How can I buy cocaine online in Rasht
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Factor Analysis Measurement Recurrence. Substance abuse is a chronic and relapsing disorder with different genetic, mental, social and environmental factors influencing its commencement and continuation 1. Drug abuse is a disorder associated with an unhealthy pattern of drug consumption, and causes social problems for the individual. These problems include the lack of responsibility in the home, workplace and school or even legal problems for the individual 2 , 3. It imposes a serious damage on the societies that could be social, economic, political, cultural or related to health. Health damages like hepatitis and AIDS can be transmitted by injecting drugs or having sexual contact. It also results in socio-cultural damages like increased addiction-induced crimes such as theft, murder, self-immolation, joblessness, family rudeness, child abuse, increased separations, and the educational failure of students with addiction 4. Other studies have shown that family structure and peer socialization could be viewed as factors influencing the risk of problematic drug addiction. Drug addiction, therefore, creates negative effects not only on personal health, and on the cognitive and psychosocial abilities of the patients, but also on the life of the family members and the society at large 5. The annual report of WHO in , indicated that about million people in the world were addicted to opiates. According to this report, the highest prevalence rate of opiate abuse 2. Statistical reports published by the international organizations, particularly WHO, the international narcotics control board INCB , and UNESCO united nations educational scientific and cultural organization , suggest that drug abuse is increasing globally 8 , 9. According to the national survey of drug and health in , about According to estimates, the addicted population of Iran is 2 million people. The studies on addiction have reported the highest frequency of addicts in 20 - 35 age group Despite the treatment advances, returning to heavy and uncontrollable use of such substances has still remained a prevalent problem. After removing toxins from the body and entering the rehabilitation interventions, most cases resume the substances almost 90 days after the beginning of such treatments. This is why all therapy methods emphasize the retention of treated cases today or, in other words, concentrate on relapse prevention Considering the scientific fundamentals of this study, Fallahzade and Hosseini introduced having addicted friends, experiencing mental-spiritual stresses, returning to former places, confronting horrible situations, being rejected by family and friends, and observing the tools of substance use as the influential factors in the addiction relapse According to Atadokht et al. Although various studies were conducted on this subject, determining the elements of the relapse of addiction is not possible, because these elements vary depending on the diversity of use as well as economic, social, and cultural differences of the societies. However, they can serve as the predictors of the lasting degrees of treatments. Therefore, the author decided to identify the factors influencing the relapse of addiction through conducting a qualitative study and Exploratory Factor Analysis EFA. The purpose of the study was the Measurement of effective components of the Addiction Relapse. This study is a descriptive-analytical research done in that has been performed by factor analysis method in two stages cross-sectional and qualitative. Data collection tools at the qualitative stage were interview and questionnaire. The questionnaire had 8 Likert scale questions that were graded as completely agree 5 , agree 4 , no comment 3 , disagree 2 and completely disagree 1. After determining the score for each component, the data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software Then the agreement extent with each component was calculated among experts. At last, the rest of the components as well as the newly-proposed issues were negotiated again among those experts in order to reach a total agreement They were selected with the permission of the treatment deputy of Guilan University of Medical Sciences. These centers were selected randomly. At this stage, the data gathering tool was a questionnaire which consisted of two sections. Section one consisted of 10 questions about demographic information, and Section two consisted of 25 questions about the variables affecting the addiction relapse. The reliability of this questionnaire calculated by the test-retest method was 0. Content validity was conducted by expert panel. Exploratory factor analysis was performed considering the eigenvalue and the value of the two measuring indicators of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin KMO which was 0. In terms of education, 1. In this study, 4 factors were selected with eigenvalues higher than 1. These factors include: Individual factors with 6 variables and variance The results of the confirmatory factor analysis: For the confirmation and the fitting of the factors obtained from exploratory factor analysis and the variables loaded under each factor, the data obtained from LISREL software 8. EFA results identified 4 determinant factors for the relapse of addiction among which individual factors with 5 variables were the most influencing component. The most important variables in this category are: the presence of addicted and depraved friends, substance availability, being rejected by friends, addicted coworkers, divorce and death of spouse. The study by Deborah identified individual factors as one of the most important elements with a crucial role in the relapse of addiction in the referrals to addiction treatment centers 6. This agrees with our study. Gokcearslan et al. Addicted cases believe that unfit friends, poverty and entourage are important factors influencing the use of substance after quitting This also agrees with our study. To explain this finding more, it can be argued that puberty problems, identity crisis, and mental and spiritual conditions of adolescents on the one hand, and weak social relations, lack of social control and social confusion on the other hand, pave the way for the appearance of the individual factors. It seems that people who give up addiction still experience its side effects such as physical pains and mental disorders. Therefore, suitable therapies to mitigate the pains and psychological treatments in related treatment centers are of high importance. As an internal stimulator, however, unseemly mood and depression can encourage addicted cases to resume narcotic substances. Since the vast majority of addicted people believe that they should reuse the substances in order to get rid of unseemly mood and depression, interventions on modifying this belief and replacing more efficient beliefs seem necessary. FEA identified familial factors, with 6 variables and eigenvalue of 5. Also, Atadokht et al. The result of this study showed a positive relationship between family expressed emotions and the frequency of relapse, and a significant negative relationship between perceived social support and the frequency of relapse However, the mother's addiction causes her to neglect her child which in turn results in the increased relapse of addiction in such families Nastizaei introduced in his study the discriminations and disputes in families as important factors affecting the relapse of addiction. To analyze this finding more, one can argue that the family is an element with a remarkable influence on the formation of the personality of the children and the adolescents. Therefore, parents should regulate their relations with children more accurately. They should always observe the principle of esteem and consider related constraints in their relations with children. With 7 variables, variance of According to the findings, occupational factors influence the relapse of addiction. In , the findings of Sadeghiahari et al. They stated occupational conditions as the main cause of the relapse of addiction, which agrees with this study The results of another study suggested that the grungy environment of life affects the relapse of addiction, i. To explain this finding, it can be argued that in the environments where narcotic substances are easily accessible people may have more opportunity to commit substance-related crimes. The reason is that such environments provide people with more opportunities to commit substance-related crimes. This in turn paves the ground for the relapse of addiction. The fourth influential factors were economic factors with 5 variables and confirmed variance of 7. According to another study, as an economic factor, life costs have a remarkable influence on the relapse of addiction that is in concordance with the current study 9. However, the results of another study showed that in the western countries, death phobia and getting tired of addiction are the main causes motivating people to give up addiction This finding does not agree with our study. To explain this finding more, it can be argued that although financial poverty, life costs and bankruptcy have a remarkable influence on the relapse of addiction, wealth can serve as an influential factor on the relapse of addiction, too. Limitations of this study included the lack of the cooperation of some outpatient treatment centers and addicts in filling the related questionnaire. According to the findings, it is not enough as only one factor in the addiction relapse. But addiction relapses were made with different ratios of individual, familial, social, cultural and economic factors. In order to prevent the relapse, we need a study on the design of the proper method. Factors influencing the relapse of addiction were compared with other reports in the viewpoint of factor type and addiction type as shown in Table 3. This comparison shows that the factors influencing the relapse of addiction are different from one country to another one, and also they depend on the addiction type and such parameters. Brady KT, Sinha R. Co-occurring mental and substance use disorders: the neurobiological effects of chronic stress. Am J Psychiatry. Future directions in preventing relapse to substance abuse among clients with severe mental illnesses. Psychiatr Serv. Frequency of harmful behaviors in patients who are suffering from substances abuse. The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on reduction of craving, depression and anxiety symptoms among the opiate abusers under MMT. J Res Addict. Ruchiwit M. Nurs Midwifery Stud. Deborah AO. Psychiattric nursiry Bioao Jical and Behoavioral concepts. Philadolphia: Sanders; Atkinson RM. Substance Abuse. Textbook of Geriatric Neuropsychiatry. Profiles of cognitive dysfunction in chronic amphetamine and heroin abusers. J Biol Today's World. Drug abuse pattern based on demographic factors in referring drug users in Gorgan. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. Personality dimensions relevant to substance abuse relapse in the treatment of opioid dependence with methadone. Int J Acad Res. The role of family expressed emotion and perceived social support in predicting addiction relapse. Designing community based rehabilitation model using structural equation modeling Iran. Int Res J Med Sci. Lincolnwood: Scientific Software International; Parent Sci Pract. The study of factors for recurred addiction from the view of self-introduced addicts to the addiction abandonment centers of zahedan. J Urmia Nurs Midwifery Faculty. Reviewing the causes of recurred addiction in patients who referred to centers introduced of Tehran welfare. Ardabil Med Univ J. Modeling the role of environment in addiction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. Garrity JF. Jesus, peyote, and the holy people: alcohol abuse and the ethos of power in Navajo healing. Med Anthropol Q. Psychosocial factors associated with relapse in men with alcohol or opioid dependence. Indian J Med Res. Relationship between addiction relapse and self-efficacy rates in injection drug users referred to Maintenance Therapy Center of Sari, Glob J Health Sci. A study of factors affecting relapse in substance abuse. Effective factors of addiction relapse among self-introducing addicts to drug addiction-quitting centers in Khuzestan Province, Iran; Int J Manag Human Sci. Addicts' perspectives about factors associated with substance abuse relapse. Iran J Nurs. Case-control study of factors influencing on drug abuse relapse in addicts referred to two recovery centers in Tehran. Predictive factors of relapse among patients treated with methadone maintenance treatment referred to addiction centers in Hamadan based on health belief model. J Health Syst Res. We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. They also allow us to analyze user behavior in order to constantly improve the website for you. Abstract Background: Addiction is a primary, chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and the related circuitry. Objectives: The purpose of the study was the measurement of effective components in addiction relapse, in Rasht city of Guilan province, Iran. Patients and Methods: This study was done in that has been performed by using the factor analysis method. In the qualitative stage the process owners were 45 experts, and in the factor analysis stage they were people who were under treatment at addiction treatment centers. The data collection tool was a Researcher-Made Questionnaire whose content validity was determined through expert panel, and its construct validity was determined through exploratory factor analysis by principal component analysis method with varimax rotation using SPSS16 software. Results: In exploratory component analysis, 4 main components were identified; Individual factors with 6 variables, Conclusions: According to the findings, individual, familial, social, cultural, and economic factors were the most important in relation to the addiction relapse. Background Substance abuse is a chronic and relapsing disorder with different genetic, mental, social and environmental factors influencing its commencement and continuation 1. Objectives The purpose of the study was the Measurement of effective components of the Addiction Relapse. Methods This study is a descriptive-analytical research done in that has been performed by factor analysis method in two stages cross-sectional and qualitative. Table 1. Demographic Characteristics of the Patients. Variable No. Table 2. Addicted friends 0. Abundance of drugs 0. Addicted partners 0. Death of spouse 0. Rejection from friends 0. Being single 0. Death of parents 0. Divorce 0. Discrimination in the family 0. Illiterate parents 0. Family congestion Occupational factors 0. Unemployment 0. Occupational exposure to opiates 0. Job loss 0. Long and tedious work 0. Long time driving 0. Dissatisfaction with job 0. Failure in Jobs 0. Poverty 0. Bankruptcy 0. Cheap opiates 0. Earning money 0. Wealth 0. Figure 1. Addiction Relapse Fit Model. Table 3. Injection Drug Users Sari, Iran three types of questionnaires SPSS Pearson coefficient- chi-square test Self-Efficacy Rates significant difference between relapse and self-efficacy 22 Cross sectional 40 Patients of substance abuse relapse were compared with 40 abstinent subjects as controls Substance abuse India GHQ, PSLES , MSPSS SPSS, chi square test with Yates correction Socio-demographic characteristics, history of substance abuse, Family, perceived social support Relapse was more in substance abusers of less than 30 years of age, those having lower educational and socioeconomic status, unemployed, having a family history of substance abuse and a past history of crime. Early age of onset of abuse, and poor follow up after detoxification were also associated with relapse, in addition to poor family and social support. Temptation, peer pressures, depression and low dose of methadone were the most common reasons for relapse. The best predictors for relapse were perceived benefit, perceived susceptibility and self-efficacy. References 1. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. Leave a comment here:. Tahreem says:. Cookie Setting We use cookies to provide you with the best possible experience. The statistical tests of Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regressions were used on SPSS Relapse was more in substance abusers of less than 30 years of age, those having lower educational and socioeconomic status, unemployed, having a family history of substance abuse and a past history of crime. The findings showed that controlling methods used by the family such as strict or easy behavior, discrimination between addict and non-addict children, in-family disputes, paying less attention to religious beliefs, and not giving enough respect to them can be considered as the main factors in the recurrence of addiction. Almost
Rasht during Journal of Clinical Surgery and Research. 2(2) DOI © Auctores Online, All rights reserved. No part of this.
How can I buy cocaine online in Rasht
Either your web browser doesn't support Javascript or it is currently turned off. In the latter case, please turn on Javascript support in your web browser and reload this page. Refer to the copyright information in the article for licensing details. Free full text in Europe PMC. Substance use among college students in Iran is a serious problem. Determining the pattern of substance use among University students is an important issue for implementing prevention and treatment programs. The present survey attempts to determine the prevalence of substance usage and associated risk factors among the students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University of Jahrom, Jahrom, Iran. This cross-sectional study was carried out from December to February and included randomly selected students of two Jahrom universities. A standard questionnaire was used for data gathering. T-test and Chi-square T-test and Chi-square and Logestic regression tests were used for data analysis. Tobacco The prevalence of substance use among the male students was significantly higher OR: 1. The risk of at least single episode of substance usage was higher among the students which were living alone OR: 3. Design of educational courses addressing the detrimental effects and dire consequences of substance usage could help to improve control programs. Universities could improve their drug abuse control programs by focusing on the high risk groups determined by relevant studies. Changes in living conditions are always associated with stress, and students who attend universities are exposed to profound changes in their lifestyles 1. For most students, college attendance is a period of excitement, which is associated with anxiety and stress 1. It seems that certain people, including students, may choose risky behaviors, such as drug abuse, for releasing psychological tension and pressure 2. Adolescents and young adults are the main group exposed to the risk for behavioral misconduct 3. These risky behaviors have led to the increasing rate of early death, disability and chronic diseases, observed in the recent decades in developing countries, including Iran 3. Similar researches, conducted in multiple countries, underline the importance of physical and mental health of the students 3. To date, several studies have been conducted on students concerning mental health status, the prevalence of specific psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression, and how students cope and deal with campus 4. Statistics have shown a dramatic increase in the rate of drug abuse in different communities, especially among young people in recent decades 4 - 9. Also, other studies show an increase in the prevalence of high-risk behaviors among college students in Iran 10 - The study of Taremian et al. Water pipe smoking hookah is a type of smoking habit, widely encountered in Middle Eastern countries 17 , in which smoke passes through water Siam, in his study among male students in different universities of Rasht, found that The frequency of consumption was as follow: cigarette Moreover, The present survey attempts to determine the prevalence of substance usage and associated risk factors among the students of JUMS and AUJ. A confidential standard questionnaire based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition DSM-IV , composed of a number of multiple choice questions was used throughout this cross-sectional study 19 , Total number of students of JUMS was males: , females: and total number of students of AUJ was male: , female: All participants were selected by simple sampling method and randomized by table of random numbers. The students were free to select more than one choice. Special attention was paid to ensure that all of the students clearly understood the instructions about the questionnaire. The students were also asked not to write their name or any other symbol indicating their identity and were assured about confidentiality of their responses. The second part of the questionnaire related to the type of substances used consisting of tobacco, alcohol, opium, heroin, hookah, cocaine, grass, morphine, cannabis and psychedelic drugs, such as lysergic acid diethylamide. The students were also asked about their age at the first consumption of substance, their reasons for using the drugs for the first time, the most important motivators of substance use, the reasons for continuing substance usage, and the frequency of substance use single occasion, infrequent, and sustained substance usage. Students who used substance once in a month were categorized as occasional user, and those using substance more than once in a month were considered as sustained users. The questionnaire was approved by five behavioral psychologists, all of which being faculty members of different universities in Iran. Reliability of the questionnaire was examined by a pretest-posttest study r: 0. All data collectors were students of medicine who were trained regarding the questionnaire. T-test and Chi-square tests were used for data analysis. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine the factors that affect substance use, as dependent variables, and sex, marital status, location, and type of universities, which were regarded as independent variables. Overall, students, including Mean age of the females and males were In regard to the place of residence, With respect to the history of substance usage, In regard to the relationship between the substance use and the place of residence, Table 1 indicates the number of subjects, the frequency of substance usage, and the type of substance used, based on sex and the University. As for the experience of substance usage, The mean age at the beginning of substance usage among the male and female students were With respect to the frequency of substance usage, 93 6. Of these, 41 5. Sustained usage of substance was reported by 90 5. These included 14 2. The most important incentives and motivators for starting and continuing the substance usage are summarized in Table 2. Results of this study indicated that the most important incentive for starting the substance usage among the students was curiosity Pleasure was the most important cause of continuing the substance use in 84 Additional reasons for continuing substance usage included habitual usage due to addiction 28 6. Table 3 shows the result of multiple logistic regression, based on factors thought to impact substance use. The risks of occasional substance usage OR: 2. The findings of this research are consistent with other national studies and indicated that usage of all types of substances among the university students of Jahrom City in Iran is generally lower than in western countries 21 - In this regards, This is in line with the findings of Goreishi et al. Findings of this study indicated that the most common substances used by the students were tobacco, alcohol, and opium. A similar study, conducted on the students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, showed that tobacco and alcohol were the most frequently used substances 20 , a finding comparable to the study of Goreishi et al. Many studies reveal that the pattern of substance usage among the students of western universities is different from its pattern in Iran, so that alcohol and various opiate are the most common substances used by western college students 20 , 25 , 26 , while in Iran, hookah and cigarette are at the topmost substances used by the students. Availability of substances and different prohibitive laws could be considered as the determinant factors of this discrepancy Although there exist several regulations that prohibit usage of tobacco at the university campuses in Iran, however, the law enforcement and monitoring programs are faced with short of efficient implementation Many strict prohibitive regulations, enacted against the usage of alcohol and opium, along with the religious beliefs, reduced the rate of consumption of these substances in Iran, compared to several other countries Nevertheless, increasing usage of alcohol and opium by university students in Iran is of serious concern and deserves appropriate measures to be taken by the decision makers Considering different rates of consumption, the risk of substance use among the male students was significantly higher than females. This is in accordance with the findings of a similar study on students of Zanjan universities, which showed the risk and incidence of substance use were significantly higher in males 6. Another study carried out at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, evaluated university students regarding substance use, which was higher among males 4. Numerous studies across the world have revealed differences in drug abuse between males and females, which were consistent with our findings 28 , This is evidenced by the differences in availability of substances to males and females, a condition accounting for increasing access of male students to substance use 3. Also, multiple factors, such as social stigma, have important effects on the decisions of female students to use substances 28 , 30 , The dependence of female students on their families could also be one of the reasons for lower substance use among females than male students According to the results of our study, the type of university was another important risk factor for substance use among the university students. By and large, the incidence and risk of substance use among the students of AUJ was significantly higher than in JUMS students, at all levels of substance use frequencies. The JUMS, as a public university, and AUJ, as a private institution, enroll students from different socioeconomic groups, so that those who attend the private university are generally from wealthier families. It seems that the difference in substance usage between students of these universities relates to affording the cost of substances by the students of the private university 14 , as well as the different lifestyles of students from different socioeconomic groups, which affect their behavior, such as their tendency to substance use The results of our study show that the place of residence of students is another important risk factor that impacts substance use. Among the students with sustained substance usage, living alone was a risk factor for such behavior. The study of Sahraian et al. Several studies suggest the positive effect of living with family on prevention of substance use among the college students in Iran Implementation of strict supervision programs, along with attending effective psychological consultation courses by students living in dormitories, could help reduce the prevalence of substance use The curiosity and seeking pleasure are the most important impetuses for starting substance use. Students with continuous substance usage mentioned that seeking pleasure and releasing tension were the most important incentives for sustained usage of substance. In the study performed in Zanjan universities, the most important motivators for substance use were pain relief in Lack of sufficient and proper knowledge about the side effects of substance use misleads people to use drugs and substances for pleasure and control of tensions 3. Appropriate information through educational courses and counseling practices has a positive effect on awareness of people about the realities associated with usage of substances Tobacco, alcohol, cannabis and marijuana were the most common substances used by the students of Jahrom universities. Being male and living alone are two important risk factors for substance usage. The curiosity and seeking pleasure were the most important motivators of substance use. Universities could improve their drug abuse control programs by focusing on the high risk groups, which are identified by relevant studies. It is suggested that several educational and consultation courses could improve knowledge and attitude of students about the detrimental effects and dire consequences of substance usage. Finally, it is worth enacting as number of powerful laws to prohibit substance usage by university students. Int J Public Health , , 10 May Front Public Health , , 17 Nov J Educ Health Promot , , 26 Nov Clin Respir J , 16 6 , 03 Jun Pan Afr Med J , , 04 Feb To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation. J Res Health Sci , 15 1 , 01 Jan Cited by: 20 articles PMID: Oman Med J , 36 1 :e, 31 Jan Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively. Search life-sciences literature 44,, articles, preprints and more Search Advanced search. This website requires cookies, and the limited processing of your personal data in order to function. By using the site you are agreeing to this as outlined in our privacy notice and cookie policy. Heydari ST 1 ,. Izedi S 2 ,. Sarikhani Y 3 ,. Kalani N 2 ,. Akbary A 4 ,. Miri A 2 ,. Mahmoodi M 1 ,. Akbari M 1. Affiliations 1. Authors Sarikhani Y 3. Authors Akbary A 4. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Abstract Background Substance use among college students in Iran is a serious problem. Objectives The present survey attempts to determine the prevalence of substance usage and associated risk factors among the students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University of Jahrom, Jahrom, Iran. Patients and methods This cross-sectional study was carried out from December to February and included randomly selected students of two Jahrom universities. Results Tobacco Conclusions Substance usage is considered as a risk factor for students' health among University students in Iran. Free full text. Published online Jun PMID: Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Background: Substance use among college students in Iran is a serious problem. Objectives: The present survey attempts to determine the prevalence of substance usage and associated risk factors among the students of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University of Jahrom, Jahrom, Iran. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out from December to February and included randomly selected students of two Jahrom universities. Results: Tobacco Background Changes in living conditions are always associated with stress, and students who attend universities are exposed to profound changes in their lifestyles 1. Patients and Methods A confidential standard questionnaire based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition DSM-IV , composed of a number of multiple choice questions was used throughout this cross-sectional study 19 , Results Overall, students, including Table 1. Open in a separate window. Table 2. Table 3. Discussion The findings of this research are consistent with other national studies and indicated that usage of all types of substances among the university students of Jahrom City in Iran is generally lower than in western countries 21 - Acknowledgments The authors wish to thank the Dr. Mehdi Kabiri for English editing. References 1. Lapsley DK, Edgerton J. Twelve-month maintenance treatment of opium-dependent patients. J Subst Abuse Treat. Frequency of risky behaviours among students in Babol Universities Addict Behav. Health-related lifestyles and risk behaviours among students living in Alexandria University Hostels. East Mediterr Health J. Lee A, Tsang CK. Youth risk behaviour in a Chinese population: a territory-wide youth risk behavioural surveillance in Hong Kong. Public Health. Relationship of onset of cigarette smoking during college to alcohol use, dieting concerns, and depressed mood: results from the Young Women's Health Survey. Papadaki A, Hondros G, A. Scott J, Kapsokefalou M. Eating habits of university students living at, or away from home in Greece. Illicit use of prescribed stimulant medication among college students. J Am Coll Health. Prev Med. Sexual risk-taking behaviors among boys aged years in Tehran. J Adolesc Health. Prevalence of risk behaviors related to intentional and unintentional injuries among adolescent high school students of Sistan and Balouchestan, southeast of Iran. The prevalence of drug abuse among university students in Tehran. Iranian J psychiatry and clinical psychology. Siam S. Drug abuse prevalence between male students of different universities in Rasht in Zahedan J Research in Medical Sciences. Survey of the prevalence of substance use among high school students in Guilan The study of body mass index in students of Bam educational centers. Journal of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. Water-pipe smoking and pulmonary functions. Respir Med. Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic. Tob Control. Ahmadi J, Hasani M. Prevalence of substance use among Iranian high school students. Prevalence of substance abuse among the medical students in Southern Iran. Shiraz E Medical J. Goreishi A, Shajari Z. Addict Health. Substance abuse: prevalence in a sample of nursing students. J Clin Nurs. Substance use by pharmacy and nursing practitioners and students in a northeastern state. Am J Health Syst Pharm. Students' attitudes and practices towards drug and alcohol use at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Comparative study of drug use among undergraduate students at the University of Sao Paulo--Sao Paulo campus in and Rev Bras Psiquiatr. Alcohol abuse and dependence among U. J Stud Alcohol. Cigarette smoking among Iranian medical students, resident physicians and attending physicians. Eur J Med Res. Use of alcohol and other drugs among Brazilian college students: effects of gender and age. Maryland: National Institute on Drug Abuse; Age-related changes in reasons for using alcohol and marijuana from ages 18 to 30 in a national sample. Psychol Addict Behav. Alcohol Alcohol Suppl. Parent program component analysis in a drug abuse prevention trial. Living alone is associated with a higher prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in a population-based cross-sectional study. Estimating the prevalence of high-risk behaviors using network scale-up method in medical university students. Prevalence of hookah smoking among Iranian pupils and university students: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Prevalence and factors associated with substance use among students in tertiary institutions in Buea, Cameroon. Similar Articles To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation. Socio-demographic characteristics associated with cigarettes smoking, drug abuse and alcohol drinking among male medical university students in Iran. Risk and protective factors for substance use among Iranian university students: a national study. Motivators of continuing the substance use d.
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