How can I buy cocaine online in Rivera

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How can I buy cocaine online in Rivera

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How can I buy cocaine online in Rivera

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. While the impact of big events on injection risk behaviors and access to drug-treatment services is well documented, less is known about the effects of big events on drug markets. Data collection started after the hurricane and ended in Findings show that while the drug markets might have initially been affected by big events, most effects were temporary. Drug availability, pricing, and quality might have suffered some initial fluctuations but stabilized as the drug markets absorbed the initial shocks caused by the hurricane and the lockdown measures. In preparation for increasingly more frequent and virulent pandemics and natural disasters, health infrastructures should be strengthened to prevent not only overdose episodes and deaths but also drug-related harms. In response, countries adopted containment measures, slowing down economic activities and affecting transportation and commercial hubs. While the impact of big events on PWUD is well documented, less is known about the effects of big events on drug markets. Some have speculated since legal and illegal markets might be linked, it was conceivable that the global slowdown in commercial activity and transportation, which are central to drug markets, could disrupt the circulation of chemical precursors required to produce fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, thereby affecting the drug supply \[ 8 \]. This assessment seems to be confirmed by a study of PWUD in Georgia that showed that the perceived availability of drugs was reduced during the COVID lockdown, with participants switching to alternative substances if their drug of choice was not available \[ 9 \]. Other studies also based on self-reporting suggest no changes in drug availability in Germany \[ 10 \] and Western Balkans \[ 11 \] or a stable or decreasing drug supply in Australia \[ 12 \]. With lockdowns limiting mobility and economic activity, some have wondered if drug markets have moved online \[ 13 , 14 \] but concluded that while drugs can be bought online with the use of cryptocurrencies and with relative anonymity, drugs are still sourced offline, erecting barriers to the wider use of online markets during COVID, particularly among marginalized groups like people who inject drugs PWID. What little is known about the impact of the pandemic suggests that the drug supply was not severely disrupted—or if so, only temporarily—during the lockdown phase. However, the unprecedented nature of the pandemic, along with a paucity of empirical evidence, renders any preliminary conclusion premature \[ 15 \]. In September , Hurricane Maria hit the island of Puerto Rico, destroying physical and health infrastructures and disrupting economic activity. In its aftermath, lines at gas stations stretched for miles, and more rural or isolated areas lacked electricity for months. Yet while natural disasters can have devastating effects on the lives of PWID, disrupting social networks and increasing injection risk behaviors and other drug-related harms \[ 16 \], hurricanes do not seem to have lasting effects on drug availability, pricing, and quality. A study conducted after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans showed that according to self-reports the drug supply was briefly interrupted but resumed soon after, as drug dealers moved to other cities along with the displaced population \[ 17 , 18 \]. These observations have been confirmed by other studies that showed that drug dealers arriving in new locations after Katrina were able to negotiate market access with already established dealers \[ 19 \]. After a brief interruption, the drug markets recovered relatively quickly \[ 20 \]. Including non-injectors in the study contributes to providing a more complete picture of market demands from the perspective of consumers. This study employs data from two different sources. Data collection started soon after the event, in , and ended in While most participants in these studies were current PWID some were not. All participants were at least 18 years old and had either used opioids at least once in the past 30 days or were enrolled in MOUD at the time of the study. Eligibility was determined with the use of a screening questionnaire. Data collection for the Puerto Rican sample was conducted using Respondent Driven Sampling, a proven strategy used to recruit hard-to-reach populations \[ 21 , 22 , 23 \]; the Midwest sample resorted to snowball sampling. Interviews were conducted by the author and by trained research assistant with a strong background in mixed methods research and very experienced in conducting research with people who use drugs. In addition to collecting sociodemographic data—age, gender, homelessness, marital status, employment status, and education—we collected data on substance use, such as age at time of the injection, injection frequency, and money spent on drugs. A more detailed sociodemographic background for these populations has been published by Abadie et al. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed to assess the effects of big events on the drug supply. Coding was undertaken by the first author and one research assistant working simultaneously and collaboratively. A codebook was used to standardize coding procedures and solve coding disagreements. A priori and emergent codes as well as structural and descriptive codes \[ 25 \] were developed, taking into consideration the need to account for changes in drug markets in these locations. Some examples of these codes are: drug availability; changes in drug availability; pricing; quality; Hurricane Maria; COVID lockdown. Despite the differences between Puerto Rico, a US territory, and a more affluent Midwest US setting, participants in the study share some important sociodemographic characteristics. The Puerto Rican sample has a mean age of Participants in the Midwest are slightly younger, with a mean age of 40 years, and have a less gendered distribution: Almost four out of ten PWID struggled to cope. However, puntos, as local drug-selling spots are locally known in Puerto Rico, managed to open immediately after the hurricane, despite the fact that illicit drugs are not produced on the island. In preparation for the arrival of the hurricane, some PWID managed to acquire a few extra bags and were able to wait two or three days before returning to the puntos. Waleska \[not her real name. I thought: what do I do? I decide to do a run \[to the punto\] even though I had no money. Kiri had not prepared for Maria and ran out of his drug of choice almost immediately, but the following day he was able to find what he needed in the local punto. Not all PWID in our study managed to find their drug of choice right away. Some puntos are located in smaller localities or are disrupted by police or conflicts with rival groups, forcing PWID to travel frequently in search of their drug of choice. Hurricane Maria seems to have exacerbated these issues in some places. Here they are destabilized. They are from out of town, from another location, and besides, they are always changing because the guys that were running it before are in jail now. Miguelito, in another town, struggled to find a dealer because nobody knew where the punto, which had moved because of Maria, would open. Chino, who lives in another location, decided to avoid his local punto and try his luck at a larger venue in a nearby town. Speedball, heroin with a dash of cocaine, is the preferred drug of choice for PWID in rural Puerto Rico, but as it is a blend of two drugs, it often forces study participants to visit more than one punto. Pablito, who like most PWID in rural Puerto Rico uses speedball, struggled to find cocaine in his locality after Maria and was forced to visit numerous venues in nearby towns. Perhaps reflecting the fact that the drug supply was not significantly altered in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria, drug prices did not suffer any modification. In a bad day, I use less, what can I do? That was quite something! While fentanyl might have been present on the island before Maria, it was not widely distributed until a few months later. Let me tell you something: I never thought that in that year and six months things would change so much. Everything changed because when I went to jail, there was no fentanyl. Study participants initially reacted negatively to the arrival of fentanyl, in part given the risk of overdose death. Some locations were more affected than others, and some study participants had difficulties finding their drugs of choice, while others did not. I mean, it used to be pretty resilient. I mean, you could run around and talk to people, and bam, bam. You had some. You know what I mean? Frequency of use also affects the perception of drug quality. I feel, so, you know how that U-shape goes up on the using and then your tolerance comes back down. I believe my tolerance has come back down, and I, I think it was better. COVID did not radically affect drug quality. The last thing I used was fentanyl and amphetamine. The quality of the amphetamine dropped considerably, but the fentanyl stayed fentanyl. While fentanyl had been present in the heroin supply for some time, the introduction of fentanyl into the methamphetamine markets is more recent. It gives you a really good rush, and then you got to go get some more. Back in the day, it was real good. It was really expensive and really shitty. In response to the emergence of the pandemic, economic activity was brought to a halt, initially affecting the drug supply. Yet drug markets seem to have reacted quickly, reconstituting supply and distribution networks. And so I was using it very sparingly and trying to hold on to it as long as I could, you know? And people pay it. Yet, some prices seem to have stabilized after an initial supply shock. It was outrageous for a little bit. Heroin got way cheaper and easier to get. As Paul recognizes, price is not only a factor of supply and demand. Findings show that while the drug markets might have been initially affected by the disruptions caused by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico and the lockdown implemented during the COVID pandemic in the Midwestern United States, most effects were temporary. While drug availability, pricing, and quality might have suffered some initial fluctuations, they tended to stabilize as the drug markets absorbed the shocks caused by the lockdown measures. This finding is consistent with other studies of post-hurricane scenarios in the United States and also, more recently, of the severe lockdown measures adopted in early by New York City to curb the spread of COVID \[ 27 \]. One important result of this study is the arrival of fentanyl both in the Midwestern and Puerto Rican settings. Fentanyl seems to be present not only in the context of heroin but increasingly affects polysubstance users of stimulants like cocaine and amphetamine as well. The same trend has been documented elsewhere in the United States \[ 28 , 29 \]. This is worrying because fentanyl and fentanyl-related analogs are the main drivers of overdose deaths in the United States, which have been on the rise \[ 30 \], in part fueled by the presence of COVID \[ 31 , 32 \]. Another change in the drug markets during COVID is the emergence of xylazine, a powerful horse anesthetic used to cut opioids that had existed in Puerto Rico for decades \[ 33 \]. The recent appearance of this powerful drug in the continental United States has been documented in other studies that link it to an increased risk of overdose deaths \[ 34 \]. Big events like Hurricane Maria and the global lockdown after the emergence of COVID had only a temporary effect on drug markets, showing the limits of the strategy to curb the drug supply that has sustained the War on Drugs for more than fifty years. As other studies have shown, the War on Drugs has had the unintended effect of introducing ever more powerful and dangerous drugs into the market. In particular, the production and distribution of fentanyl and fentanyl-related analogs have recently exploded due to their low cost of production and high potency, yielding high returns for a relatively small volume and partially displacing the heroin trade \[ 35 \]. While this study is not the first to suggest the need to shift gears in drug policy, moving away from a punitive approach and into one based on harm reduction \[ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 \], with global warming increasing the frequency and potency of hurricanes and a heightened risk of other pandemic events in the future \[ 42 , 43 \], these changes are more urgent than ever. In preparation for these events, health infrastructures should be strengthened to prevent not only overdose episodes and deaths but also other drug-related harms. Existing harm-reduction interventions like the implementation of overdose prevention rooms \[ 44 , 45 \], ensuring a safe drug supply \[ 46 \], and less punitive and more accessible both in terms of cost and availability MOUD \[ 47 \] will make significant headway in preparation for the next big event. Finally, collecting supply-side data in drug markets after big events is notoriously difficult. We suggest that self-reporting data on drug demand after natural disasters or pandemic events can be collected earlier and relatively quickly, offering an important picture of shifting drug markets. These studies might complement epidemiological or criminological data about drug-supply dynamics that are usually produced retrospectively, sometimes months or even years after the event has long passed. In addition, this study focuses on the demand side of the drug markets. While we believe that the perspective of PWUD reflects local market dynamics, other studies are needed to document the effects of big events on the drug supply. Yet despite this limitation, we believe that self-reporting data are critical in mapping sudden changes in drug markets in the aftermath of big events. Findings show that while the drug markets might have been initially affected by the disruptions caused by Hurricane Maria in Puerto Rico and the lockdown implemented during COVID in the Midwestern United States, most effects were temporary. In preparation for future pandemics or natural disasters, health infrastructures should be strengthened to prevent not only overdose episodes and deaths but also other drug-related harms. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health or the University of Nebraska. This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Roberto Abadie. Paul B Tchounwou : Academic Editor. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

How can I buy cocaine online in Rivera