How can I buy cocaine online in Recife

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

>>>✅(Click Here)✅<<<

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

How can I buy cocaine online in Recife

My Beatport Collection Downloads Playlists. Create playlist.

Active Brazilian crack cocaine users: nutritional, anthropometric, and drug use profiles

How can I buy cocaine online in Recife

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. E-mail: mariescobar hcpa. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. To evaluate the nutritional status of crack users and to analyze its correlation with drug use profiles. Cross-sectional study with crack users. A blood test to analyze hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, and lipid profiles was also performed. Crack use was determined through a standardized interview. Regarding hematological parameters, we found that hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were below normal for Considering normal parameters, a large part of the sample There were no significant correlations between drug profile and nutritional variables. This is a pioneering study that examines the nutritional status of crack users. Our results showed that most crack users present normal anthropometric findings and the prevalence of underweight is low. However, blood analysis showed changes and a specific type of malnutrition. Keywords: Crack cocaine, nutritional assessment, nutritional status, biochemical parameters. Crack cocaine crack , a smoked form of cocaine, is a highly addictive and powerful stimulant that became popular in the mids and has been used worldwide ever since. This increases the availability of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft and causes intense feelings of pleasure. The clinical consequences and comorbidities of crack use have been well described in a number of studies, 8 - 12 but there is a gap in literature regarding the nutritional profile of crack users. Malnutrition in this population may be multifactorial and could involve lower caloric intake, abnormal metabolic and gastrointestinal functions, and even deleterious drug effects. Several studies have highlighted malnutrition and underweight in active multiple-drug users. This study focused on describing the previously-unknown nutritional profile of crack users, supporting early intervention based on scientific and personalized findings to aid clinical recovery. Our main hypothesis was that the severity of crack use may impair nutritional status. Due to the large number of crack users in Brazil and the increasing demand for health services, research is needed in this area. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status of crack users and analyze its correlation with drug use profiles. In addition, we compared the performance of different nutritional assessment methods, such as anthropometric and biochemical parameters blood tests. All patients met the criteria for crack addiction as described by the DSM Crack was required to be the drug of choice, but the use of other psychoactive substances was not an exclusion criterion. Subjects who presented symptoms compatible with dementia or psychosis or those who presented cognitive impairment that prevented comprehension of the study were excluded from the sample. These exclusion criteria were verified by a psychiatrist in a clinical interview, who used the standard recruitment center evaluation. This instrument includes questions about education, home appliances, housing characteristics, and access to public services to evaluate income level. Five classes are derived from these indicators: A points ; B points ; C points ; D points ; and E points. Class A is the most advantaged, while class E is the poorest. Crack use was determined through a standardized interview, using a questionnaire that included items related to the type, mode, and frequency of drug use. Severity of crack use was estimated by age of first use, years of use, and crack rocks used in the previous 30 days, as described in previous studies. The sum of these three variables was used to produce a crack use severity score, and the participants were categorized into a more severe or less severe group, which were divided by the median. Daily alcohol consumption in the last 30 days was also assessed. For the statistical analyses, we used World Health Organization WHO 32 parameters, whereby mL of beer or 30 mL of spirits correspond on average to 12 g of alcohol. We calculated the amount in grams of ethanol consumed daily. Data on the number of tobacco and marijuana cigarettes smoked in the last 30 days was also obtained in the clinical interview. The anthropometric evaluation was performed within 48 hours of admission. The test was administered according to manufacturer instructions, with patients having avoided exercise in the previous 12 hours, having fasted between 2 to 3 hours, and having their last urine elimination 30 minutes prior to the test. We used American Council on Exercise parameters to classify individuals based on body fat. Fasting blood samples were obtained for blood test analysis the morning after admission. We measured the hematocrit and hemoglobin levels using the reference values proposed by Hoffbrand, 35 and the glucose and lipid profiles were based on references established by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Since there were no significant differences between groups, all individuals were recruited for the sample. Data were collected after each individual was informed of the procedures and objectives and gave permission to participate by signing an informed consent form. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov method with Lilliefors significance correction was used to verify the normality of the variables. For the descriptive analysis, we used mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range. Statistical analysis was processed in SPSS version Users were mostly Caucasian and came from poor socioeconomic backgrounds. Considering their BMI and BIA, few individuals were underweight or had low body fat; most were eutrophic, overweight, or obese. LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, and glucose also presented alteration, but at lower percentages. HIV prevalence was Hematocrit and hemoglobin levels were measured using the reference values proposed by Hoffbrand 35 ; glucose and lipid profiles were based on references established by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology. Crack rocks consumed per day ranged from one to and the consumption period ranged from four months to 32 years. Sixty-six Ethanol consumption ranged from A total of A total of 50 individuals Among marijuana users, consumption ranged from one to 15 cigarettes per day. The main correlations are presented in Table 4. There was no significant difference in the nutritional, biochemical, or drug use variables analyzed between the groups data not shown. This study provides new insights into the nutritional assessment of drug addicts. Regarding anthropometric parameters BMI and BIA , few individuals presented low weight and body fat, with most being normal weight, overweight, or obese. Although a number of studies have reported malnutrition and underweight in drug users, 13 , 14 , 16 - 21 our study found a low prevalence. Nevertheless, this does not exclude other specific deficiencies. The blood work revealed important alterations in a significant proportion of our sample, such as low levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit, which can be associated with protein-energy malnutrition and anemia. However, we found no significant correlations between crack use variables and any of the nutritional parameters we evaluated. One important bias is that the other studies involved multiple-drug users from other locations with different drug profiles, usage types and frequency, while ours included only crack cocaine users with associated alcohol and tobacco consumption. Since this is the first study to ever sample such a profile, we cannot compare it confidently with studies covering different types of drug users. There are data on overweight and obesity in recovering drug users, but not in current drug users. During abstinence, they may seek alternative ways of activating the brain reward system and the inhibition of dopamine reuptake, with one common outlet being overeating. Regarding hematological parameters, we found that hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were below normal in These decreased levels may indicate protein-energy malnutrition and anemia. In these cases, anemia may be associated with a diet poor in micronutrients, especially iron, as well as insufficient protein intake and clinical problems decreased hydrochloric acidproduction, decreased intrinsic factor secretion, intestinal perforations, bacterial or infectious diseases. Meanwhile, Ross et al. Compared to normal parameters, a large proportion of our sample LDL cholesterol 6. Tang et al. Our study also found low levels of HDL, which may be associated with a lack of social, economic, and physical activities. In a study on specific deficiencies in multiple-drug users, Nazrul Islam et al. The damage and consequences of crack use can lead to numerous specific nutritional deficiencies and may require further investigation. We found positive correlations between BMI, BIA, triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose, which reinforces that body fat is associated with high serum lipid levels and glucose alterations. Changes in lipid and glucose profiles, alcohol consumption, and smoking are risk factors for the development of chronic diseases such as diabetes, dyslipidemias, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. Considering that these individuals are at risk for cardiovascular problems due to drug use, the sum of these factors may increase the probability of disease and malnutrition. There was no significant correlation between severity of crack use and anthropometric or biochemical variables. Crack use has been reported to induce intestinal perforations, gastric ulcerations, retroperitoneal fibrosis, abdominal pain, nausea, mesenteric ischemia, and esophagitis, thus impairing absorption, digestion, and metabolism 9 and leading to malnourishment. As for cardiovascular consequences, cocaine can cause increased heart rate and blood pressure, endothelial dysfunction, arrhythmia, and atherosclerosis. This increases the duration of euphoric effects and is more cardiotoxic than consuming each drug separately. It has been well documented that smoking can cause numerous diseases, such as cancer, emphysema, and cardiovascular diseases. The nutritional effects of smoking include an increase in free radicals and a decrease in antioxidants. We found that users from classes D and E were mostly Caucasian, characterizing a low-income population with little access to education. HIV prevalence in this group is high Since crack use is associated with complex social issues, 43 these individuals could benefit from lifestyle intervention programs, which have had positive results in the obese, diabetics, and binge eaters. Moreover, we did not evaluate control subjects, which would have been important for comparison with the crack group. We also evaluated subjects seeking inpatient treatment who, therefore, do not represent the general population of crack-cocaine users. In fact, we are already developing a case-control trial protocol to better elucidate the nutritional profile of crack users and evaluate the influence of nutritional aspects on treatment prognosis. In summary, this was a pioneering study that examined the nutritional status of crack users. The BMI of most of them was within the normal, overweight, or obese range. However, their blood tests indicated alterations in hematocrit and hemoglobin levels and in glucose and lipid profiles. This shows that, although crack users are not necessarily underweight, they present other specific nutritional deficiencies that qualify them for a diagnosis of malnutrition. Furthermore, their condition may be associated with other issues that deserve attention, such as alcohol consumption and social problems. This study is the first step towards highlighting the importance of nutrition in the treatment of drug addiction for this marginalized population. We intend to follow these users and evaluate their changes in nutritional status during recovery, as well as food intake and food-related preferences during this period. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Braz J Psychiatry. Find articles by Mariana Escobar. Find articles by Juliana N Scherer. Find articles by Cassia M Soares. Find articles by Martine E Hagen. Find articles by Lisia von Diemen. Find articles by Flavio Pechansky. Received Jul 13; Accepted Oct 7; Collection date PMC Copyright notice. Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

How can I buy cocaine online in Recife