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Crack-cocaine users have less family cohesion than alcohol users

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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. E-mail: ninomarchi gmail. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Many studies correlate characteristics of family functioning and the development of drug addiction. This study sought to evaluate and compare the family environment styles of two groups of psychoactive substance users: 1 alcohol-only users and 2 crack-cocaine users. Three hundred and sixty-four users of alcohol, crack-cocaine, and other drugs, recruited from research centers in four Brazilian capitals participated in this study. A final model was obtained using a logistic regression analysis. All analyses were adjusted for partner, age, and psychiatric t -score. The post-hoc test revealed a difference of 1. No significant between-group differences were observed in the other subscales. However, categorical analyses of variables regarding family dynamic showed that crack users more often reported that sometimes people in their family hit each other These results suggest that families of crack-cocaine users are less cohesive than families of alcohol users. This type of family environment may affect treatment outcome, and should thus be adequately approached. Keywords: Family, family relationships, cohesion, substance abuse, alcohol use, crack-cocaine use. Environmental factors, especially the family environment, are strongly associated with onset of substance use. In Brazil, it is estimated that 28 million people live with someone who has an SUD. Some studies have reported impaired family functioning due to drug abuse by a family member. Vianna et al. Given the large number of people in Brazil affected by the SUD of a family member or peer, it is relevant to further examine the family environment of substance abusers and determine whether there are differences in family environment depending on the substance of abuse. Within this context, the present study aimed to examine and compare the family environment of alcohol users and crack-cocaine users. The participants were selected by convenience sampling at the four centers for inpatient and outpatient treatment for substance abuse. Study participants were adults with a history of recent alcohol or drug use who were recruited from psychiatric inpatient units or outpatient clinics specializing in the treatment of substance abuse. Limited exclusion criteria were used so as to enable the investigators to evaluate and differentiate substance-abusing patients at different stages of substance use and treatment. Exclusion criteria were: presence of severe psychiatric disorders with symptoms at the time of interview psychotic symptoms, severe cognitive deficits, altered state of consciousness, psychomotor agitation requiring restraint, severe withdrawal symptoms, or acute effects of substance use that would preclude interview; or refusal to participate in the study or to give consent. The ASI-6 is a fairly complete and relatively brief instrument designed to provide important information on several potential problem areas in substance-abusing patients, which are often related to substance abuse and addiction. It is widely used in both research and clinical practice not only in the United States but also in other countries to evaluate adult users of alcohol and other drugs. The FES consists of 10 subscales that measure the actual, ideal, and expected social environment of families. The 10 subscales measure three underlying dimensions: Relationship, Personal Growth or Achievement Orientation , and System Maintenance. The Relationship and System Maintenance dimensions basically reflect internal family functioning, while the Personal Growth dimension reflects the connections between the family and the larger social context. In the present study, we used the Real Form of the FES Form R , designed to assess the current environment, to describe the actual family environment at the time of assessment. The scale consists of 90 statements designed to measure the perceptions of each family member of their actual family environment, i. Respondents are asked to score each statement about their family environment as true or false. These instruments have been validated in Brazil by the authors of the respective publications. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to determine which variables affected substance use and family cohesion. Statistical analysis was performed in PASW version Ethical procedures were followed to ensure that the rights and well-being of participants were protected. Written informed consent was obtained from participants prior to their inclusion in the study. The main results are listed in Table 1. Alcohol-only users had a significantly higher mean age Variable presented as mean standard deviation and compared by the t -test for independent samples. Variable presented as median interquartile interval and compared by the Mann-Whitney test. Table 2 shows the pattern of alcohol and drug use. For every 1-day increase in alcohol use variable unit , patients had a 4. For every 1-year and every 1-day increase in drug use variable unit , patients had, respectively, a 9. For every one-point increase in the Cohesion score, patients had a Table 3 shows the mean scores obtained by the two groups in each subscale evaluated. In addition, post-hoc analysis revealed a difference of 1. In all other subscales, there was no significant difference in mean scores between the two groups. The family characteristics of the two groups are shown in Table 4. This is one of the first studies to evaluate the family environment in a multicenter sample of adult substance users in Brazil. The main finding was that crack-cocaine users seeking treatment, regardless of the use of other psychoactive substances, have less family cohesion than alcohol-only users. Family cohesion refers to the ability of family members to provide support for one another. Thus, this result suggests that crack-cocaine users were more likely to perceive their families as lacking adequate resources for social support. Although no definite conclusion is yet possible, we hypothesize that these families already had weak emotional attachments before the initiation of substance use, and that the chronic use of a highly addictive drug, such as crack cocaine, may have driven the family members further apart. The validation study of the FES for Portuguese has defined that the Cohesion subscale belongs to the Interpersonal Relationship dimension, which measures the degree of mutual help and support among family members. In that study, the authors reported a higher Cohesion score for Brazilian functional families as compared to families of five international studies and hypothesized that this might be due to cultural differences. Evidence shows that, in severe cases, interpersonal ties may be broken, leading to progressive isolation and marginalization of substance users. Moura et al. Another important finding of the present study was a difference in psychiatric scores between the two groups, with crack-cocaine users showing higher scores for psychiatric disorders. Evidence shows that the family environment since childhood can be an important factor in the clinical manifestation and natural history of psychiatric diseases. The present study also showed a higher frequency of aggressive behavior in the families of crack-cocaine users. Our findings are consistent with those of a recent study reporting high rates of occupational, family, and legal problems in populations of crack and cocaine users when compared to non-cocaine psychoactive substance users. This study has some limitations. First, not all Brazilian regions were included in our multicenter design, producing a sample that was not representative of the country as a whole. Second, the sample was limited to patients seeking treatment at specialized public facilities. Third, few women and few people facing legal problems were included in the study. Fourth, the research design did not include a control group, which prevented us from analyzing the family functioning of psychoactive substance users compared to families without substance-abusing members. Finally, due to the cross-sectional design of the study, it is not clear whether family cohesion problems occur as a cause or as a consequence of SUD. In this respect, we plan to conduct further studies involving all these populations to address this issue. In conclusion, our results suggest that crack-dependent patients, regardless of whether they use other substances, have less family cohesion than alcohol-dependent patients. While confirmation is needed, we hypothesize that these families already had weak bonds between family members, which may have contributed to initiation of drug use. Moreover, the chronic and long-term use of a hard drug, such as crack cocaine, may have further disengaged family members from the drug users. In practice, these family circumstances may have an impact on recovery outcomes in drug-dependent patients. It is therefore important to understand the family system of drug-dependent patients in order to provide adequate treatment that is tailored to individual family problems as a therapeutic resource to enhance recovery. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Braz J Psychiatry. Find articles by Nino C Marchi. Find articles by Juliana N Scherer. Find articles by Mayra P Pachado. Find articles by Gerson Siegmund. Find articles by Melina N de Castro. Find articles by Silvia Halpern. Find articles by Daniela Benzano. Find articles by Maria L Formigoni. Find articles by Marcelo Cruz. Find articles by Flavio Pechansky. Find articles by Felix H Kessler. Received Sep 1; Accepted Mar 27; Collection date PMC Copyright notice. Open in a new tab. Data presented as median quartile interval: 25th percentileth percentile. Data presented as mean standard deviation. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel. If there are any disagreement in our family we try really hard to temper things in order to maintain peace.

How can I buy cocaine online in Porto Alegre