How can I buy cocaine online in North Goa

__________________________

📍 Verified store!

📍 Guarantees! Quality! Reviews!

__________________________

▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼ ▼▼

>>>✅(Click Here)✅<<<

▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲ ▲▲

How can I buy cocaine online in North Goa

A cocaine test is used to detect the presence of cocaine or its metabolites in the body. The body breaks down cocaine, and metabolites are byproducts of that process. A Cocaine screen test is performed as part of an employment procedure for suspects of drug abuse or those undergoing drug treatment. This test uses urine, blood, saliva, sweat, or hair samples, and the results are obtained in a few minutes. A positive result means the presence of cocaine. Saliva testing is less intrusive as compared to urine or blood testing. A hair sample test can detect cocaine use even after several months. None of the tests poses a health risk. Informing the doctor about any medications, supplements, or illegal drugs is essential before the test. Results are reported as positive or negative indicating the presence or absence of the drug in the body. The results are determined based on a cut off number which varies depending on the test method used. Test Detail. Understanding the Test. Interpreting Results. Other Tests. Content created by. Written by Dr. Reviewed by Dr. Want to know more? Read our Editorial Policy. You need to provide. This test is for. Test Preparation. Understanding Cocaine. What is Cocaine? What is Cocaine used for? The test is recommended either when a person is suspected of cocaine abuse The patient is in a drug treatment clinic An individual has applied for a job that demands such a test If you have applied for an insurance that needs a drug test. Interpreting Cocaine results. Interpretations Results are reported as positive or negative indicating the presence or absence of the drug in the body. Other tests. Other similar tests. MRI Brain. Valproic Acid. Lupus Anticoagulant Profile. Hypertension Panel. Drug of Abuse Panel MRI Brain Angio. Our popular tests. HbA1c Hemoglobin A1c. Lipid Profile. Vitamin D Hydroxy. Uric Acid. Vitamin B Serum Electrolytes. Serum Calcium. Serum Creatinine. Cholesterol - Total. Hb Hemoglobin. Frequently Booked Together. Chlamydia Trachomatis, IgM. Chlamydia Trachomatis, IgG. Chlamydia Pneumoniae, IgG. Lipid panel, Cholesterol profile, Fasting lipid profile.

Club drugs: review of the ‘rave’ with a note of concern for the Indian scenario

How can I buy cocaine online in North Goa

Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3. These drugs vary in their pharmacologic properties, physiological and psychological effects, and potential consequences. The use of club drugs by young people has increased in the last decade, and continue to get modified and evolve, making them very difficult to monitor. Further, these drugs are not picked up by routine drugs screening procedures, thereby making these popular with the criminals. India, which is in a phase of social transition, also faces this rising menace. Despite the nature and extent of this problem, this area has been under-researched. Data from India are sparse barring a few newspaper and police reports. Keeping abreast of current trends in club drug use prepares the clinician to recognize the clinical effects of club drug use, to manage club drug related emergencies, and to generate social awareness. Keywords: Club drugs, Ecstasy, gamma-hydroxybutyrate, ketamine, rave drugs, rohypnol. These first became popular in Great Britain in the late s. The underground or noncommercial music featured at raves which is produced by computers and include little or no vocals is distinct from the music played at conventional nightclubs. Following bans in some countries the rave parties moved in to legitimate nightclubs. A raver is a person who has an exciting and uninhibited social life and regularly goes to raves. Not all ravers use drugs; however, many illicit drugs are available at raves and are used liberally to enhance the 'vibe' 2. The U. On the other hand, the U. Methamphetamine and LSD have been inconsistently included in the category of the club drugs. In addition, these two drugs have a longer history of misuse in comparison to the other four which came to the scene much later MDMA being first reported in Each of these drugs has very different pharmacologic properties, physiological and psychological effects, and potential consequences Table I. Despite evidence that suggests an increase in the population level use of these drugs, research on the population prevalence of their use is limited. For Ecstasy the prevalence has been estimated between 0. The others are much less prevalent - 0. One study reported 20 per cent of American youths aged having ever used one or more of these club drugs Further, polysubstance abuse is common among users of club drugs, often used in combination, particularly with marijuana or alcohol 29 — It has been found that, club drug use is common among youths in treatment for substance abuse and has spread beyond the rave culture A study assessing the pattern of club drug initiation among gay and bisexual men suggests that the sequencing of club drug use may be better explained by socialization processes in the gay community than by Gateway Theory, which has been traditionally used to explain patterns of drug use in the population Studies on short- and long-term effects of these club drugs on animals have shown that these drugs can be damaging in multiple ways, and some drugs particularly MDMA can damage specific neurons in the brain 5. Moreover, routine drug screens do not pick up various club drugs, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS testing must be requested to confirm the presence of the specific drug, otherwise many cases of sexual assault and driving under the influence may go undetected. This review describes the brief history, neurobiology, pharmacology, toxicity and side effect profile, treatment strategies of club drugs with specific reference to the Indian scenario. Data search methodology : The data search strategies included electronic databases as well as hand-search of relevant publications or cross-references. The electronic search included PubMed and other search engines e. Cross-searches of online websites and hand-search of key references yielded other relevant material. The search terms used, in various combinations, were: club drugs, rave drugs, rave parties, Ecstasy, Ketamine, Rohypnol, GHB, street names, pharmacology, toxicology, psychiatric disorders and management. Ecstasy also called X, M, E, XTC, rolls, beans, Clarity, Adam, lover's speed, hug drug is a synthetic, psychoactive drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties similar to methamphetamine and mescaline. MDMA was developed in as an appetite suppressant, but animal tests were unimpressive, and it was never tested in humans In the s and s, MDMA was thought to be a useful adjunct to psychotherapy due to the altered state of consciousness it produced Despite the lack of scientific evidence, the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies MAPS is currently supporting the progression of research to investigate the effectiveness of MDMA as a therapeutic adjunct to psychotherapy There is no currently accepted medical use of this drug in treatment in the USA, and there is a lack of accepted safety for use of this drug under medical supervision Other common precursors include saffrol, isosaffrol, piperonal, and safrole often from sassafras oil A review of surveys on the contents of Ecstasy tablets 38 found in the s and early s that there were few problems with purity, and tablets nearly always contained MDMA. However, between 4 and 20 per cent of tablets contained other drugs. During the late s, the proportion of tablets containing MDMA increased to between 80 and 90 per cent purity, and in the early s, purity levels have reached 90 to percent MDMA is being increasingly used in combination with ketamine and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors SSRIs like fluoxetine and sertraline, which produces a rush initially, prolongs the pleasurable effect, and results in easier comedown following a high 39 , However, its principle effects are on the serotonin system where it is an indirect serotonin agonist. MDMA inhibits tryptophan hydroxylase, which decreases serotonin production It induces the release of serotonin and also blocks serotonin reuptake. These effects are thought to be related to the observed depression, anorexia, agitation, and marked feelings of empathy reported in association with use of the drug. Because MDMA depletes serotonin stores in neurons, subsequent doses produce diminished euphoria and increase adverse effects such as depression and agitation In addition to its effects on serotonin neurotransmission, MDMA has also been shown to affect the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems 6. It is generally agreed that MDMA is a human neurotoxin, although the mechanism of action remains an active area of research A multisite study exploring the psycho-economic factors of Ecstasy consumption has found that monetary and opportunity cost, but not income, significantly predicted Ecstasy use A recent study has found that low risk perception, high perceived behavioural control of obtaining Ecstasy an estimated Ecstasy procurement time less than 24 h , and current Ecstasy dependence predicted future Ecstasy use Ecstasy use can also bring about a range of negative physical side effects while under the influence of the drug and during the comedown period 17 — 20 Table I. By there were 53 reports in the UK of Ecstasy producing severe acute toxicity resulting in death MDMA ingestion directly causes a rise in antidiuretic hormone. Heat from the exertion of dancing in a crowded room coupled with the MDMA-induced hyperthermia can lead easily to excessive water intake and severe hyponatremia, to which young women appear to be particularly susceptible 46 , There is no antidote for MDMA, only supportive care similar to treatment of amphetamine or methamphetamine overdose has some benefit No withdrawal syndrome from MDMA has been reported The relationship of MDMA and psychiatric disorders has also been the focus of attention of the researchers. MDMA-associated reductions of serotonergic neurotransmission in those at risk for depression, bulimia nervosa, alcoholism, etc. The National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre in Australia issued an warning for people who are at high risk of problems from Ecstasy: those with or with a family history of any heart disorder or cardiovascular disease; psychiatric condition, including depression, manic-depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders; kidney disease; neurological or nervous system impairment e. Studies have found that MDMA use may be associated with deficits in executive functioning planning, initiation, self-regulation of goal-directed behavior , verbal memory and tasks known to be sensitive to temporal functioning 51 , Laboratory identification of MDMA is difficult. As many as one-third of immunoassay urine screens have failed to detect it in standardized specimens 53 , although some cross-reactivity with amphetamines may occur if the concentration is high. Toxicologists have now developed procedures for detection or quantification of MDMA and its metabolites GHB is available as a clear liquid, white powder dissolved in water , tablet, or capsule and can be made in private residences with ingredients and recipes obtained on the Internet Overdose is common because the often unknown strength of the solution. GHB was first synthesized in France in as an anesthetic but later achieved popularity as a recreational drug and a nutritional supplement marketed to bodybuilders Nonprescription sales in the United States were banned in because of adverse effects, including uncontrolled movements and depression of the respiratory and CNS It is now a Schedule I drug in the U. In , sodium oxybate, a formulation of GHB, was approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and classified as schedule III Illegal GHB and its precursors, GBL gamma butyrolactone and 1,4-BD 1,4-butanediol , can be obtained over the Internet and sometimes are marketed as solvents such as ink jet printer fluid or as GHB alternatives in health food stores, gyms, raves, and nightclubs. Chemistry kits, reagents, and recipes are available on the web to convert the precursors into GHB GHB is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter in the brain. The highest density of these receptors is in the hippocampus, cortex, and dopaminergic areas striatum, olfactory tracts, and substantia nigra. GHB inhibits dopamine release and activates tyrosine hydroxylase, that together act to increase central dopamine levels, which could be associated with the reinforcing effects of GHB GHB was suggested for medical use in anaesthesia, obstetrics, and psychiatry including possible use for alcohol and narcotic withdrawal symptoms in the s More recently, its role has been explored in the treatment of alcohol and opiate withdrawal, fibromyalgia, and narcolepsy 16 , 61 — GHB is misused at doses ranging from 2. By the s, GHB was being marketed for illicit use in weight control management 19 and its purported anabolic properties and associated muscle growth 14 that made it a popular drug with body builders 6. In addition, GHB has been implicated for its use in association with sexual assault because victims have difficulty resisting the assault due to the level of intoxication produced. Much interest has been generated regarding driving difficulties caused by GHB. Illicit use of GHB has been associated with little consistency and precision in the doses consumed 13 Table I. GHB should be used with caution by HIV-seropositive patients with predisposition to seizure disorders or with opportunistic infections that may lower seizure thresholds. GHB may also cause severe nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal tract irritation that may complicate antiretroviral therapy and affect adherence to the regimen for HIV drugs There is a fair amount of overlap in what appears to be adverse symptoms due to acute effects, and withdrawal symptoms. Dependence on GHB has been described as developing after regular use, i. Withdrawal symptoms include insomnia, muscular cramping, tremor, perspiration, anxiety, and feelings of doom Withdrawal from higher doses includes bowel bladder incontinence and blackouts Treatment includes high doses of short-acting benzodiazepines e. In addition, restraints can be used for protection of the patient and medical staff 67 , These are reliably detected by specific requests for GC-MS, but timing is important, as GHB is rapidly excreted as carbon dioxide through exhalation GHB has a half-life of 27 min 71 and it is virtually undetected in the urine 12 h after ingestion Since GHB continues to be produced after death, it should not be stored in tubes containing citrate, but should be collected in tubes containing sodium fluoride In cases of chemical submission, both urine and blood should be analyzed, since GHB is present longer in urine than in blood, and a detailed case history should be obtained. Ketamine, a derivative of phencyclidine, is an anaesthetic that has been approved for human and animal use, both in trauma and emergency surgery as well as veterinary medicine. It can be taken through various routes 7 Table I. Both popular and research accounts indicate that the recreational use of ketamine has widened in the context of nightclubs, dance parties, and raves It binds to the same NMDA receptor site as phencyclidine, located in the calcium channel, leading to a blockade in calcium flow through these channels. Decreased excitatory amino acid neurotransmission mediated by NMDA receptors through calcium channel blockade has been associated with altered perception, memory, and cognition NMDA blockade is associated with increased dopamine release in prefrontal cortex and midbrain. NMDA blockade resulting from ketamine binding has also been linked to activation of serotonin systems, particularly serotonin 1A receptors. It has also been suggested that ketamine, through its binding to the NMDA receptor, can inhibit the reuptake of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, although the mechanism underlying this action is not entirely clear Ketamine users often take several sequential doses of the drug in order to maintain psychotropic effects over time. When misused, subjective experience depends on the dose of the drug consumed 7 , 14 , They also may experience tachycardia, palpitations, hypertension, and respiratory depression with apnoea Its use has also been associated with unintentional injuries that can occur because the user is insensitive to pain 1. In addition, it has been associated with sexual assault because of its dissociative effect in humans Acute adverse effects are many 1 , 7 , 14 , 15 Table I. Effects due to chronic misuse include cognitive difficulties in areas such as attention, learning, and memory Taffe et al 76 concluded that recreational exposure to subanaesthetic doses of ketamine was likely to induce wide-ranging compromise of cognitive function ranging from memory to attentional to motor domains. Of the 87 ketamine-linked deaths in New York City, none was purely due to the use of ketamine There are cases of accidental injections with 10 times the amount required for surgery, with no obvious, lasting effects Frequent users often take ketamine in a pattern of cyclical binges similar to cocaine or amphetamine dependence. Tolerance builds rapidly and can be very high Users can become psychologically dependent, with craving and a high tolerance, but there is little documented evidence of a physiological withdrawal syndrome 79 , Ketamine is not detected in routine drug screens, and clinicians should be aware that immunoassays for PCP may cross-react with ketamine assays High-performance liquid chromatography HPLC is required to reliably detect ketamine Rohypnol comes in pill form and is typically taken orally, although reports of it being ground and snorted are also available 7. Rohypnol is a benzodiazepine manufactured by Roche Laboratories, it is available in more than 60 countries in Europe and Latin America for preoperative anaesthesia, sedation, and treatment of insomnia. It is odourless and tasteless and is easily dissolved in beverages 7 , allowing a perpetrator to add it to the beverage of a potential victim. Flunitrazepam has had a long history of abuse by heroin and cocaine addicts. The manufacturers, Hoffman-La Roche, are now adding a blue dye to the pill that will be visible if added to a beverage Similar to other benzodiazepines, flunitrazepam is a GABA agonist. As such, it mediates inhibitory neurotransmission in the brain and spinal cord Benzodiazepines bind to the GABA receptor, opening the chloride channels of neurons and resulting in an influx of chloride and hyperpolarization of the cell. This decreases the excitability of the cell producing sedation, anticonvulsant activity, and anxiety reduction. Clinical effects of flunitrazepam are similar to benzodiazepines 16 Table I. The effects are much greater with the concurrent ingestion of alcohol or other sedating drugs Rohypnol has been suggested to have a high abuse liability, higher, some say, than other benzodiazepines Like other benzodiazepines, chronic use of Rohypnol can produce dependence. The withdrawal syndrome includes headache, tension, anxiety, restlessness, muscle pain, photosensitivity, numbness and tingling of the extremities, and increased seizure potential Overdoses can lead to loss of consciousness and respiratory depression that can be life threatening Supportive measures include use of activated charcoal to absorb drug in the gastrointestinal tract as well as respiratory support Flumazenil is a specific benzodiazepine antagonist that may be administered to reverse the effects of flunitrazepam toxicity While a standard component of most urine drug screens is testing for benzodiazepines, flunitrazepam is administered in such small amounts and distributed so rapidly that detection methods commonly fail. Typical toxicological tests can only detect flunitrazepam in blood and urine for up to 72 h after ingestion due to quick metabolism and elimination 5. Indian data on club drugs are very limited with little efforts being made to gather systematic data regarding the same. The first nationwide survey to obtain information on extent, pattern and magnitude of substance abuse in the country indicated new emerging trend of substance use in India with amphetamine like substances ATS are being more used in regions like Goa and Ahmedabad Most reports regarding club drugs are from newspaper articles; hence there is an urgent need for verified, authentic research data. But the problem has shifted to new markets, particularly in East and South-East Asia and the Middle East over the past few years. With technological advancement and particularly the information technology sector coming up in a big way in India often as outsourcing for overseas-based multinational companies , suddenly there is a neo-rich young generation. This is often coupled with the need to escape temporarily from the severe work pressure and social isolation created by this lifestyle. With dug licensing and controlling authorities focusing more on licit and traditional illicit drugs e. The rave parties of Goa are said to be started by the Hippies Earlier Rave parties meant loud music, alcohol and cannabis abuse. Since the late eighties, psychedelic culture in the northern village of Anjuna became increasingly concentrated on free outdoor parties with a particular subgenre of electronic dance music, which by was known as Goa trance and later became much darker, more minimal and aggressive, called psy-trance 89 Rave parties in Goa happen in every tourist season November to May which are attended mainly by foreigners from the UK, Israel, Germany, France and Japan The bars organizing such parties sell Ecstasy or LSD In last few years upper-class Indians have massively taken to Ecstasy and clubbing and there are more women amongst them Later on, with government interventions and regulatory norms, drug abuse came down as these were declared illegal by law. Goa police recently admitted about the unorganised and the organised channels for ketamine in Goa The CK1 pill is one of the trendy party drugs manufactured locally in Goa. The pill is a combination of cocaine and the anaesthetic ketamine. CK1, also known by its street names Blizzard and Calvin Klein, is easily available in the north Goa beach belt. In the north, Himachal Pradesh's Kullu valley is now known for its full-moon-night jungle rave parties. A large number are Israelis, most of them fresh from the frazzle of military service dance to psychedelic music on full moon nights and smoking hashish Bangalore is baptized the Silicon Valley of India and has turned into a rave hotspot The spot lights in the clubs create an atmosphere between cosy and disco, everybody drinks, most smoke and a few take psychedelic drugs Most raves in the city do get busted by the police In Pune, people were arrested during a pre-dawn raid on a rave party in March The ravers were allegedly using California drops A California drop is acid that is put on a stamp, which is then chewed; the cost of each drop is put between INR and Like the Irish woman suspected of supplying drugs at the Pune party, foreigners have been arrested for peddling illegal LSD, Ecstasy and cocaine at various rave parties in Bangalore and Mumbai Sometimes police directly raid rave parties in plain clothes and catch ravers red-handed. Because club drugs are illicitly obtained and often are adulterated or substituted, these are usually known as unknown substances. In the ever-changing world of illegal drug distribution, Internet Web sites can be helpful in identifying the rapidly changing appearances of these substances Urine and serum toxicology screens may not be able to detect club drugs. Ravers often present with concurrent ingestion of drugs with different pharmacological profile, which may include stimulant and depressant drugs. Therapist should always make an attempt to gather information from as many sources as possible regarding what was ingested and in what form. No standard treatment protocol has been identified for club drug overdose. Basic management should include cardiac monitoring, pulse oximetry, urinalysis, and performance of a comprehensive chemistry panel to check for electrolyte imbalance, renal toxicity, and possible underlying disorders Every effort should be made to control seizures. Gastrointestinal decontamination with activated charcoal and a cathartic may be useful in acute exposures if the drug was taken orally within the previous 60 min. Severe hypertension can be treated with labetalol, phentolamine, nitroprusside, or similar agents. Hyperthermia should be treated immediately with tepid water bathing and fanning. The serotonin antagonists chlorpromazine and cyproheptadine appear to be effective in mild to moderate cases of serotonin syndrome There are no specific antidotes for ingestion of club drugs, except for Rohypnol, which has already been mentioned. In view of the above, an alternative is to encourage harm reduction strategies Table III by ensuring that buildings meet safety and health standards, adequate security is provided to accommodate the large number of attendees and ravers are educated about health effects by trained volunteers. NIDA website www. Harm reduction strategies for raves adapted from Weir, 2. Club drugs are a menace to the society. Their use, other than for strictly medical or approved research purposes, should be prohibited through legislation and awareness generation. The lack of research-based information on the adverse effects of these drugs has led to the emergence of a range of websites that may or may not provide accurate information. India has a huge teenage population which is being targeted by foreign drug peddlers to flourish their business. Club drugs continue to be modified and evolve, making them very difficult to monitor. It is useful to know what drugs are being used in the community. Information can be gleaned from teens themselves at both routine and emergency visits, from local substance abuse programmes, and from the police. Only collective effort can stop this menace from engulfing the society. All health professionals should remain well informed regarding club drugs and their management protocol. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Indian J Med Res. Find articles by Kaustav Chakraborty. Find articles by Rajarshi Neogi. Find articles by Debasish Basu. Received Feb Open in a new tab. Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

How can I buy cocaine online in North Goa