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Citation: Mehdi Z. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In order to investigate the effect of irrigation, potassium and low-use elements on the growth indicators of fodder corn , a study in in the form of split-split plots in the form of a basic randomized complete block design in three replications at the city of urmia was implemented. Plant height, fresh fodder yield, stem and leaf dry weight, biological yield, flag leaf area, ear length and diameter, proline and leaf relative water content were studied. According to the results, the main effects of irrigation interruption were significant in reducing plant height, flag leaf area, ear length, fresh fodder yield, stem and leaf dry weight, and increasing proline. Potassium consumption had a significant effect in increasing plant height, biological yield, ear length and diameter, proline, and also reducing stem dry weight. Therefore, in the conditions of drought stress, the use of potassium together with low-use elements has improved the mentioned traits, under such conditions, the use of these elements is recommended for the cultivation of fodder corn in the region. Corn is a fodder plant with high dry matter yield, which can be used as silage for feeding livestock. The nutritional and fodder properties of this plant are at an optimal level, and the high protein content of corn in Increasing the importance of this forage plant is effective Imanzadeh et al. Drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses that reduces the production of agricultural products and the efficiency of using arid and semi-arid lands Fattahi et al, The role of nutrients in plant nutrition is well demonstrated when other elements needed by the plant are provided to the plant in a balanced manner. On the other hand, insufficient nutrients increase plant resistance to some pests and diseases and environmental stresses Kholdbrin and Eslamzadeh, According to the report of Khalili Mahalle et al. Hassanzadeh Moghadam and Afshar reported a significant effect of moisture stress on the reduction of cob length and cob diameter in research on hybrid corns and Atteya during an experiment by creating stress conditions in different stages of vegetative and reproductive growth of corn showed that stress had a significant effect on the relative water content of the cell and the stage of tassle emergence is more sensitive to water scarcity than other reproductive stages. Mohammad-Khani and Haidari showed that the amount of proline in the root and shoot of two corn cultivars and increased significantly after stress caused by polyethylene glycol. Ghahfarohki et al. Khalili et al. Rahimi and Mazaheri in Yasuj Azad University, during an experiment, investigated the morphological response and performance of corn to the chemical compounds of iron and copper and stated that the effect of spraying the above elements on plant height, leaf area index, cob length, cob diameter and seed protein was significant. Leblanc et al. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of potassium consumption and low consumption elements of iron, zinc and manganese under drought stress conditions on the growth and yield indicators of fodder corn This experiment was carried out in the crop year of as a second crop and with the aim of producing fodder in the village of Sari-Beglou, in the functions of Urmia city, at an altitude of meters above sea level, with a geographic longitude of 37 degrees, 41 minutes and 27 seconds north and a geographic latitude of 45 degrees, 8 It was performed at 1 minute and 33 seconds. Table 1 shows the geological characteristics of the project implementation area. The experiment was carried out in the form of double-sliced plots in the form of a basic design of completely randomized blocks in three replications, and the factors of the experiment included the following in order:. A: drought stress in the form of interruption of irrigation as the main factor including : a1: full irrigation, a2: stop irrigation in two stages: before the appearance of the tassel in the vegetative stage and at the time of seed filling. B: Use of potassium fertilizer as a sub-factor including: b1: no use of potassium, b2: use of kg per hectare of potassium from the source of potassium sulfate. C: A mixture of fertilizers with low consumption of iron, manganese and zinc as sub-sub-factor including: c1: lack of use, c2: soil use and c3: solution spraying. The distance between plants was 25 cm and the distance between rows was 50 cm. Fertilizers used in this experiment were:. Soil application of low-use elements was done simultaneously with planting and spraying of these elements in two stages before the appearance of tassel and during seeding. According to the results of soil tests, there was no need to use phosphorus in this project. The traits measured in the experiment on five plants selected from each plot are as follows:. In the mentioned relationship, TW, D. W, and F. W represent the fresh weight, dry weight, and whole leaf weight, respectively. The obtained data were analyzed using Mintab 14 software and the averages were compared using Duncan's multi-range test. The effect of the combined use of low-use elements and potassium was effective in increasing the height of the plant, especially if the low-use elements were used in the form of soil Table 4. Zinc deficiency causes shortening of the length between the nodes and as a result the height of the plant decreases Foth et al. Sah and Zamoureh also stated in their research that the height of the plant decreases with the application of drought stress. Yield of fresh fodder : Stopping irrigation had a significant effect on the yield of fresh fodder Table 2. Campose et al. By spraying the solution of low consumption elements, the effect of stress was partially compensated and the amount of dry weight of the stem increased. Soil consumption of low-consumption elements along with potassium was effective in increasing this index Table 4. Chimenti et al. Lack of water by shortening the effective growth of the stem, reducing the synthesis of photosynthetic substances and as a result reducing the transport of these substances causes less accumulation of these substances in the stem. Leaf dry weight: The interaction effect of three experimental factors on leaf dry weight was significant Table 2. Spraying the solution of low-consumption elements along with the interruption of irrigation partially compensated the effects of leaf dry weight reduction and increased the leaf dry weight Table 4. Spraying the solution of low-consumption elements was more effective in the conditions of interruption of irrigation and no consumption of potassium and increased the dry weight of leaves Table 5. Gupta et al. Biological performance: All bilateral interactions had a significant effect on biological performance Table 2. The use of potassium along with the interruption of irrigation and the soil application of low consumption elements along with the interruption of irrigation resulted in the increase of this index. Along with potassium fertilization and soil application of low-use elements, biological performance increased Table 4. Sepehri et al. The applied stress caused a 10 References Atteya. Alternation of water relation and yield of corn genotypes in response to drought stress. Journal of Plant Physiology. Rapid determination of free prolin for water stress studies. Plant Soil. Physiology water deficit in cereal crops. Agronomy Journal. Effect of water stress at different development stage on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crop Research. Improving drought tolerance in maize: A view from industry. Osmotic adjustment in maize: Genetic variation and association with water uptake developing drought and N tolerant maize. Mexico, DF Mexico. Abstract Agronomic management of silage for yield and quality: Silage cutting height. Crop Insights 10 2. Effect of irrigation with municipal wastewater on heavy metal and fecal coliform concentrations in plant and soil. NEST J. Soil Fertility. Lewis publishers CRC press, Dept. Study of effect of drought stress in different growth stage on yield, yield components and quality of grain maize. College of Agriculture, University of Guilan, Rasht. Page in Persian. Effect of pressmud and zinc on the yield and uptake of zink and nitrogen by corn. Journal of Indian Science. Effects of different ways of low irrigation on grain yield, yield components and water use efficiency on two corn hybrids. Abstracts of 9th Iranian Congress of Crop and Plant improvement. Effect of drought stress on leaf and whole canopy radiation efficiency and yield of maize. Effect of soil use and spraying of potassium sulfate and different irrigation intervals on grain related trains in maize in Khoda Afarin. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 4 3 , pp. Water use production relationship of maize under Tekriday conditions in turkey. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science. Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on quality and quantity of yield of forage espid fid corn on second plant condition in Khoy. Report of investigation project. Mineral Nutrition of Coromophytes translation. Shiraz University Press. Zinc nutrition of silage corn growth on acid potholes. Journal of Plant Nutrition. World Applied Sciences Journal. Maize Zea Maize L. Morphological reaction and corn yield to chemical complex of Fe and Cu. Search and Construction. Effect of water deficit at vegetative and reproductive stages of hybrid open pollinated variety and local maize. Juornal Institute Agriculture and Animal Science. Mashhadi Akbar Boojar. Response of maize to nutrients foliar application under water defficit stress conditions. American Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences. Effect of water stress and different nitrogen ratio on generation stages, yield and yield components of corn. Iranian Crop Science. Drought stress effect on water relation of wheat. Botony Bulletin Academic Sinence. Effect of zinc sulfate on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of corn Zea mays in drought stress. View at Publisher View at Google Scholar Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. 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Abstract In order to investigate the effect of irrigation, potassium and low-use elements on the growth indicators of fodder corn , a study in in the form of split-split plots in the form of a basic randomized complete block design in three replications at the city of urmia was implemented. Table 1: shows the physicochemical characteristics of soil The experiment was carried out in the form of double-sliced plots in the form of a basic design of completely randomized blocks in three replications, and the factors of the experiment included the following in order: A: drought stress in the form of interruption of irrigation as the main factor including : a1: full irrigation, a2: stop irrigation in two stages: before the appearance of the tassel in the vegetative stage and at the time of seed filling. Fertilizers used in this experiment were: kilograms per hectare of nitrogen from the source of urea as a base fertilizer in two stages at the same time with vegetative growth time of five to six leaves and the time of tassel emergence. The traits measured in the experiment on five plants selected from each plot are as follows: 1- Stem height: It was reported in centimeters. The applied stress caused a View at Publisher View at Google Scholar. Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. Mina Sherif Soliman Georgy. Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo. Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores. Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga. Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga. Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto.

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Either your web browser doesn't support Javascript or it is currently turned off. In the latter case, please turn on Javascript support in your web browser and reload this page. Refer to the copyright information in the article for licensing details. Free full text in Europe PMC. Therefore, this study aimed to assess addiction potential and its relationship with health in medical students. This cross-sectional study was conducted on medical students who were selected through convenience sampling. The mean age of the participants was The results indicated a statistically significant relationship between addiction potential score and gender, family history of substance use, and educational level, but not with age, marital status, or place of residence. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was observed between addiction potential and physical, mental, social, and general health scores. This study demonstrated that paying special attention to the health of medical students and planning to improve their health indicators can effectively reduce addiction potential. Substance abuse is a major problem worldwide, affecting health, society, and the economy. Studies indicate that drug addiction is a multidimensional or multifactorial issue involving various psychological, social, cultural, and genetic factors. Drug addiction has numerous reasons, including the urge to be accepted by society and to appear more attractive and developed. Consequently, the phenomenon of addiction grows and spreads. The findings revealed that This group is elite and significantly impacts society as a whole, and their addiction would undoubtedly hinder their efficiency within the community. Even after college graduation, substance abuse is prevalent among young adults. Identifying and intervening with students at risk for drug use is essential to mitigate possible academic and health consequences. Over the past two decades, measuring health and keeping track of diseases have received considerable attention. The quality-of-life index has been widely used as a criterion for health outcomes measurement, where this index can measure health outcomes beyond disease and biological dysfunction. Consequently, the current study examined the potential for addiction among medical students at Guilan University of Medical Sciences and its relationship with health indicators. The present study was an analytical cross-sectional one, and the population consisted of all medical students at Guilan University of Medical Science during the academic year The entire population of medical students was sampled. All medical students enrolled in the basic sciences, external and internal courses, at Guilan University of Medical Sciences during the academic year who provided informed consent were included in the study. Incomplete questionnaires served as the sole exclusion criteria for this investigation. After obtaining approval from the research deputy and informed consent from students, addiction potential questionnaires and the Duke Health Profile were administered. In addition, it was made accessible to extern and intern students via university educational hospitals and online methods. The checklist developed by the researchers was used to record the necessary information for this study. This study utilized the following instruments to collect data: 1 a demographic information questionnaire including age, gender, marital status, place of residence, drug use among first-degree relatives FDRs , and level of education Table 1 ; 2 the item Iranian Addiction Potential Scale IAPS , and 3 the Duke Health Profile DUKE questionnaire. Table 1 details the demographic characteristics of the research population. The addiction potential questionnaire comprises 41 items, 36 of which were considered in this study; the remaining five items are typically used in polygraph lie detector tests. The greater the score, the greater the probability of substance abuse, and vice versa. This scale examines the potential for both active and passive addiction. Weed et al developed this scale in The Duke Health Profile is a item generic tool used to determine the health profile. This study measured three indices of physical health, mental health, and social health, in addition to general health. According to the scoring scheme of this questionnaire, scores of and 0 for four indices represent the best and worst health conditions, respectively. The questionnaire was initially developed by Parkerson et al in According to the Duke Health Profile scoring pattern, the mean score obtained by the investigated population for physical health was Meanwhile, the mean scores for mental, social, and general health were As shown in Table 3 , there was a significant difference between physical health and gender. Male students scored higher in physical health than female students. However, there was no statistically significant difference between general health scores and demographic characteristics. The mean addiction potential score obtained by the investigated students was The potential for active and passive addiction scores were It was determined that In stepwise multiple linear regression, general health, mental health, social health, and physical health were used as independent variables and addiction potential was considered a dependent variable. According to research, drug addiction is caused by various mental, social, cultural, and genetic factors. The average score for addiction potential obtained by the investigated population using the questionnaire was In a study conducted at the same university by Zarrabi et al, it was observed that According to a study conducted by Fajani et al, only 6. However, it should be noted that any amount of drug use is concerning. According to the obtained results, there was a statistically significant difference between addiction potential scores and the male gender, positive history of drug use in the family, and internship educational level. Several studies conducted in Iran and other countries worldwide reported that men are more likely than women to use drugs. In addition, studies indicate that risk-taking behaviors are typically prevalent in communities. Moreover, the results of various studies indicated that drug-using friends and family members have a positive and significant relationship with the development of drug-use tendencies and drug consumption among individuals. The study by Arora et al also demonstrated that drug use increases significantly during the final years of medical school. In this study, however, there was no statistically significant difference in the addiction potential scores of students regarding age, marital status, or place of residence. Although students who lived independently from their families in a dorm or private home appeared to have greater addiction potential, this was not observed in this study. The choice of lifestyle may be one of the causes of this condition, as people with active lifestyles and healthy diets exhibit less desire for antisocial behaviors such as drug use. On the other hand, one of the leading causes of addiction is the inability to cope with problems. In such circumstances, the individual may self-medicate with drugs to temporarily feel freedom and peace. In addition, suffering from complications is one of the causes of low self-esteem and helplessness. Nonetheless, additional research is necessary to confirm these hypotheses. The present study revealed that the average mental health score of the students was Furthermore, there was no statistically significant difference in mental health scores based on gender, age, level of education, marital status, place of residence, or drug use in the family. This study did not reveal a gender difference in mental health scores, even though such a difference may exist. The study conducted by Merlo et al indicated that the mental health of Additionally, although Although As a result, it may be advantageous to conduct additional detailed studies to investigate the relationship between personality types and drug use. In general, however, it can be stated that awareness and environmental stress reduction promote good mental health in these individuals and increase the effectiveness of service delivery and the health system. According to the results, the mean social health score of the students was The evaluation demonstrated that addiction risk scores decrease as social health scores increase. This was expected, given that social acceptance and approval are associated with higher self-esteem and can be viewed as a protective factor against addictive tendencies. The mean general health score obtained by the investigated students was In addition, male students received higher scores in terms of general health, which is justified by their higher mean physical health score. One of the limitations of this study was the absence of an examination of the relationship between personality type and addiction potential. This is concerning and calls for intervention. There was a positive and statistically significant relationship between addiction potential score and male gender, positive family history of drug use, and internship. Moreover, there was a negative and significant correlation between addiction potential and physical, mental, social, and general health scores. The authors are grateful to the medical students at Guilan University of Medical Sciences for participating in this study. Investigation of addiction potential and its related health profile in medical students. Addict Health. This research received no specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation. Cited by: 26 articles PMID: BMC Psychol , 7 1 , 03 May J Educ Health Promot , , 31 Aug Nurs Midwifery Stud , 2 2 , 27 Jun Europe PMC requires Javascript to function effectively. Search life-sciences literature 44,, articles, preprints and more Search Advanced search. This website requires cookies, and the limited processing of your personal data in order to function. By using the site you are agreeing to this as outlined in our privacy notice and cookie policy. Abstract Free full text Similar Articles. Najafi K 1 ,. Novin MH 1 ,. Rafigh M 1 ,. Zavarmousavi SM 1 ,. Isanazar A 1 ,. Nekouei Shoja N 1. Affiliations 1. Share this article Share with email Share with twitter Share with linkedin Share with facebook. Abstract Background Substance use among medical students is a concern due to its relationship with students' health and the nature of the medical profession. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on medical students who were selected through convenience sampling. Students' demographic information, including age, gender, marital status, place of residence, educational level, and substance abuse in first-degree relatives FDRs , as well as information obtained from the Duke Health Profile and Iranian Addiction Potential Scale IAPS , were collected in person or online and analyzed using SPSS software v. Findings The mean age of the participants was Conclusion This study demonstrated that paying special attention to the health of medical students and planning to improve their health indicators can effectively reduce addiction potential. Free full text. Published online Apr PMID: Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Received Nov 11; Accepted Jan 1. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on medical students who were selected through convenience sampling. Findings: The mean age of the participants was Conclusion: This study demonstrated that paying special attention to the health of medical students and planning to improve their health indicators can effectively reduce addiction potential. Keywords: Addiction, Health, Addiction potential, Medical students. Introduction Substance abuse is a major problem worldwide, affecting health, society, and the economy. Methods The present study was an analytical cross-sectional one, and the population consisted of all medical students at Guilan University of Medical Science during the academic year Open in a separate window. Iranian addiction potential scale The addiction potential questionnaire comprises 41 items, 36 of which were considered in this study; the remaining five items are typically used in polygraph lie detector tests. Results According to the Duke Health Profile scoring pattern, the mean score obtained by the investigated population for physical health was Table 2 Physical, mental, social, and general health status of medical students based on Duke Health Profile scores. Table 3 Physical and mental health according to Duke Health Profile based on demographic characteristics of medical students. Addiction potential Number Percent Lower tendency to use drugs Table 5 Addiction potential score obtained from IAPS based on demographic characteristics of medical students. Table 6 Correlation between IAPS addiction potential scores and Duke Health Profile physical, mental, social, and general health scores in medical students. Variable Addiction potential score Physical health score Pearson correlation - 0. Table 7 Model summary of addiction potential and health profile multiple linear regression. Error of the Estimate 1 0. Table 8 Addiction and health profile multiple linear regression coefficients. B Std. Error Beta 1 Constant Discussion According to research, drug addiction is caused by various mental, social, cultural, and genetic factors. Acknowledgments The authors are grateful to the medical students at Guilan University of Medical Sciences for participating in this study. Data curation: Mahdi Rafigh, Adele Isanazar. Investigation: Mahdi Rafigh, Adele Isanazar. Project administration: Mohammad Hassan Novin. References 1. Sarkhel S. Medknow Publications; Ghazinezhad M, Savalanpour E. Social exclusion and addiction potential among female university students in Tehran. Iranian Journal of Social Problems ;16 3 Saah T. The evolutionary origins and significance of drug addiction. Harm Reduct J. The role of attachment styles and defense mechanisms in discriminating cigarette smoker students from non-smokers. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci ;16 3 Trend of drug abuse situation in Iran: a three decade survey. Hakim Res J ;5 3 Investigation of substance use prevalence and the interrelated factors involved through third-year high school students in Nazarabad city from January to June Razi J Med Sci ;19 97 Self-esteem and humor style as mediators of the effects of shyness on loneliness among Chinese college students. Pers Individ Dif. Int J Soc Psychiatry. Safaii N, Kazemi B. Effect of opium use on short-term outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. The association of opium dependence and postoperative complications following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a propensity-matched study. J Opioid Manag. Prevalence and incidence of drug use among college students: an 8-year longitudinal analysis. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. Association between mental health and educational stressful factors among students of Razi Nursing and Midwifery School in Kerman. Iran J Med Educ ;11 3 Sources of stress in nursing students: a systematic review of quantitative studies. Int Nurs Rev. Cross-culture adaptation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of Duke Health Profile. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. J Pers Assess. Zargar Y. Construction of Iranian Addiction Potential Scale. Proceedings of the 2nd Congress on Iranian Psychology Association; The Duke Health Profile. A item measure of health and dysfunction. Med Care. Prevalence of substance use among students of Guilan University of Medical Sciences J Qazvin Univ Med Sci ;12 4 Prevalence of substance abuse and its association with cigarette smoking in Isfahan University of Medical Sciences students in Koomesh ;16 4 Tobacco use and substance abuse in students of Karaj Universities. Int J Prev Med. Psychostimulant drug abuse and personality factors in medical students. Med Teach. Gender differences in substance use and psychiatric distress among medical students: a comprehensive statewide evaluation. Subst Abus. Substance abuse amongst the medical graduate students in a developing country. Indian J Med Res. Substance use among physicians and medical students. Med Student Res J. Similar Articles To arrive at the top five similar articles we use a word-weighted algorithm to compare words from the Title and Abstract of each citation. The relationship between social networking addiction and academic performance in Iranian students of medical sciences: a cross-sectional study. A study of internet addiction and its effects on mental health: A study based on Iranian University Students. Internet addiction and its predictors in guilan medical sciences students, Drug use experience in family. Heath status. Physical health. Good Mental health. Addiction potential. Lower tendency to use drugs. Addiction potential score. Physical health score. Pearson correlation. Correlation type. Negative correlation. Adjusted R-square. Error of the Estimate. Unstandardized Coefficients. Standardized Coefficients. General health score.

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