understanding general differences observed throughout Colombia. Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the general trend of each analytical response for cocaine within Colombia. Similarly, trimethoxycocaine is generally lower in samples from Peru and Bolivia than those from Colombia. However, samples originating from southwestern Colombia generally have similar trimethoxycocaine values to Peruvian and Bolivian cocaine, thus making a distinction between the three source countries difficult. This type of overlap further complicates sourcing any sample to a sub-region and possibly country if only trace alkaloid data is considered. The isotopic trends displayed in all four stable isotopes are consistent with predicted patterns for plants Fig. Fundamental carbon isotope theory describes how predictable patterns are often observed and are typically based on environmental changes 22 , 23 , Traditional theories hold true for cocaine as well, since the environmental effects on the coca plant are reflected by the isotopic signature observed in cocaine. As expected, this trend loosely follows along the Andean mountain range including the regions of Santander, Antioquia, and San Lucas. These effects are directly related to temperature and CO 2 differences along altitude gradients due to the subsequent influence on stomate behavior in plants 25 , In tropical environments, 15 N enrichment suggests increased nitrogen availability in the soil and plant; however, there may not always be a direct correlation because nitrogen cycling rates and patterns are also affected by soil and plant types within a specific region Deuterium and oxygen isotope ratios in plants and plant products have been shown to be directly influenced by humidity conditions and source water 17 , Deuterium and oxygen isotope ratios in cocaine exhibit these effects as well. Since deuterium and oxygen are so closely related and often reflect the same patterns, only the isoscape for deuterium is shown in Fig. This observation is expected and explained by the change in humidity and precipitation patterns across elevation. As cloud systems move further inland, precipitation events become more depleted. Isoscapes are a useful tool in visualizing one specific signal. However, the generated maps offered little assistance in the classification of illicit cocaine samples to a specific sub-region within Bolivia, Colombia, or Peru. Correlation plots utilized in the original study 11 were unsuccessful in elucidating any clear divisions amongst the data. These complications arose not only due to the large variation exhibited in the data set as a whole but also within the sub-regions, i. Although direct interpretations from the isoscapes and analytical data were not possible, it was apparent that the independent information provided by the analytical measurements could provide the leverage to assess the characteristics of any one sample. Therefore, additional exploratory and chemometrics methods were investigated to properly characterize clustering and perform classification tasks for the large volume of data obtained. While geostatistical modeling may provide pathways for the regional classification of samples, there are also many powerful chemometric and machine learning approaches that are effective in the absence of geographic coordinates when regional labels are known. Additionally, the selection of tuning parameters governing the complexity of the functions used to fit a SVM-C solution often result in an optimal solution that should be rigorously examined by validation testing. As a result, using traditional and rigorous statistical methods for assessing the data is not usually the best way to begin the analysis. This investigation began with an intensive exploratory data analysis EDA phase to gather knowledge about the properties of the data as well the opportunity to identify and remediate potential problems such as missing values, unequal measurement scales from fusing disparate data types, testing for multivariate normality, and identifying outliers. While not used exclusively, principal component analysis PCA and hierarchical agglomerative clustering HCA based upon Mahalanobis distances were used to rapidly assess the data for the presence of outliers and to assess the impact of various data transformations on the general formation of clusters. It is also routinely common to encounter highly skewed distributions which typically require a transformation of the affected variable to meet a fundamental assumption of multivariate normality for most follow on statistical methods. Further results from routine EDA methods provided additional insight. Temporarily combining these regions into a supercluster while interrogating the rest of the data was supported by inspecting the Bayes Information Criterion BIC scores from model based clustering. MBC analysis also suggested the optimal number of clusters is much less than the number of classes which were defined for this investigation. However, additional EDA on the UHV-Cusco-Valle de Cauca supercluster indicated that when isolated, sub-clustering of the constituent regions as well as sub-regional classification was reasonably attainable as well. Further iterations of this type of analyses permitted the remaining data to be assigned to one of six identified superclusters. Based upon these findings, an approach to divide the problem into a hierarchical series of binomial predictions based upon nested multivariate models was adopted. Additionally, when the number of predictors is much less than the number of classes one wishes to distinguish, some compromise is likely to occur such as the recycling of predictors using recursive partitioning or interval based methods. The tree-structured hierarchical modeling approach TSHC adopted follows a similar strategy recently utilized for the hierarchical classification of watersheds by chemical signatures The methodology in this study departs from that strategy in the terminal step where instead of a regression step to predict geographical coordinates for the sample, a class label is assigned Additionally, while very potentially useful, the approach followed does not currently implement variable selection. The TSHC approach embeds the set of superclusters along with their sub-clusters into a hierarchical tree structure, using each nonterminal node as the host site for a unique classification model and each terminal node serving to assign the unique identifier class label. When the TSHC model is given a sample represented by its alkaloid and isotope measurements, the predicted regional label of the sample is gradually restricted as it is passed through the series of classification steps. While similar K-OPLS methods are described in literature 33 , it is believed that this is the first investigation which uses the hyphenation of discretization, projection, and discriminant methods to maximally separate multiple highly-overlapping classes in hierarchical fashion. The generalized approach to the prototype framework begins with preprocessing the data at the first node using discretization Applying discretization at this step in the analysis of the data served as a universal remediation strategy for missing data and moderating some outlier effects on data clustering. Additionally, classification by SVM-C was also performed simultaneously to compare performance figures of merit later on. The aim of the present investigation was to not only fully characterize the cocaine produced throughout South America but to also assess the origin of the cocaine that is being trafficked to the United States for illicit consumption. This laboratory currently analyzes more than 2, samples from domestic seizures each year. In recent years, the bulk of cocaine seizures have occurred in international waters. Figure 5 illustrates the seizure locations as well as the sub-regional origin classifications of samples analyzed from seizures in the EPAC and Caribbean. This classification is given to samples which do not meet an adequate confidence level for making a final sub-regional determination, but all data overwhelmingly indicate the sample is of Colombian origin. Seven percent of samples were assigned the Col-RND classification. One significant difference to note is with samples of Peruvian origin. Interestingly, there are no samples originating from the Cusco region present in any of the cocaine seized in the EPAC. While most samples analyzed in this laboratory are seized in the open ocean, cocaine seizures do occur within the continental United States CONUS. For CY , samples from seizures representing approximately five metric tons of cocaine have been analyzed. Table 2 lists the predominant sub-regional classifications in each of these states. Significant differences are observed upon comparison of the California and Texas seizures with those from Florida. Specifically, samples originating from Cauca and Putumayo are observed more on the east coast versus the western United States. Furthermore, cocaine originating from the regions of Antioquia and San Lucas were only observed in California and Texas. As observed for seizures in international waters, the destination for Peruvian cocaine differs from coast to coast. Foreign seizures are important for capturing authentic cocaine data before it is trafficked and for highlighting the movement of cocaine to other regions of the world. With the presented methodology, it is also possible to discover new, emerging coca growing regions within South America. After collecting alkaloid and stable isotope data, preliminary evaluation indicated the samples may have originated from Bolivia. However, upon further inspection by the data analysis scheme, the samples appeared to be unlike any other sample within our database. The isotope data, in particular, was very different from any authentic Bolivian samples. All of the isotope data indicated the cocaine was processed from coca leaf originating north of the Chapare Valley, the only Bolivian region of which we had prior knowledge. Further information obtained during the course of the investigation validated our conclusion. Intelligence reports from the pilot responsible for carrying the cocaine stated the plane did in fact depart from Beni, Bolivia. Prior to this seizure, there had been no evidence of coca cultivation in this area, which lies north of the Chapare Valley. The ability to provide regional classifications has strengthened cocaine sourcing capabilities by providing a more detailed analysis of the cocaine being trafficked out of South America. Additionally, samples originating from Santander, Guaviare, and San Lucas are often detected in bulk seizures. This data coincides with the decreased eradication efforts in southwestern Colombia due to the presence of terrorist organizations. In addition to current cultivation and production trends, the movement of cocaine for trafficking is also observed from the combination of seizure location and sub-regional classifications. The same observation holds within the continental United States when comparing seizures in California and Texas to those made in Florida. Comparing unknown samples to a database of authentic geographically referenced cocaine samples allows for the discovery of new growing regions within South America. The extensive statistical treatment of the data is instrumental to this process as it provides dynamic output that can easily be interpreted by a user. Combining the output with our knowledge of all analytical trends observed for cocaine, we are confident in assessing the true location of any potential new cultivation areas even in the absence of referenced coca leaf. In summary, origin classification of cocaine to one of 19 known coca-growing regions in Colombia, Peru, or Bolivia is now possible. Routine laboratory analyses consisting of alkaloid and stable isotope determinations, combined with complex statistical analyses, provide a reliable tool by which cocaine movement, cultivation, and interdiction efforts may be assessed. The dynamic nature of the statistical analysis allows for the addition of new growing regions, and thus is capable of further improving the current scientific intelligence product. The presented investigation is the product of the exemplary coordination of traditional analytical chemistry and isotope biogeochemistry and has far reaching potential outside forensic science. All chemicals and solvents used were reagent grade or better and were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. All internal standards were prepared as described in preceding studies 37 , The latitude and longitude of each sample were recorded upon harvest. Samples were thoroughly dried and stored in paper bags within a temperature- and humidity-controlled vault. Prior to analysis, the coca leaf was ground to a fine powder with a Wiley mill. Although this process was completed in a controlled laboratory setting, the chemical extraction is identical to that utilized during clandestine cocaine processing. The isolation of cocaine and trace alkaloids was accomplished using modified trap column methodology originally utilized by Moore et al. All eluates were discarded. The eluate was evaporated in vacuo to an oil. The instrument was operated in split mode Truxilline analyses were completed in splitless mode, while tropacocaine and trimethoxycocaine were determined with split mode A chromatographic column was prepared with The chloroform solution was quantitatively transferred to the column. The resulting powder was accurately weighed in preparation for isotopic analyses. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratio analyses were determined using an elemental analyzer EA Costech Analytical Technologies Inc. Typically, 0. Helium Sample sequences were bracketed by an internally calibrated atropine secondary standard TCI, St. Louis, Missouri , typically at intervals of one standard every seven samples. System reproducibility was consistently 0. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratio analyses were determined using a thermo-chemical elemental analyzer TCEA interfaced with a Delta V isotope ratio mass spectrometer Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. Louis, MO as well as benzoic acid primary standard IAEA , typically at intervals of one standard every seven samples. System reproducibility was consistently 3. Whenever possible, care was taken to use similar parameters for each surface. Default ArcGIS values were used for all other parameters. Each measurement is displayed only in terms of the geographical coordinates associated with the authentic samples. Wenatchee, WA , www. A great deal of EDA was completed prior to developing the final methodology and framework. How to cite this article : Mallette, J. Author Contributions J. All authors reviewed the manuscript. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Sci Rep. Find articles by Jennifer R Mallette. John F Casale 1 U. Find articles by John F Casale. Find articles by James Jordan. David R Morello 1 U. Find articles by David R Morello. Paul M Beyer 3 U. Find articles by Paul M Beyer. Mallette usdoj. Received Oct 9; Accepted Feb 26; Collection date Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

How can I buy cocaine online in Santander