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Official websites use. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This article was submitted to Neuropharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Neuroscience. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author s and the copyright owner s are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Addiction is defined as a gradual mental disorder that progresses from social use into a compulsion to take the drug, which results in frequent relapses Anderson and Hearing, This progression has been demonstrated to be a consequence of a variety of risk factors, including genetic, epigenetic, sociological, and developmental elements Anderson and Hearing, These vulnerabilities are associated with drug-induced neuroadaptations in several brain neurocircuitries, some of them common for all kinds of addictive substances and population while others are drug- or even individual-specific Everitt and Robbins, Therefore, only a low percentage of the population that ever uses drugs develop the illness Everitt and Robbins, In addition, the relapses in drug intake are recurrent, even after long periods years of abstinence, and may be prompted by acute exposure to the drug, drug-associated contexts and cues, stress, the experience of withdrawal symptoms, or exposure to withdrawal-associated cues Dong et al. Despite being a main challenge for addiction treatment, the therapeutic approaches along the years have not allowed to diminish the rate of relapses in drug use, that has remained invariable for more than four decades Dong et al. Moreover, addiction is not only an increasingly important health problem worldwide with very high socioeconomic impact, but also the use of addictive substances is a vulnerability component for the development of other brain and peripheric illnesses Klein et al. Some of the studies included in this collection describe how genetics, epigenetics, and sex participate in the development of Substances Use Disorder SUD. Other articles in this special topic report the influence of lifestyle on a person's vulnerability to use drugs and on the likelihood of relapses, as well as how addictive substances might increase the risk for central and peripheric health problems. Finally, some other studies in this Research Topic provide new inputs in potential therapeutic targets and treatments for SUD. Genetic and epigenetic factors are known to be relevant in the development of SUDs Garcia-Perez et al. Jordan and Xi reviewed the functional role and relevance of candidate risk genes for the development of SUDs, focusing on the dopamine and glutamate systems and compare available findings between animal models and human reports. Therefore, Lundberg et al. The authors highlight the importance of comprehensive studies comparing individual and group racial differences in order to assess the full behavioral complexity of the spectrum of SUDs. Studies assessing the sex-specific effects and vulnerabilities for SUDs are pivotal in the advancement of the field. In this line, using a fentanyl self-administration rat model of opioid use disorder, Towers et al. Adding to this complexity, the gender differences of the relevance of psychosocial determinants in the onset of AUD was explored by Maxwell et al. When combining the available literature with a machine learning approach, the authors found that social support decreased the levels of negative emotionality, thus protecting against AUD symptom severity in women, while such an effect was not found in men. Indeed, when taking into account both gender and psychological vulnerabilities such as stress or anxiety disorders, complex interactions arise. Employing male and female rats to model the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder-like cues on heroin addiction-like outcomes, Carter et al. Moreover, lofexidine, the only FDA-approved non-opioid medication for opioid withdrawal, showed sex-specific impacts on heroin-seeking behaviors following stress in their study. Alcohol use has also been related to cognitive deficits although there is a considerable variability in the animal models used. For that reason, Charlton and Perry reviewed and summarized a variety of factors that may influence the intensity of cognitive decline associated with alcohol consumption such as animal sex mainly analyzed in males , but also age, doses administered, and time, among others. Another interesting point analyzed in this Research Topic is the association between addiction and mental health. In this society, there is a high prevalence of co-occurrence of SUD and depression. During the COVID pandemic period a critical stressful event worldwide an increase of anxiety and depressive symptoms was observed. The population who reported specific signs to those mental problems augmented cannabis consumption Bartel et al. The revision by Gallego-Landin et al. Accordingly, stress has negative effects in the organism regardless of the stage in which it is experienced, however the response to stress is not homogeneous, so resilience is an interesting aspect to be studied. Moreover, Denny et al. In addition, anxious symptomatology related also with mood disorders is also associated with drug use and there are several aspects genetics, environment, stress that can impact this connection. Following that idea, Fernando et al. Furthermore, when a continuous drug consumption is ceased, individuals suffer from withdrawal syndrome, which results in increased anxiety levels, as has been established by Nicolas et al. Nonetheless, this enhanced anxiety seems unconnected with the incubation of cocaine craving. Addiction is not only related to mental disorders, but it is also linked with other risks like neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive complications. Specifically, cocaine users presented higher risk to develop strokes as a possible consequence of the small vessel pathology developed because of the abused drug when compared with non-users Shoamanesh et al. Several therapeutic approaches have been proposed to treat SUDs in their different stages. Some of them are aimed to revert the effects of drugs of abuse, as in the Zhu et al. Oxytocin infusion in the mPCF was also able to revert, on the one hand, the high levels of inflammatory cytokines evoked by days administration of ketamine to basal and, on the other hand, the ketamine-induced activation of immune markers such as neutrophils and monocytes. Other hormones and peptides have also been suggested to mediate in the effects of drug abuse and to be potential therapeutic targets for SUDs treatment. On this matter, Shevchouk et al. An added interest may have the treatments that mitigate the reinforcing effects of opioids given that, despite being the most effective analgesic drugs in clinical practice, the addictive potential of opioids limits their therapeutic application. Li et al. Cocaine consumption has gradually increased lately and, in addition, the number of patients seeking treatment for the first time for cocaine use disorders has augmented over the past years in Europe WHO, Hence, new strategies aimed to avoid relapses in cocaine-seeking and taking behaviors are vital. One of the triggering factors of these relapses is the retrieval of context memories associated with the drug Dong et al. In this regard, Li et al. Additionally, Ahdoot-Levi et al. So, this study emphasizes the requited concert between astrocytes and neurons in the rehabilitation from addiction behavior and propose DHEA as a treatment for correction of brain damage induced by exposure to and abstinence from cocaine. From what is stated above, it is easy to deduce the relevance of understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of abused drugs and the risk factors that increase the vulnerability to addiction in order to tailor personal anti-relapse strategies. All authors listed have made a substantial, direct, and intellectual contribution to the work and approved it for publication. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. As guest editors, we keenly thank all authors who contributed to this Research Topic with research and review articles. Furthermore, we are grateful to the reviewers, who aided us and the authors with effective and useful suggestions to compose an interesting and scientific relevant collection of articles. Finally, we hope that readers will enjoy this Research Topic as much as we have enjoyed editing it. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Find articles by Jorge Montesinos. Find articles by Sandra Montagud-Romero. Edited and reviewed by: Nicholas M. Barnes, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom. Received May 31; Accepted Jun 13; Collection date Similar articles. Add to Collections. Create a new collection. Add to an existing collection. Choose a collection Unable to load your collection due to an error Please try again. Add Cancel.

Editorial: Unraveling vulnerability factors in addiction drug use and potential treatments

How can I buy cocaine online in Murcia

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How can I buy cocaine online in Murcia